1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目ARESOCIOECONOMICBENEFITSOFRESTORATIONADEQUATELYQUANTIFIED出处REVIEWARTICLE作者JAMESARONSON，JAMESNBLIGNAUT，SUZANNEJMILTON，DAVIDLEMAITRE，KARENJESLER，AMANDINELIMOUZIN外文MANYECOSYSTEMSHAVEBEENTRANSFORMED,ORDEGRADEDBYHUMANUSE,ANDRESTORATIONOFFERSANOPPORTUNITYTORECOVERSERVICESANDBENEFITS,NOTTOMEN
2、TIONINTRINSICVALUESWEASSESSEDWHETHERRESTORATIONSCIENTISTSANDPRACTITIONERSUSETHEIRPROJECTSTODEMONSTRATETHEBENEFITSRESTORATIONCANPROVIDEINTHEIRPEERREVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSWEEVALUATEDASAMPLEOFTHEACADEMICLITERATURETODETERMINEWHETHERLINKSAREMADEEXPLICITBETWEENECOLOGICALRESTORATION,SOCIETY,ANDPUBLICPOLICYRELA
3、TEDTONATURALCAPITALWEANALYZED1,582PEERREVIEWEDPAPERSDEALINGWITHECOLOGICALRESTORATIONPUBLISHEDBETWEEN1JANUARY2000AND30SEPTEMBER2008IN13LEADINGSCIENTIFICJOURNALSASSELECTIONCRITERION,WECONSIDEREDPAPERSTHATCONTAINEDEITHERRESTORATIONORREHABILITATIONINTHEIRTITLE,ABSTRACT,ORKEYWORDSFURTHERMORE,ASONETHIRDOF
4、THEPAPERSWEREPUBLISHEDINRESTORATIONECOLOGY,WEUSEDTHATJOURNALASAREFERENCEFORCOMPARISONWITHALLTHEOTHER，JOURNALSWEREADILYACKNOWLEDGETHATAQUATICECOSYSTEMSAREUNDERREPRESENTED,ANDTHATTHELARGELYINACCESSIBLEGRAYLITERATUREWASIGNOREDWITHINTHESECONSTRAINTS,WEFOUNDCLEAREVIDENCETHATRESTORATIONPRACTITIONERSAREFAI
5、LINGTOSIGNALLINKSBETWEENECOLOGICALRESTORATION,SOCIETY,ANDPOLICY,ANDAREUNDERSELLINGTHEEVIDENCEOFBENEFITSOFRESTORATIONASAWORTHWHILEINVESTMENTFORSOCIETYWEDISCUSSTHISASSERTIONANDILLUSTRATEITWITHSAMPLESOFOURFINDINGSWITHREGARDSTO1THEGEOGRAPHICALANDINSTITUTIONALAFFILIATIONSOFAUTHORS2THECHOICEOFECOSYSTEMSST
6、UDIED,METHODSEMPLOYED,MONITORINGSCHEMESAPPLIED,ANDTHESPATIALSCALEOFSTUDIESAND3WEAKLINKSTOPAYMENTSFORECOSYSTEMSERVICESETUPS,AGRICULTURE,ANDRAMIFICATIONSFORPUBLICPOLICYKEYWORDSAGRICULTURE,ECOLOGICALECONOMICINTERFACE,PAYMENTFORECOSYSTEMSERVICES,POLICYIMPLICATIONS,RESTORATIONOFNATURALCAPITALINTRODUCTION
7、ANDMETHODSWEBEGANOURLITERATUREANALYSISWITHAPILOTSTUDYOF528ACADEMICPAPERSPUBLISHEDINPEERREVIEWEDJOURNALSINTHEFIELDOFRESTORATIONECOLOGYANDECOLOGICALECONOMICSFROM1JANUARY2000TO30SEPTEMBER2008THESEWEREOBTAINEDFROMTHEBIBLIOGRAPHICDATABASESOFFIVEOFTHESENIORRESEARCHERSWHOPARTICIPATEDINTHISSTUDYWESEARCHEDTH
8、ESEPAPERSFORTHEWORDSRESTORATIONORREHABILITATIONINTHEIRTITLES,ABSTRACTS,ORKEYWORDSWHENAPAPERWASFOUNDTHATCONTAINEDEITHEROFTHESETWOWORDS,THEPAPERWASCLASSIFIEDASAHITTHISLEFTUSWITH115PAPERSAFTERANALYZINGTHELISTOFHITS,WEFOUNDTHATMOSTOFTHEMWEREFROM13JOURNALSWEDECIDEDTOFOCUSONTHOSEJOURNALSSEEAPPENDIXBECAUSE
9、AGENERALSEARCHWOULDBEIMPRACTICALANDTHISSETINCLUDEDABROADCROSSSECTIONOFHIGHLYRATEDECOLOGY,CONSERVATION,ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT,ANDRESTORATIONJOURNALS,ASWELLASTWOKEYJOURNALSFROMTHEFIELDOFECONOMICSWEACKNOWLEDGEPOTENTIALBIASINTHESELECTIONOFPAPERSFOREXAMPLE,REHABILITATIONSOMETIMESREFERSTOACTIVITIESCLOSER
10、TOECOLOGICALENGINEERINGORRECLAMATIONTHANTOECOLOGICALRESTORATION,SENSUTHESERPRIMEROFECOLOGICALRESTORATIONSER2004HOWEVER,WEWEREATTENTIVETOTHISPOTENTIALPROBLEMWHENWESCREENEDANDEVALUATEDPAPERSOURPRESELECTIONWASBIASEDAGAINSTAQUATICECOSYSTEMSASTHEFIVEESTABLISHEDRESEARCHERSHAVEHISTORICALLYBEENMOREINVOLVEDW
11、ITHRESTORATIONINTERRESTRIALTHANWITHAQUATICSYSTEMSANDONLYINFREQUENTLYCONSULTJOURNALSSPECIALIZEDINWETLANDSYSTEMSISSUESFINALLY,ANDMOSTIMPORTANTLY,WEAREWELLAWARETHATMUCHWORKINECOLOGICALRESTORATIONHASONLYBEENREPORTEDINTHEGRAYLITERATURE,WHICHISNOTINCLUDEDINTHISSTUDYOURCONCLUSIONSTHEREFOREMUSTBEEVALUATEDIN
12、LIGHTOFTHESEIMPERFECTIONSAFTEREXCLUDINGLETTERSTOTHEEDITORANDBOOKREVIEWS,WESCREENEDALL19,547PUBLICATIONSAPPEARINGINTHE13JOURNALSFROM1JANUARY2000TO30SEPTEMBER2008,SEARCHINGFORTHOSETHATHADTHEWORDSRESTORATIONAND/ORREHABILITATIONINTHETITLE,ABSTRACT,ORKEYWORDSALLHITSWERESUBSEQUENTLYANALYZEDACCORDINGTOAPRE
13、DETERMINEDLISTOFVARIABLESANDCATEGORIESTABLE1THOUGHTLIKELYTOPROVIDETANGIBLE,MEASURABLEINKSTORESTORATIONECOLOGYSCURRENTCONTRIBUTIONSORPROSPECTSFORCONCRETECONTRIBUTIONTOHUMANSOCIETYTHEVARIABLESANDCATEGORIESWERESELECTEDTOIDENTIFYTHEGEOGRAPHYANDINSTITUTIONALAFFILIATIONSOFTHEAUTHORSOFTHESTUDIESTHEGEOGRAPH
14、ICALVARIABLEUSEDWASMEANNATIONALINCOMEASCLASSIFIEDBYTHEWORLDBANKIEHIGH,UPPERMIDDLE,LOWMIDDLE,ANDLOWINCOMECOUNTRIESWORLDBANK2008WEALSOEXAMINETHEFOCUSOFTHERESTORATIONACTIVITIESCHOICEOFECOSYSTEMS,METHODSEMPLOYED,MONITORING,ANDTHESPATIALSCALEFINALLY,TRENDSRELEVANTTOPLAUSIBLEBENEFITSTOSOCIETYWERESTUDIED,S
15、UCHASLINKSTOAGRICULTURE,POLICYMPLICATIONS,ANDESPECIALLYTHEPRESENCEORABSENCEOFREFERENCESORALLUSIONSTOPAYMENTSFORECOSYSTEMSERVICESBASEDONTHEFOURCATEGORIESUSEDINTHEMILLENNIUMECOSYSTEMASSESSMENTMA2005WEREPORTTHERESULTSFOREACHOFTHECATEGORIESLISTEDINTABLE1,BUTNOTALWAYSINEQUALDETAILASFULLYONETHIRDOFTHEPAPE
16、RS527CONSIDEREDASHITSUNDEROURSELECTIONCRITERIAAPPEAREDINTHEJOURNALRESTORATIONECOLOGYHEREAFTERRE,WEUSEDTHATJOURNALASAREFERENCEFORCOMPARISONWITHTHEOTHER12JOURNALSHEREAFTEROJTHISPARTICULARFOCUSALSOSEEMEDWORTHWHILEASREISGENERALLYCONSIDEREDTHEWORLDSLEADINGJOURNALINTHEFIELDOFECOLOGICALRESTORATION,ANDITCOV
17、ERSAQUATICASWELLASTERRESTRIALECOSYSTEMRESTORATIONTHISCOMPARISONALSOALLOWEDUSTOTRACKTHETRENDSANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHERESTORATIONLITERATUREOVERTHEPERIODOFTHESTUDY,20002008THEVARIABLESANDCATEGORIESWERESELECTEDTOIDENTIFYTHEGEOGRAPHYANDINSTITUTIONALAFFILIATIONSOFTHEAUTHORSOFTHESTUDIESTHEGEOGRAPHICALVARIABLEUS
18、EDWASMEANNATIONALINCOMEASCLASSIFIEDBYTHEWORLDBANKIEHIGH,UPPERMIDDLE,LOWMIDDLE,ANDLOWINCOMECOUNTRIESWORLDBANK2008WEALSOEXAMINETHEFOCUSOFTHERESTORATIONACTIVITIESCHOICEOFECOSYSTEMS,METHODSEMPLOYED,MONITORING,ANDTHESPATIALSCALEFINALLY,TRENDSRELEVANTTOPLAUSIBLEBENEFITSTOSOCIETYWERESTUDIED,SUCHASLINKSTOAG
19、RICULTURE,POLICYIMPLICATIONS,ANDESPECIALLYTHEPRESENCEORABSENCEOFREFERENCESORALLUSIONSTOPAYMENTSFORECOSYSTEMSERVICESBASEDONTHEFOURCATEGORIESUSEDINTHEMILLENNIUMECOSYSTEMASSESSMENTMA2005WEREPORTTHERESULTSFOREACHOFTHECATEGORIESLISTEDINTABLE1,BUTNOTALWAYSINEQUALDETAILASFULLYONETHIRDOFTHEPAPERS527CONSIDER
20、EDASHITSUNDEROURSELECTIONCRITERIAAPPEAREDINTHEJOURNALRESTORATIONECOLOGYHEREAFTERRE,WEUSEDTHATJOURNALASAREFERENCEFORCOMPARISONWITHTHEOTHER12JOURNALSHEREAFTEROJTHISPARTICULARFOCUSALSOSEEMEDWORTHWHILEASREISGENERALLYCONSIDEREDTHEWORLDSLEADINGJOURNALINTHEFIELDOFECOLOGICALRESTORATION,ANDITCOVERSAQUATICASW
21、ELLASTERRESTRIALECOSYSTEMRESTORATIONTHISCOMPARISONALSOALLOWEDUSTOTRACKTHETRENDSANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHERESTORATIONLITERATUREOVERTHEPERIODOFTHESTUDY,20002008RESULTSTRENDSINQUANTITY,GEOGRAPHY,ANDAUTHORAFFILIATIONSDURINGTHEPERIOD20002008,THERELATIVENUMBEROFHITSINREREMAINEDCONSISTENTLYHIGH,WITHANAVERAGEOF884
22、PERYEARTABLE2,ANDFAREXCEEDEDTHOSEINTHEOJ,WHICHHADANAVERAGEOFONLY56BETWEEN68AND176OFALLHITSAPPEARINGINALL13JOURNALSFORAGIVENYEARWEREPUBLISHEDINREALARGEMAJORITYOFTHEPAPERSINRE78ANDINTHE,OJ70DEALTWITHPROJECTSINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESASCLASSIFIEDBYTHEWORLDBANKFIG1THISBIASISNODOUBTDUETOTHESECOUNTRIESHAVINGSU
23、FFICIENTRESOURCESTOINVESTINRESTORATIONRESEARCHTHERESULTSOFFIGURE1AREINSHARPCONTRASTTOTHESOCIOECONOMICPROFILEANDTHEGEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEPARTSOFTHEWORLDWHERERESTORATIONISMOSTURGENTLYNEEDEDTOILLUSTRATETHISPOINT,FIGURE2INDICATESTHEWORLDSTOP20COUNTRIESINTERMSOFANNUALRATEOFDEFORESTATIONINRECENTDEC
24、ADESNOTSURPRISINGLY,MOSTOFTHESEAREPOOR,LOWINCOME,ECONOMICALLYANDINSTITUTIONALLYUNDERDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESINTROPICALAFRICAANDASIAALTHOUGHDEFORESTATIONISNOTTHEONLYFORMOFDEGRADATIONREQUIRINGRESTORATION,HISIS,INOURVIEW,ACLEARANDCOMPELLINGINDICATOROFTHEDISJUNCTIONBETWEENCOUNTRIESWITHHIGHLEVELRESEARCHONECOLO
25、GICALRESTORATIONATLEASTASREFLECTEDINTHEJOURNALSINCLUDEDINTHISSTUDYFIG1ANDTHOSEMOSTINNEEDOFRESTORATIONFIG2ANANALYSISOFTHEINSTITUTIONALDISTRIBUTIONFIG3OFTHEAGENCIESINVOLVEDINCONDUCTINGTHERESTORATIONINRESHOWSTHATIN656OFTHECASESTHERESTORATIONWASCONDUCTEDBYACADEMICSORPEOPLEBASEDATRESEARCHINSTITUTIONS,AND
26、19WEREFROMGOVERNMENTAGENCYBASEDRESEARCHERSASMENTIONEDALREADY,THISSTATISTICDOESNOTDOJUSTICETORESTORATIONEFFORTSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINGENERAL,ORTOTHOSEOFNONACADEMICSWHOOFTENPUBLISHONLYINTHEGRAYLITERATUREORNOTATALLDOBIOMETYPE,RESTORATIONAPPROACH,MONITORING,ANDSPATIALSCALEDIFFERAMONGJOURNALSINALL,THERE
27、AREFOURCATEGORIESOFINDICATORSTHATREVEALPRIORITIESANDCONCERNSOFTHEPEOPLECONDUCTINGRESEARCHORPROJECTSINECOLOGICALRESTORATIONBIOMETYPESBETWEEN45AND60OFALLHITSFOCUSONFORESTECOSYSTEMSANDAQUATICECOSYSTEMSRIVERS,OTHERWETLANDS,MARINEANDCOASTALSYSTEMSCOMBINEDTABLE3INSHARPCONTRAST,THEARIDANDSEMIARIDAREASWHICH
28、COVER41OFTHELANDSURFACEANDAREHOMETOALMOST3BILLIONPEOPLEORCIRCA38OFTHEGLOBALPOPULATIONREYNOLDSETAL2007ACCOUNTFORONLY5OFTHERESTORATIONHITSINREANDONLY3INTHEOJDISCUSSIONALMOSTTHREEQUARTERSOFTHE1,582HITSWEREPRODUCEDINHIGHINCOMEHOSTCOUNTRIESRATHERTHANINTHOSEWHERETHENEEDFORRESTORATIONFROMNATIONALANDGLOBALP
29、ERSPECTIVESISMOSTACUTEONEADDITIONALANDIMPORTANTGAPTONOTEAMONGTHEPAPERSSTUDIEDINTHISREVIEWISTHATWHILE88OFTHE1,582PAPERSUSEDONLYINSTRUMENTALMEASUREMENTSFORMONITORING,ONLY3DEVOTEDRESOURCESTOINTERVIEWINGPEOPLETHEEXISTENCEOFAGAPBETWEENRESEARCHONECOLOGICALRESTORATIONANDTHERESTOFSOCIETYISSUBSTANTIATEDBYOUR
30、FINDINGTHATONLYAVERYSMALLPERCENTAGEOFTHEPAPERSLINKEDRESTORATIONTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPAYMENTSFORECOSYSTEMSERVICESMOREBROADLY,THECONCEPTOFEXPLICITLYLINKINGECOSYSTEMSERVICESTOBENEFICIARIESOFECOSYSTEMRESTORATION,ANDDEMONSTRATINGTHEIRVALUESTOSOCIETY,HASONLYRECENTLYBEGUNTOENTERTHEMAINSTREAMACADEMICLITERATURE
31、ONTHESCIENCEANDPRACTICEOFECOLOGICALRESTORATIONGALATOWITSCH2009GOLDSTEINETAL2008REYBENEYASETAL2008,2009FOREXAMPLE,INTHEHIGHLYREGARDEDJOURNALCONSERVATIONBIOLOGYWHICHISONEOFTHEOJTHEREWEREONLYFOURHITSTHATIS25OF48THATDEALTEXPLICITLYWITHECOSYSTEMSERVICESFROMJANUARY2000TOOCTOBER2008INJOURNALOFARIDENVIRONME
32、NTS,THEREWEREONLYTWOOF60HITSTHATIS38OFTHECOMBINED1,568ARTICLESTHATMADETHISLINK,1,568ARTICLESTHATHEREAREATLEASTTWOPLAUSIBLEREASONSFORTHIS1THERESEARCHCOMMUNITYINVOLVEDINECOSYSTEMSERVICESISISOLATEDFROMTHOSEINTHERESTORATIONFIELD,ANDVICEVERSACFCABIN20072THOSEINVOLVEDINDEVELOPINGECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPATHWAY
33、SGENERALLYHAVEOVERLOOKEDTHEVALUEOFCONSERVINGECOSYSTEMS,ANDRESTORINGNATURALCAPITALTHROUGHECOLOGICALRESTORATION,ASCATALYSTSFORECONOMICDEVELOPMENTARONSONETAL2006BCLEWELL3与生态服务薄弱环节设置、农业、判罚结果对公共政策。关键词农业、生态经济,政策影响、生态系统服务功能、自然资本的恢复。介绍和方法我们的文学分析的前期研究是发表在在同行评议期刊的学术论文,从2000年1月2008年9月30日在这一时间的恢复生态学和生态经济学。这些提取了
34、目录数据库的高级研究人员参与研究。我们搜查了这些文件在他们的标题、摘要、关键词含有的单词“还原”或“康复”。发现这些文件包含这两个单词,本文是保密的。这在我们115个文件中。在分析名单上，“点击”这个词我们发现大多数都是来自13个期刊。我们决定把注意力集中在这些期刊，使用一个通用的搜索,包括广泛的截面高度评价生态，保护、环境管理,和恢复期刊,以及两个关键期刊从经济学的领域这将是不切实际的。我们承认潜在的偏见在于选择的文件不同。例如,“康复”有时指活动接近生态工程或“复垦”的生态修复,对生态恢复。不过,当我们经过筛查和评估的论文存在这个潜在的问题。其次,我们经研究人员建立历来是以上涉及土壤恢复比
35、水生系统和只有罕见的专业咨询期刊湿地系统问题水生生态系统为分五项。最后,也是最重要的,我们很清楚发表在“灰色”文学原型繁重的生态修复工作,它不包括在本研究中。我们的结论因此必须被评估,并针对这些缺陷，排除以后的评论,我们筛选出自从9月30日,2000年1月1日2008年所有出版物,寻找那些在标题、摘要、关键词中的单词“还原”及/或“康复”的。所有的数据随后被分析依据到预定表和分类的变量，认为可能提供具体的、可衡量的恢复生态目前的贡献或前景贡献。选择变量和分类识别地理和制度归属的研究。地理变量是指国家收入是按照世界银行颁发的。我们还会检测恢复活动的焦点选择的生态系统方法的使用、监控、和空间尺度。
36、最后,对利益相关社会链接等问题进行了研究,对农业政策，特别是有或没有推介或引述生态系统服务功能的基础上,应用于四大类千年生态系统评估。我们报告结果分类中的每一个人,都列在其中,但细节上不总是处于平等的。像完全三分之一出现在恢复生态,我们用期刊作为一个参考比较与其他12期刊以下简称OJ。这看上去也很值得特别关注的是,通常被认为是世界领先的期刊,在这一领域的生态修复和它涵盖水生以及陆地生态系统恢复。也让我们在此期间的文学的研究比较容易跟踪趋势和恢复发展。结果20002008背景的期间在数量、地理、和作者的相对数目的仍然持续升高,平均每年884,远远超过那些OJ,OJ平均只有56。68之间。“精选”
37、出现在所有13个期刊出版年份中。为了说明这一点,图2将显示最近几十年预示着世界的“前20名“国家森林的年增长率方面。毫不奇怪,其中大部分是经济低收入和欠发达国家的热带亚洲和非洲。虽然森林砍伐并不是需要恢复唯一的形式的退化,在我们看来,清晰而又令人信服的指标国与国之间的裂缝与高级研究中所反映的生态，至少这个研究包括了杂志上面,而且那些最需要恢复的制度分布的分析的参与的部门进行恢复656表明,在一定的条件下重新恢复的病例是由学者或人建立在研究机构,来自政府和19的研究人员。如前所述了,这个数据是不公平的,努力恢复在发展中国家的人员,或是经常出版只有在灰色的文学或者什么都不做。做生物类型、修复方式、
38、监控、和空间规模不一,杂志呢总共有四类指标,揭示的优先顺序和关注的人进行研究或项目在生态修复。生物类型。在4560的“点击“聚焦的森林生态系统和水生生态系统河流、其他湿地、海洋与沿海系统组合的影响。与此相反的是,干旱和半干旱地区41的盖着地面和近3亿人或大约38的全球人口只在5的还原,只有3在OJ。讨论几乎四分之三的1,582“标的“产生了,而不是在高收入的东道国,有些最剧烈的地方需要国家和全球关注。另外一个需要注意的重要的差距在论文研究了该评论,虽然有88的1,582论文监测仪器测量仅有3投入资源用于面试的人。仅仅是最近才开始进入主流学术科学文献与实践的生态修复。例如,在高度重视保护“生态”
39、杂志的这OJ仅有4”,也就是说“点击4825的处理与生态系统服务明确2008年10月。在论文摘要环境,只有两个60次”,也就是说使这一环节38的1,568相结合,。至少有两种看似可行的原因1研究社区参与生态系统服务功能与那些在复兴的领域,反之亦然2那些参与发展中经济发展路径的价值一般都忽略了保护生态系统,以及通过生态修复恢复自然资本作为催化剂的经济发展。然而,经济学的生态系统和生物多样性有助于纠正这种情况。生物多样性保护,其他国际组织也要来,意识到生态修复应该接受高优先级从社会在社会经济和生态的观点。当在低收入国家恢复学习,更加注意到恢复生态和农业系统之间的联系,从而成为这方面的人类福祉。总的来说,对农业的连结修复文学有偏见的相对薄弱的报道不全,因为在草原修复工程,为预测和背景的作法显然与大多数农业活动相同。当然也存在争议,对主要受益人商品和服务进行了改进,通过土地生产力增长从而降低水流的侵蚀。但是,有一点很重要,我们必须认识到,有区别农业和环境目标或优先于各种修复工程。生态修复的,实需要需要检查一下这些差异,并希望对各土地使用这些观点,讨论如何管理目标和方法,可以整合,使他们意识到各种利益和奖励。
