1、DEVELOPINGAREVIVALSTRATEGYFORTHEKENYANCOTTONTEXTILEINDUSTRYAVALUECHAINAPPROACHBYMOSESMIKIARAANDLYDIAKNDIRANGU1INTRODUCTIONSINCEINDEPENDENCE,KENYASCOTTONTEXTILEAPPARELINDUSTRYHASGONETHROUGHMAJORPHASESATINDEPENDENCEPRIVATEGINNERSDOMINATEDTHEINDUSTRYOVERTHEFOLLOWINGTENYEARSTHEGOVERNMENTHELPEDCOOPERATIV
2、ESOCIETIESTOBUYTHEPRIVATEGINNERIESFROMTHECOLONIALISTSANDINSTITUTEDAREGIMEOFCONTROLLEDMARGINSANDFIXEDFARMGATECOTTONPRICESINADDITION,ITINVESTEDINANUMBEROFTEXTILEMILLS,WHICHSUPPLIEDTHELARGELYPRIVATEAPPARELORGARMENTMANUFACTURERSBYTHETIMETHEGOVERNMENTBEGUNTORELIBERALIZETHEINDUSTRYIN1991ITWASINTATTERSCOTT
3、ONPRODUCTIONHADALMOSTGROUNDTOAHALT,MANYGINNERIESHADEITHERCOLLAPSEDORHADEXCESSCAPACITY,ANDMANYTEXTILEFIRMSHADCOLLAPSEDTHEGOVERNMENTANDTHEPRIVATESECTORHAVESHOWNSUBSTANTIALINTERESTINTHEREVIVALOFTHEINDUSTRYINTHELAST23YEARSPARTOFTHEMOTIVATIONHASBEENTHEREALIZATIONTHATTHECOTTONTEXTILEINDUSTRYOFFERSUNIQUEOP
4、PORTUNITIESFORINCREASEDEMPLOYMENT,POVERTYREDUCTION,RURALDEVELOPMENTANDGENERATIONOFINCREASEDINCOMESINARIDANDSEMIARIDLANDSASALTHECROPIS,ADDITIONALLY,GROWNBYSMALLSCALEFARMERSANOTHERSOURCEOFMOTIVATIONARETHEENORMOUSMARKETPROSPECTSPRESENTEDBYTHEAFRICANGROWTHANDOPPORTUNITYACTAGOAPASSEDBYTHEUSACONGRESSIN199
5、9,THEAFRICANCARRIBEANPACIFICEUROPEANUNIONACPEUCOTONOUAGREEMENTRATIFIEDIN2000,ANDTHEEXPECTEDFREERTEXTILESTRADEWITHREMOVALOFQUOTARESTRICTIONSINYEAR2005UNDERTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTOFRAMEWORKINTUNEWITHTHEAFORESAIDINTEREST,THISPAPERLOOKSATTHESTRUCTUREANDCURRENTSTATUSOFKENYASCOTTONTEXTILEINDUSTRY,ITSO
6、PERATINGENVIRONMENTINCLUDINGTHECONSTRAINTSFACINGIT,THEROLEOFVARIOUSSTAKEHOLDERS,ANDTRADEOPPORTUNITIESINADDITION,ITPONDERSONHOWTHEINDUSTRYCOULDBEREVIVEDANDITSDEVELOPMENTMADESUSTAINABLETHEPAPERAPPLIESELEMENTSOFTHEBUSINESSSYSTEMSVALUECHAINANALYSISVCAANDGLOBALCOMMODITYCHAINGCCAPPROACHES2MEDIUMANDLARGETE
7、XTILEANDAPPARELMANUFACTURINGINGENERAL,TEXTILEANDAPPARELMANUFACTURINGFIRMSINTHECOUNTRYDONOTSUBCONTRACTANYOFTHEIRACTIVITIESONLYABOUT24DO,WITHTHEACTIVITYMAINLYSUBCONTRACTEDOUTBEINGGARMENTMAKINGSUBCONTRACTINGISPRACTICEDMOREBYGARMENTMANUFACTURERSTHANBYOTHERTEXTILEFIRMSTHEREASONWHYFIRMSHARDLYSUBCONTRACTSO
8、MEOFTHEIRACTIVITYINCLUDELACKOFTHEREQUISITEDEMANDFORTHEIRPRODUCTS,ADEQUACYOFTHEFIRMSINTERMSOFMACHINERYANDEQUIPMENT,ANDFEARTHATOTHERFIRMSMAYNOTMEETTHEREQUIREDQUALITYONAVERAGEEACHFIRMEMPLOYED240SKILLEDAND208UNSKILLEDWORKERSIN2000。THEREWASSUBSTANTIALVARIATIONINEMPLOYMENTLEVELSACROSSFIRMS,HOWEVERFORINSTA
9、NCE,THENUMBEROFSKILLEDWORKERSRANGEDFROM21TO800WHILETHENUMBEROFUNSKILLEDWORKERSRANGEDFROM0TO600THEAVERAGEFIRMHAD24EXPATRIATEWORKERS,BUTTHENUMBERRANGEDFROM0TO346INRELATIVETERMSINTEGRATEDMILLSANDGARMENTMANUFACTURERSARETHEMAINSOURCESOFEMPLOYMENTINTHETEXTILESECTORCAPACITYUTILIZATIONCHANGESMIRRORTHEEMPLOY
10、MENTSITUATION,WITHGARMENTMANUFACTURERSEXPERIENCINGINCREASINGCAPACITYUTILIZATIONANDTHEOTHERTEXTILEFIRMSEXPERIENCINGSIGNIFICANTDECLINES。CAPACITYUTILIZATIONFORALLTHETEXTILEFIRMSASAGROUPAVERAGED539IN1999AND531IN2000THESERATESAREMUCHLOWERTHANTHOSEACHIEVEDBYTHEFIRMSINTHEPASTWHICHAVERAGED843,ANDREFLECTADEC
11、LININGTRENDAFEWYEARSAGO,CAPACITYUTILIZATIONFORTHECOUNTRYSTEXTILEANDGARMENTSECTORSWASFOUNDTORANGEFROM25TO75WHILENATIONALAVERAGESSTOODAT66FORTEXTILESUBSECTORANDAT70FORTHEGARMENTSUBSECTORADEC,1998THEIMPORTANCEOFVARIOUSOBSTACLESVARIESACROSSDIFFERENTTYPESOFTEXTILEMANUFACTURERS,HOWEVERTHUS,FORSPINNINGFIRM
12、STHEMOSTIMPORTANTOBSTACLESARETHEHIGHCOSTOFELECTRICITY,LACKOFMARKET,ANDCOMPETITIONFROMIMPORTSINCLUDINGUNFAIRCOMPETITIONFROMTAXEVADINGIMPORTSINTHECASEOFINTEGRATEDFIRMS,THEMOSTIMPORTANTOBSTACLESAREHIGHCOSTOFELECTRICITY,HIGHINTERESTRATE,INAPPROPRIATEGOVERNMENTREGULATIONS,ANDCOMPETITIONFROMIMPORTSINCLUDI
13、NGUNFAIRCOMPETITIONFORGARMENTMAKERS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,THELEADINGOBSTACLESAREHIGHCOSTOFELECTRICITY,ITSAVAILABILITY,POORINFRASTRUCTURE,LACKOFQUALIFIEDLABOUR,ANDPOORWATERAVAILABILITYTHESECONSTRAINTSCANACTUALLYBECOLLAPSEDINTOTHREEBROADCATEGORIESINFRASTRUCTURE,MARKET,ANDPOLICYINDEED,POLICYHASAMAJORINFLUENCE
14、ONTHETWOINMCCORMICKETAL2001,RESPONDENTSFROMMEDIUMANDLARGETEXTILEFIRMSTRACEDINFRASTRUCTUREPROBLEMSANDINAPPROPRIATEPOLICIESTAXANDTARIFFREGIMESTOTHEINSTITUTIONOFTHESTATETHESTATEWASALSOBLAMED,THOUGHTOALESSEXTENT,FORTHEMARKETFAILUREANDTHERELATEDIMPACTSOFGLOBALIZATIONTHEMARKETASANINSTITUTIONANDEXTERNALFOR
15、CESWEREALSOHELDPARTLYRESPONSIBLEFORTHEMARKETCONSTRAINTSFACINGTHEFIRMSSOLUTIONSARETHEREFORELARGELYTOBEFOUNDININSTITUTIONALREFORMS,PARTICULARLYTHOSETARGETEDATTHESTATEAKEYDETERMINANTOFTHEOPERATINGENVIRONMENT,ANDTHEREFORECOMPETITIVENESS,OFBUSINESSESAROUNDTHEWORLDISWHETHERTHEGOVERNMENTPROVIDESANYSUPPORTT
16、OTHEMANDTHEQUALITYOFTHATSUPPORTALARGEMAJORITYOFTHETEXTILEANDAPPARELFIRMSINKENYAREPORTTHATTHEYRECEIVELITTLESUPPORTFROMTHEGOVERNMENTEVENTHOUGHTHEREARESCHEMESLIKETHEEXPORTPROCESSINGZONESEPZSANDMANUFACTURINGUNDERBONDMUB,THEYDONTWORKWELLAFEWFIRMSREPORTEDTHATTHEGOVERNMENTALSOPROVIDESMARKETINGSUPPORTTHROUG
17、HTRADEFAIRSANDTHROUGHOTHERWAYS3INDUSTRYREVIVALANDDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESEMERGINGMARKETOPPORTUNITIESREPRESENTEDBYARAPIDLYGROWINGDOMESTICPOPULATION,REGIONALTRADINGBLOCSCOMESAANDEAC,THEEUANDUSMARKETS,ANDINGENERALTHEGLOBALMARKETPRESENTBRIGHTPROSPECTSFORKENYANTEXTILESWITHTHECOTTONTEXTILEINDUSTRYBEINGCHARAC
18、TERIZEDBYTHESERIOUSWEAKNESSESDISCUSSEDINTHEPRECEDINGSECTIONS,HOWEVER,KENYAMAYNOTBEABLETOEXPLOITTHEOPPORTUNITIESUNLESSTHEINDUSTRYISREVIVEDANDNUDGEDTOWARDSASUSTAINABLEGROWTHPATHSUCHREVIVALISCONTINGENTUPONANATTRACTIVEOPERATINGENVIRONMENTWHILESUSTAINEDGOODPERFORMANCEOFTHEINDUSTRYREQUIRESADEVELOPMENTSTRA
19、TEGYTOADDRESSSUCHIMPORTANTQUESTIONSASWHATROLECANANDSHOULDTHEPUBLICANDPRIVATESECTORSPLAYTOINITIATEANDSUSTAININDUSTRYREVIVALGIVENTHELIBERALENVIRONMENTANDTHEGLOBALDYNAMICSANDGOVERNANCEOFTHECOTTONTEXTILECHAIN,ISITWORTHWHILEFORKENYATOFOCUSONCOTTONPRODUCTIONDOESTHECOUNTRYHAVEAUNIQUECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINC
20、OTTONPRODUCTIONANDIFITDOES,ISTHISADVANTAGELARGEENOUGHTORELYUPONEVENIFKENYAMAYNOTHAVEACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINCOTTONPRODUCTION,COULDSUPPORTFORCOTTONPRODUCTIONBEJUSTIFIEDASASUPERIORPOVERTYREDUCTIONSTRATEGYDOESKENYAHAVETHERESOURCESCAPITALANDSKILLSTOCOMPETEINTHEPROVISIONOFSUCHINTANGIBLESERVICESASDESIGN,MA
21、RKETING,FINANCIALSERVICES,ANDCHAINGOVERNANCETHATCONSTITUTEAREASOFGROWINGECONOMICRENTINCOMMODITYVALUECHAINS。1ELEMENTSOFADEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYSHOULDKENYACONTINUEFOCUSINGONALLTHEPARTSOFTHECOTTONTEXTILEAPPARELCHAINORONLYONSOMEOFTHEMINSPITEOFITSDEVASTATEDSTATE,THEGOVERNMENTHASCORRECTLYIDENTIFIEDTHECOTTONTE
22、XTILEINDUSTRYASONEOFTHESECTORSTHATCANPLAYASIGNIFICANTROLEINPOVERTYALLEVIATIONREPUBLICOFKENYA,2000BECAUSEOFTHEFOLLOWINGFACTORSPOTENTIALTOBENEFITMANYPEOPLEITISESTIMATEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTTHATABOUTONEQUARTEROFTHECOUNTRYSPOPULATIONCANBENEFITFROMCOTTONPRODUCTIONHUGEPOTENTIALTOOFFEREMPLOYMENTTOWOMENANDYOUTHTH
23、ISPOTENTIALISATTRIBUTABLETOTHELABOURINTENSIVENESSOFTHECOTTONTEXTILEINDUSTRYANDITSINVOLVEMENTOFSMALLSCALEOPERATORSINFACT,PROMOTIONANDENCOURAGEMENTOFYOUTHANDWOMENACTIVITIESISONEOFTHEPOLICYOBJECTIVESBEINGCONSIDEREDFORTHECOTTONINDUSTRYREPUBLICOFKENYA,1999THEHIGHPOTENTIALOFTHESECTORTOGENERATESMALLSCALEAN
24、DMICROENTERPRISESSMESACTIVITYINTHEKENYANECONOMYTHEMAJORITYOFTHECOTTONFARMERSARESMALLSCALEASARETHOUSANDSOFGARMENTMAKERSINADDITION,COOPERATIVESCONTROLSIGNIFICANTSHARESOFGINNINGANDDISTRIBUTIONBOTHOFINPUTSANDOUTPUTSINTHETEXTILEINDUSTRY,SMESAREFOUNDMAINLYINTHEGARMENTSSECTORBUTTHEYAREALSOSTRONGLYREPRESENT
25、EDINKNITTINGTHEREISALSOABIGPOTENTIALFORSMESDEVELOPMENTINGINNING,WEAVINGANDSPINNINGADEC,1998IFTECHNOLOGIESAPPROPRIATEFORSMALLSCALEOPERATIONSCOULDBEACQUIREDAND/ORDEVELOPEDTHEPOTENTIALTOPROMOTEREGIONALDISPERSIONOFDEVELOPMENTANDREDUCERURALURBANMIGRATIONBEINGTHEONLYVIABLEECONOMICACTIVITYINTHEMARGINALAREA
26、SWHEREPOVERTYISMOSTPREVALENT,THECOTTONINDUSTRYISAPRIMEVEHICLEFORSPATIALDISTRIBUTIONOFDEVELOPMENTSMEACTIVITY,TOWHICHTHEINDUSTRYISSUITEDIS,ADDITIONALLY,SPREADTHROUGHOUTTHECOUNTRYANDSERVESTHEDUALROLEOFCREATINGOFFFARMACTIVITIESANDREDUCINGRURALURBANMIGRATIONASAMATTEROFFACT,REDUCTIONOFRURALURBANMIGRATIONI
27、SCURRENTLYBEINGCONSIDEREDASANEXPLICITPOLICYOBJECTIVEFORTHECOTTONINDUSTRYREPUBLICOFKENYA,1999ESTABLISHMENTOFANAPEXINSTITUTION,WITHSTAKEHOLDERREPRESENTATIVESFROMTHEPUBLICANDPRIVATESECTORS,TOCOORDINATETHECHAINANDPROVIDECONTINUOUSSTRATEGICOVERSIGHTANDGUIDANCEINSTITUTIONBUILDINGINPARTSOFTHECHAINWHERETHES
28、EARELACKINGORAREWEAK,PARTICULARLYCOTTONFARMINGANDMICROANDSMALLGARMENTPRODUCTIONTHISWILLFACILITATETHEIRREPRESENTATIONINTHEAPEXINSTITUTIONINTERVENTIONSFORCOSTREDUCTIONATVARIOUSPOINTSINTHECHAIN,SUCHASTHROUGHRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTRDTOGENERATETECHNOLOGIESTHECOUNTRYHASPOTENTIALTOBECOMPETITIVEINMOSTOFTHEAC
29、TIVITIESWITHINTHECHAINIDENTIFICATIONOFUNIQUEORNICHEMARKETSTOFOCUSONASTHEREMAYBELESSCOMPETITIONBUILDINGOFCAPACITYANDCOMPETENCEACCUMULATIONOFTHEREQUISITECAPITALANDSKILLSTOCOMPETEINTHEPROVISIONOFSERVICESLIKEDESIGN,MARKETING,FINANCIALSERVICES,ANDCHAINGOVERNANCE,WHICHCONSTITUTETHEAREASOFGROWINGECONOMICRE
30、NTINGLOBALVALUECHAINSDEVELOPMENTOFREGIONALFRAMEWORKSTOFACILITATESHARINGOFEXPERTISE,INFORMATION,ANDEVENINFRASTRUCTUREMAURITIUS,FOREXAMPLE,HASTRIEDTODEVELOPAREGIONALHUBOFVALUEADDEDSERVICESSUCHASDESIGN,MARKETING,TECHNOLOGY,ANDTRAININGTODRAWONEXPERTISEANDSKILLINEACHCOUNTRYDEVELOPMENTOFTECHNOLOGYAPPROPRI
31、ATEFORSMALLSCALEPROCESSINGANDSWITCHOFFOCUSTOWARDSCOTTAGEINDUSTRIESCOTTONTEXTILECOULDBEINTEGRATEDWITHTHEUNIDOPROJECTFOCUSINGONTHESAMEISSUEBUTFOROTHERSECTORS,RUNBYTHEDEPARTMENTOFINDUSTRYMINISTRYOFTRADEANDINDUSTRY2COORDINATIONOFTHEINDUSTRYANDCHAINWIDEISSUESCHAINWIDE,THECOTTONTEXTILEINDUSTRYREQUIRESTHEF
32、OLLOWINGINTERVENTIONSAGOVERNANCEOFTHECOTTONTEXTILECHAINFORITTOFUNCTIONEFFICIENTLYTHROUGHDECISIONONTHEMOSTBENEFICIALWAYTOUSETHEEXPECTEDSTABEXFUNDSCOORDINATIONOFTHEINDUSTRYISVERYCRITICALUNTILSUCHATIMETHATCONDITIONSFORFULLFREECOMPETITIONATALLSECTORSOFTHECOTTONTEXTILECHAINWILLPREVAILWITHFULLCOMPETITION,
33、THEROLEOFTHEAPEXINSTITUTIONCOULDBEREDUCEDTOPOLICYDIRECTIONONLYBANALYSISANDRATIONALIZATIONOFTHEROLESOFALLPLAYERSINTHEINDUSTRYTHISWOULDREDUCEDUPLICATIONOFEFFORTANDMILITATEAGAINSTEMERGENCEOFOPPORTUNISTICORGANIZATIONSCPUBLICPRIVATEPARTNERSHIPSTOFACILITATEAPPLIEDTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTINTHEUS,RD
34、FORTHEPURPOSEOFDEVELOPINGNEWTECHNOLOGIESISFUNDEDBYPRIVATEPUBLICPARTNERSHIPSINCORPORATINGFIBREPRODUCERS,LABOURUNIONS,APPARELMANUFACTURERS,ANDTHEGOVERNMENTDENGAGEMENTINUPGRADINGACTIVITIESINORDERTOMOVEFROMUNDIFFERENTIATED“COMMODITIES”TODIFFERENTIATED,SPECIFICPRODUCTSSUCHASSPECIALTYGARMENTS,OTHERSPECIAL
35、IZEDPRODUCTS,ORGANICCOTTON,ANDENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYCOTTONVARIETIESINCLUDINGGENETICALLYENGINEEREDONESTHISSHOULDBECOMPLEMENTEDWITHPROMOTIONOFCONSCIOUSCONSUMPTIONOFTHESEDIFFERENTIATEDPRODUCTSBYGOVERNMENTANDINDUSTRYWITHGROWTHININCOMES,DEMANDFORDIFFERENTIATEDANDHIGHERQUALITYPRODUCTSISALSOEXPECTEDTOGROW
36、UPGRADINGREQUIRESINVESTMENTINPRODUCTINNOVATIONANDSEGMENTATION,BRANDING,DEVELOPMENTOFTIGHTBUTTRANSPARENTSYSTEMSOFQUALITYANDBRANDCERTIFICATION,ANDCULTIVATIONOFMARKETSINCLUDINGMAJORINVESTMENTINADVERTISINGFORDIFFERENTIATEDPRODUCTSEDEVELOPMENTANDLICENSINGOFNICHEPRODUCTSTHEGERMANTECHNICALASSISTANCEHADAPRO
37、GRAMMEOFPROMOTINGORGANICCOTTONINLAMUDISTRICTTHEPROGRAMMEHASEXPERIENCEDRESISTANCEDUETOLACKOFMARKETINFORMATIONASRECOMMENDEDABOVE,THEREISNEEDFORGOVERNMENTINTERVENTIONINPUBLICIZINGTHEPOTENTIALOFSUCHPRODUCTSFIMPROVEMENTOFACCESSTOINFORMATIONANDMARKETINGSKILLS,COUPLEDWITHCULTIVATIONOFLONGTERMRELATIONSWITHC
38、USTOMERSGINTERVENTIONSINTHESPIRITOFTHEDONDEACTANDINCENTIVESTOSTIMULATEDEVELOPMENTOFFINANCIALANDINSURANCEMECHANISMSSUITABLEANDAFFORDABLEBYFORLARGE,MEDIUM,SMALLANDMICROENTERPRISESHHUMANCAPITALDEVELOPMENTLACKOFQUALIFIEDMANAGERSANDDESIGNEXPERTSINKENYAWASFOUNDTOLIMITEXPLOITATIONOFTHEUSMARKETPOTENTIALTHER
39、EISNEEDFORDEVELOPINGANEXPLICITHUMANRESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPLANFORTHEINDUSTRYTODEVELOPTHEHIGHSKILLSREQUIREDBYTHEINDUSTRY外文题目DEVELOPINGAREVIVALSTRATEGYFORTHEKENYANCOTTONTEXTILEINDUSTRYAVALUECHAINAPPROAC出处KENYAINSTITUTEFORPUBLICPOLICYRESEARCHANDANALYSISKIPPRA作者MOSESMIKIARAANDLYDIAKNDIRANGU译文肯尼亚制定了复兴棉花纺织产业战
40、略价值链方法1简介自独立以来,肯尼亚的棉花纺织服装行业已发生了重大阶段。在独立私人轧棉厂为主的产业。在随后的十年,政府帮助合作社购买殖民主义者私营轧棉厂,并开始进行控制的利润和固定农场门棉花价格制度。此外,它投资了纺织厂号,它提供的主要是私人服装(或衣服)制造商。到时候政府开始重新开放于1991年的IT行业是支离破碎,棉花生产几乎陷于停顿,许多轧棉厂经已倒塌或有产能过剩,许多纺织企业已经崩溃。政府和私营部门都显示,在过去相当23年在行业复苏的利益。的动机部分已经实现,该棉纺织品行业提供了增加就业,减少贫困,农村发展和在干旱和半干旱地区(阿尔及利亚空间)增加收入产生了独特的机会。该作物,此外,通
41、过小规模农民种植。另一个动力来源是巨大的市场,其次是非洲增长与机会法案(AGOA)由美国国会通过1999年提出的前景,非洲加勒比及太平洋欧洲联盟(非加太国家与欧盟)科托努协定于2000年批准,预计自由纺织品贸易在2005年取消配额限制,在世界贸易组织(WTO)框架。在与上述权益调整,本文着眼于结构和肯尼亚的棉花纺织行业,其经营环境(包括它所面临的限制),各种利益相关者的作用,目前的状态和贸易机会。此外,它的行业思考如何能够得到恢复和发展作出可持续的。本文适用于业务系统的价值链分析(VCA)和全球商品链(海合会)的方法要素。2中型和大型纺织和服装制造业在一般情况下,纺织品和服装制造国公司不转包的
42、任何活动。只有约24的人与活动,主要是服装制作分包出去。实行分包的成衣制造商提供更比其他纺织企业。企业之所以难以分包的一些活动,包括为他们的产品,充足的公司在机械和设备方面,并担心其他公司可能不符合规定的质量要求缺乏必要的。平均每家企业雇用240熟练和非熟练工人208于2000年。有在不同企业就业水平的巨大变化,但是。例如,拥有熟练的工人人数从21到800不等,而一般工人数从0到600不等。一般公司有24个外籍劳工,但这个数字从0到346不等。相对而言综合纺织厂和成衣制造商是就业在纺织部门的主要来源。产能利用率的变化反映了就业形势,与服装制造商面临产能利用率和增加其他纺织企业经历了大幅度下降。
43、所有的纺织企业产能利用率平均为539,一组在1999年和2000年的531。这些比率都远高于过去的公司(平均为843)达到的降低,反映了下降的趋势。几年前,容量为国家的纺织和服装部门利用被发现在25至75,而全国平均水平站在66纺织分行业,在70的服装分部门(ADEC,1998年和)。各种障碍的重要性各不相同的纺织品制造商不同的类型,但是。因此,纺织企业最重要的障碍是电力成本高,缺乏市场,从进口(包括从税收逃避进口不公平竞争)竞争。在综合企业来说,最重要的障碍是成本高的电力,高利率,不适当的政府规章,从进口(包括不正当竞争)竞争。对于服装制造商,另一方面,领先的障碍是成本高,电力,它的可用性,
44、基础设施差,缺乏合格的劳动力,以及不良的水供应。这些制约因素实际上可以被折叠成三大类基础设施,市场和政策。事实上,政策有两项重大影响。在麦考密克等。(2001年),从大中型纺织企业的受访者追查基础设施问题和不适当的政策(税收和关税制度),以国家的机构。国家还指责,虽然对一个不太程度上为市场失灵和全球化相关的影响。作为一个机构和外部势力的一部分,还举行了为市场所面临的公司负责市场的制约。因此,在很大程度上解决方案被发现在机构改革,特别是在国家为目标。之经营环境的关键因素,因此,竞争力世界各地的企业,是政府有否向他们提供任何支持和该支持的质量。以纺织服装和肯尼亚的报告,大多数的企业,他们得到政府的
45、支持很少。即使有这样的出口加工区(出口加工区)和制造下债券(MUB),他们不工作WELLA少数公司报告说,政府还通过贸易展览会,并通过其他方式的营销支持计划。3工业复兴和发展战略新兴市场机会,国内人口迅速增长的代表,区域贸易集团(东南非共同市场和东非共同体),欧盟和美国市场,并在全球市场目前普遍对肯尼亚纺织品前景广阔。随着棉花在纺织工业正由前几节中讨论的严重缺陷的特点,然而,肯尼亚可能无法利用的机会,除非该行业走向复苏和可持续增长的道路碰一碰。这种复苏是一个有吸引力的经营环境后,队伍而持续良好的行业发展战略的性能要求,以解决这些重要问题什么样的角色可以而且应该在公共和私营部门发挥启动和维持行业
46、复苏由于宽松的环境和全球动态和棉纺织品链治理,是对肯尼亚将重点放在棉花生产值得吗国家是否有棉花生产,如果它做了独特的竞争优势,这个优势是足够大的依赖即使在肯尼亚可能没有棉花生产的竞争优势,可支持棉花生产是合理的作为减贫战略优势肯尼亚是否有资源(资本和技能)参加这种无形的设计,营销,金融服务,连锁管理服务构成生长在(商品)价值链领域提供经济租金。1发展战略要素应肯尼亚继续在所有的棉纺织品服装连锁店部分或只就其中一些重点鉴于其破坏状态,尽管政府已经正确识别的部门,可以发挥重要作用扶贫由于以下因素(肯尼亚共和国,2000年)一棉纺织品行业A潜在受益不少人它是由政府,约三分之一的国家有四分之一的人口能
47、够受益于棉花产量估计。B巨大潜力,提供就业机会,妇女和青年这可能是由于劳动密集的棉纺织品产业和小规模经营者的参与。事实上,促进和鼓励青年和妇女的活动之一,是政策目标正在为棉花产业审议(肯尼亚,1999年共和国)。C可能促进发展的区域分散和减少农村向城市迁移作为唯一可行的是最贫穷的地方流行的边缘地区的经济活动,棉花产业是一个发展的空间分布的主要手段。中小企业的活性,该行业是适合的,此外,遍布全国,服务于创造非农业活动和减少农村人口向城市迁移的双重作用。由于事实上,从农村向城市移民的减少,目前正在考虑作为棉花产业明确的政策目标(肯尼亚共和国,1999年)。D建立一个最高机构,由公共和私营部门的利益
48、相关者的代表,以协调链,并提供持续的战略监督和指导。E机构建设中的链条是这些缺乏或薄弱,尤其是棉花种植与微型和小型服装生产零部件。这将有助于他们在最高机构的代表。F降低成本的各种干预措施的连锁点,如通过研究和开发,(研发)生成技术。这个国家有潜力在链内最有竞争力的活动。G独有或利基市场作为重点鉴定可能有竞争少。H能力和核心竞争力建设(所需的资本和技能的积累)的竞争中,如设计,营销,金融服务,连锁管理服务,在全球价值链构成的日益增长的经济领域提供租金。I区域框架,以促进共享专业知识,信息,甚至基础设施。毛里求斯,例如,试图建立一个如设计,营销,技术增值服务的区域枢纽,并利用专业知识培训和每个国家
49、的技能。J开发技术为小规模加工和家庭手工业重点对开关合适。棉纺织品可以被整合与工发组织就同一问题,但其他部门的重点项目,由工业部(贸易和工业部)运行。2)协调产业链宽的问题。链全,棉花纺织行业需要以下措施A通过对最有利的方式使用资金的预期稳定出口收入制度的决定。行业协调是非常重要的,直到这个时候,为全面在棉花,纺织链的所有领域自由竞争的条件为准。在充分竞争,顶点机构的作用可以减少到只有政策方向。B分析及在同行业中所有球员的角色合理化。这将减少工作的重复和妨碍对机会主义组织的出现。C在升级活动,以便从无差别的“商品”转移到差异化,服装等专业,其他专业产品,有机棉,环保的棉花品种(包括基因工程的)具体的产品参与。这应该是补充与由政府和工业界意识到这些差异化的产品促进消费。随着收入的增长,差异化和高品质产品的需求预计也将增长。升级,需要在产品创新和市场细分的投资,品牌化,紧张,但透明的制度质量和品牌认证,以及对市场(包括主要投资于广告)可以提供差异化的产品种植的发展。D开发和优势产品许可的德国技术援助促进了在拉穆地区有机棉计划。该方案已经经历了阻力,由于缺乏市场信息。如上文所建议,有政府在宣传这些产品的潜在干预的必要性。E提高获取信息和营销技能,与客户的长期关系的培养耦合。克)的干预(在多代法的精神)和激励机制,激发金融和保险机制的适用于大型,中型,小型