1、（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文JAPANSDUALINDUSTRIALSTRUCTUREASAWELFARESYSTEM“THELEXUSANDTHEOLIVETREE“AND“THEVULTURE“DURINGTHEHIGHGROWTHPERIODOF19501973GOLDENAGEOFCAPITALISMANDITSSUBSEQUENTTWODECADES,JAPANCAMETOBEKNOWNFOREFFICIENCYANDPERFECTIONISMINMANUFACTURINGASEXEMPLIFIEDBYTHELOWPRODUCTIONCOSTSANDHIGHQUAL
2、ITYOFAUTOMOBILESANDELECTRONICSITPRODUCEDJAPANSRENOWNEDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGY,FLEXIBLEPRODUCTIONWITH“JUSTINTIME“PARTSDELIVERY,ISNOWINUSETHROUGHOUTTHEADVANCEDWORLDYET,NOWTHATTHEJAPANESEECONOMYHASBEENMIREDINAPROLONGEDSLUMPOVERMORETHANADECADESINCETHEBURSTINGOFTHEASSETBUBBLEIN1990,THEWORLDSPERCEPTIONOFT
3、HEJAPANESEECONOMYHASDRASTICALLYCHANGEDFROMADMIRATIONTOINDIFFERENCEEVENTOPITYWHATHASBROUGHTJAPANSJUGGERNAUTTOITSKNEESWHYCANITSGOVERNMENT,ONCESOMUCHTOUTEDFOREFFECTIVEINDUSTRIALPOLICIESANDADMINISTRATIVEGUIDANCE,NOLONGERCOPEWITHTHECURRENTECONOMICPROBLEMS,ESPECIALLYBADBANKLOANS,WHICHSTANDATANYWHEREBETWEE
4、N430BILLIONOFFICIALESTIMATEAND19TRILLIONPRIVATEESTIMATEALITANYOFREFORMPROPOSALSHAVEBEENPUTUPINTHERECENTPAST,BUTSOFARNODECISIVEANDEFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATIONHASTAKENPLACEINORDERTOEXPLAINTHELEITMOTIVOFTHISPAPER,IDRAWUPONTHETITLEOFABOOK,THELEXUSANDTHEOLIVETREE,ARECENTBESTSELLERWRITTENBYTHOMASFRIEDMAN1999OF
5、THENEWYORKTIMES,ATWICEWINNEROFTHEPULITZERPRIZEHEUSED“THELEXUS“ASASYMBOLOFANAGEOLDHUMANDRIVEFORMATERIALBETTERMENTANDHIGHERSTANDARDSOFLIVINGAND“THEOLIVETREE“ASASYMBOLOFANEQUALLYAGEOLDHUMANQUESTFORCOMMUNALIDENTITY,STABLESUSTENANCE,ANDSOCIALCOHESIONTHEFORMERREPRESENTSTECHNOLOGICALEFFICIENCYANDTHELATTERT
6、HEHUMANATTACHMENTTO,ANDCONCERNOF,LIVELIHOODSECURITYANDCULTURALIDENTITYANDFRIEDMANARGUEDTHATAHEALTHYBALANCEBETWEENTHELEXUSANDTHEOLIVETREE,NAMELYBETWEENEFFICIENCYANDSECURITY,NEEDSTOBEMAINTAINED,PARTICULARLYINTHISAGEOFGLOBALIZATIONANDAFASTCHANGINGWORLDASWILLBEEXPLOREDBELOW,JAPANSCURRENTPREDICAMENTSTEMS
7、ESSENTIALLYFROMTHEDIFFICULTYOFKEEPINGTHISSOCIOECONOMICBALANCEANDWHATMAKESTHEJAPANESEQUANDARYEVENMOREINTRACTABLEISTHEEXISTENCEOFANOTHERAGEOLDHUMANTRAIT,CUPIDITYFORPOWERSINCEFRIEDMANDIDNOTMENTIONTHISTHIRD,EQUALLYPERSISTENTANDPOWERFUL,HUMANDRIVE,ADRIVEFORPOLITICAL/IDEOLOGICALDOMINANCEANDGREED,IAMADDING
8、ATHIRDSYMBOL,“THEVULTURE“AGAINSTTHISBACKGROUND,THETHEMESOFTHISPAPERCANBESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWSINTHECOURSEOFJAPANSRAPIDGROWTHITHASENDEDUPCREATINGANEWINDUSTRIALDUALISMCONSISTINGOFASUPEREFFICIENT“OUTERFOCUSEDOF“SECTORSYMBOLIZEDBYTHELEXUSANDANINEFFICIENT,BUTUNEMPLOYMENTALLEVIATINGANDJOBCODDLING,“INNERFOCUS
9、EDIF“SECTORREPRESENTEDBYTHEOLIVETREETHEREALCAUSEOFJAPANSECONOMICIMBROGLIOISTHEENTRENCHMENTOFPAROCHIALPOLITICALINTERESTSVULTURESINTHEZOMBIEHAUNTEDINDUSTRIESINTHEIFSECTORINOTHERWORDS,THEOLIVEGROVEWASTAKENOVERBYVULTURESTHECURRENTPREDICAMENTISAPATHDEPENDENTOUTCOMEOFTHEIMMEDIATEPOSTWARPOLICIESOFTHEOCCUPA
10、TIONAUTHORITIESANDJAPANSSUBSEQUENTCATCHUPGROWTHANDINCOMEDISTRIBUTIONMEASURES,ANOUTCOMETHATISMUCHMORESTRONGLYMOLDEDINSTITUTIONALLYTHANANYTHINGELSEDUALINDUSTRIALSTRUCTUREJAPANWASONCESUCCESSFULINNURTURINGDYNAMICCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESANDCLIMBINGUPTHELADDEROFINDUSTRIALUPGRADING,RUNGBYRUNGFROMLOWVALUEADDED
11、TOHIGHERVALUEADDEDINDUSTRIES,UNDERTHEJAPANESESTYLEINFANTINDUSTRYSTRATEGYINTHEPOSTWORLDWARIIPERIODOZAWA2001AINITIALLY,ALLINDUSTRIESWEREHEAVILYREGULATEDANDSHIELDEDFROMCOMPETITIONEARLYPOSTWARJAPANSTARTEDOUTASANEXPORTEROFLABORINTENSIVEGOODSSUCHASTEXTILESANDSUNDRIESTOEARNPRECIOUSFOREIGNEXCHANGE,ESSENTIAL
12、LYREPEATINGITSPREWAREXPERIENCEINORDERFORJAPANNOTTOREMAINFORLONGANEXPORTEROFLOWWAGEBASEDGOODS,HOWEVER,SELECTIVEINDUSTRIALPOLICIESWERETHENACTIVELYPURSUEDTOCREATECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESFIRSTTHEPOLICIESWEREUSEDINCAPITALINTENSIVEINDUSTRIESSUCHASSTEEL,SHIPBUILDING,ANDHEAVYMACHINERYWHICHHADPREVIOUSLYBEENBUIL
13、TINTHEPREWARDAYSBUTDESTROYEDORLEFTDILAPIDATEDDURINGTHECOURSEOFTHEWARANDTHENINMORETECHNOLOGYBASEDINDUSTRIESSUCHASCARS,COMPUTERS,ANDOTHERELECTRONICSYETTHEVERYSUCCESSINBUILDINGUPNEWEXPORTCOMPETITIVEINDUSTRIESNECESSARILYMADESOMEEXISTINGESPECIALLYTRADITIONALINDUSTRIESALLTHEMORECOMPARATIVELYDISADVANTAGEDT
14、HUSTHEEMERGENCEOFTHE“LEXUS“SECTORLEDTOTHATOFTHE“OLIVEGROVE“SECTORMANYLOWPRODUCTIVITY,DOMESTICMARKETFOCUSEDINDUSTRIESCONTINUEDTOBEHEAVILYPROTECTEDFROMBOTHIMPORTSANDINWARDFOREIGNINVESTMENTPROTECTEDIFNOTBYOUTRIGHTTARIFFSANDQUOTASTHENBYREGULATIONSANDREDTAPEANDBYTHEMANNERINWHICHINDUSTRIESWEREORGANIZEDUND
15、ERCLOSEKNITKEIRETSUNETWORKSTHEUPSHOTISTHEEMERGENCEOFANEWINDUSTRIALDUALISMAHIGHLYEFFICIENTOUTERFOCUSEDOFSECTORANDASECLUDEDIMPORTAVERSEORNONTRADABLEINNERFOCUSEDIFSECTOR,WHICHCATERSTODOMESTICMARKETSTHEOFSECTORISBESTREPRESENTEDBYAUTOMOBILESANDELECTRONICSTHEIFSECTORINCLUDESMOSTLYTHESHELTERED“INEFFICIENT“
16、INDUSTRIESSUCHASAGRICULTURE,DISTRIBUTIONWHOLESALEANDRETAILING,TELECOMMUNICATIONS,TRANSPORTATION,BANKING,FINANCE,INSURANCE,CONSTRUCTION,REALESTATE,ANDFOODANDBEVERAGEOZAWA1996LEGACYOFTHEOCCUPATIONPOLICIESTHEORIGINOFTHEIFSECTOR,NOTABLYAGRICULTUREANDFOODANDBEVERAGE,HARKSBACKTOTHEEARLYPOSTWARPOLICYOFTHEA
17、LLIESOCCUPATIONAUTHORITIES,ASWELLASTOTHEINCOMEREDISTRIBUTIONPOLICIESADOPTEDBYTHEJAPANESEGOVERNMENTDURINGTHEHIGHGROWTHERAOF19501973INITIALLY,JAPANASADEFEATEDNATIONBEGANITSRECONSTRUCTIONANDMODERNIZATIONUNDERTHEAEGISOFTHEUNITEDSTATESJAPANSSOCIOECONOMICPOLITICALSYSTEMWASDRASTICALLYOVERHAULEDSOASTOINTROD
18、UCEDEMOCRACYANDTOELIMINATEANYFEUDALISTICREMNANTSOFTHEPREWARYEARSINDEED,THISUSEFFORTWOULDTURNOUTTOBEONEOFTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULCASESOF“NATIONBUILDING“INTODAYSPARLANCEAGRICULTUREINPARTICULARWASFORCEFULLY“DEMOCRATIZED“BYADRASTICLANDREFORMTOEMANCIPATEPEASANTSUNDERTHISREFORMABOUT15MILLIONLANDLORDSHADLOSTTHEIR
19、FARMLANDEXCEPTABOUTFIVEHECTARES,OR124ACRES,FORTHEIROWNUSEBY1950,WHILE4MILLIONPEASANTHOUSEHOLDSACQUIREDNEWLANDNAKAMURA1994CONSEQUENTLY,THEPOORTENANTFARMERSALLBUTDISAPPEAREDREPORTEDLY,GENERALDOUGLASMACARTHUROBSERVED“NOSURERFOUNDATIONWOULDBEFOUNDONWHICHTOCONSTRUCTASOUNDANDMODERATEDEMOCRACY,ANDNOMORETRU
20、STWORTHYDEFENSEAGAINSTTHEPRESSUREOFEXTREMEIDEOLOGIES“TAKAHASHI1968,129MACARTHURALSOCONVERTEDTHEPREWARANDWARTIMEHIERARCHYOFAGRICULTURALASSOCIATIONSINTOADEMOCRATICAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESYSTEMTHEUNITEDSTATESWASTHUSDETERMINED“TORESERVEJAPANASFARASPOSSIBLEFROMSOCIALISTENCROACHMENTS“TSURU1993,39INSHORT,M
21、ACARTHURSFARMREFORMDIDRECTIFYTHESERIOUSMALDISTRIBUTIONOFFARMINCOMESANDCREATEDAVAST“LOWMIDDLEINCOME“GROUPOFFARMERSWHOWOULDFORMANIMPORTANTSOURCEOFDOMESTICDEMANDFORHOUSEHOLDGOODSJAPANSEARLYPOSTWARINDUSTRYWASABOUTTOPRODUCEAMARKETTHATWOULDSUPPLEMENTEXPORTMARKETSINENABLINGJAPANESEMANUFACTURERSTOREAPSCALEE
22、CONOMIESMOREOVER,SELFCULTIVATINGFARMERSLIKESMALLLANDOWNERSBECAMEALLTHEMOREMOTIVATEDTOADOPTNEWTECHNOLOGY,SUCHASINSULATEDRICESEEDBEDS,INSECTICIDES,HERBICIDES,ANDNEWFERTILIZERS,ALL“PUSHINGAGRICULTURALOUTPUTTONEWHEIGHTS“NAKAMURA1994,145TAKEOVEROF“THEOLIVEGROVE“BY“THEVULTURE“MOSTIMPORTANTOFALL,HOWEVER,ON
23、CETHECOMMUNISTTHREATEMERGED,WITHTHESTRONGBACKINGOFTHEUNITEDSTATESACONSERVATIVEPOLITICALPARTY,THELIBERALDEMOCRATICPARTYLDP,WASESTABLISHEDINNOVEMBER1955ANDNOBUSUKEKISHIWHOBECAMEAPRIMEMINISTERIN1957,AWARCRIMINALASMINISTEROFMUNITIONSINTOJOSCABINET,WASFREEDFROMWARCRIMECHARGESANDRELEASEDFROMPRISON,ALONGWI
24、THOTHERSMANYWARTIMEECONOMICPLANNERS,WHOONCEWEREENGAGEDINTHEGREATEREASTASIANCOPROSPERITYSPHERESCHEME,WEREALLOWEDTORETURNTOJAPANSDIRIGISTEBUREAUCRACYTHEYINITIATEDASERIESOFINDUSTRIALPOLICIESWHICHWOULDEVENTUALLYLEADTOTHERECENTROLEOFJAPANASTHEMAJORINTEGRATOROFEASTASIAECONOMIESTHROUGHCHANNELSOFTRADEANDFOR
25、EIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTTHEJAPANESEGOVERNMENT,ONCEGRANTEDINDEPENDENCEUNDERTHESANFRANCISCOPEACETREATYOF1951,ALSOBEGANASOCALLEDSENGOKAIKAKUPOSTWARREFORMSTOCREATEANEWSETOFINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSOFTHEIROWN,INCLUDINGTHESTATEDIRECTED“MAINBANK“SYSTEMOFFINANCEANDTHEFORMATIONOFKEIRETSUBYEVENRELAXINGTHEOCCUPATI
26、ONIMPOSEDANTIMONOPOLYLAWASMIGHTWELLHAVEBEENEXPECTED,THEAGRICULTURALREGIONS,ALONGWITHTHEIRSURROUNDINGSEMIURBANFARMLINKEDAREASWHEREFARMRELATEDECONOMICACTIVITIESSUCHASDAIRY,FOODPROCESSING,FARMSUPPLIES,ANDSERVICESARECONCENTRATED,BECAMEAMAJORPOLITICALBASEFORTHELDPEARLYONFORINSTANCE,IN1955,AGRICULTUREWAST
27、HEMAJORPOLITICALSUPPORTGROUPFORTHELDPWHENTHATSECTORALONEPROVIDEDEMPLOYMENTFORASMUCHAS39PERCENTOFJAPANSWORKFORCEANDYIELDED21PERCENTOFGDPARGYANDSTEIN1997INFACT,THEFARMDISTRICTSCAMETOBEOVERREPRESENTEDFORELECTORALVOTING,ASTHEPOPULATIONBEGANTOCONTINUOUSLYSHIFTTOWARDTHEURBANINDUSTRIALAREASPARIPASSUWITHPOS
28、TWARINDUSTRIALIZATIONIN1976,FOREXAMPLE,THEFORMER,REPRESENTINGONLYAROUND20PERCENTOFTHENATIONALELECTORATE,WEREABLETODECIDEABOUT30PERCENTOFTHESEATSINTHELOWERHOUSEOFPARLIAMENTOKIMOTO1989ANDTHENATIONWIDESYSTEMOFAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVEASSOCIATIONSINTHERURALAREASBECAMEAPOWERFULVOTESECURINGORGANIZATIONFORLD
29、PCANDIDATESPROTECTIONANDSUBSIDIZATIONACCORDINGTOTRADITIONALISTS,AGRICULTURESHOULDBEREGARDEDASA“CULTURALINDUSTRY“SINCERICECULTIVATIONANDTHERURALCOMMUNITIESBASEDONSUCHFARMINGREPRESENTMANYCENTURIESOFUNIQUEJAPANESEHISTORY,CULTURE,TRADITION,ANDMORESHENCE,THEJAPANESE“SOUL“ITSELFEVENTHOUGHJAPANNOWALLOWSRIC
30、EIMPORTS,ITSAGRICULTURECONTINUESTOBEHEAVILYSUBSIDIZEDJUSTASISTHECASEWITHTHEEUROPEANUNIONANDTHEUNITEDSTATESASMUCHAS59PERCENTOFFARMINCOMESINJAPANCOMEFROMSUBSIDIES,INCOMPARISONWITHABOUT20PERCENTAND31PERCENTFORTHEUNITEDSTATESANDEUROPEOECDSTATISTICSASREPORTEDIN“FARMSUBSIDIESABLIGHTONTHEECONOMY,“BUSINESSW
31、EEK,SEPTEMBER9,2002,50JAPANSLABYRINTHINEDISTRIBUTIONINDUSTRYUSEDTOBELIKEWISEROMANTICIZEDANDEXTOLLEDASANEIGHBORHOODCOMMUNITYSERVICEPROVIDER,SINCETHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMUSEDTOBEFULLOFSMALL“MOMANDPOP“SHOPSWHOSEOWNERSKNEWTHEIRCUSTOMERSINTIMATELYASNEIGHBORSJAPANESEHOUSEWIVESONCESHOPPEDPRACTICALLYONADAILYBA
32、SISFORFRESHSUPPLIESOFVEGETABLES,FISH,ANDMEATS,ESPECIALLYINTHEEARLYPOSTWARPERIODWHENREFRIGERATORSWERESTILLOUTOFREACHFORORDINARYHOUSEHOLDSTHESESMALLRETAILSTORESWEREONCEPROTECTEDFROMCOMPETITIONFROMLARGE,MOREEFFICIENTRETAILERSSUCHASDEPARTMENTSTORES,DISCOUNTSTORES,ANDSUPERMARKETSALLUNDERTHELARGESCALESTOR
33、ELAWANDTHEDEPARTMENTSTORELAW,WHICHBOTHRESTRICTEDLARGESTORESFROMCOMPETINGWITHSMALLONESINDEED,AGRICULTUREANDDISTRIBUTIONHAVELONGSERVEDASAPRIVATEWELFAREPROVIDERITWASTHEAGRICULTURESECTORTHATWASABLETOABSORBMILLIONSOFRETURNEESFROMOVERSEAS,ASNEARLY6MILLIONDEMOBILIZEDSOLDIERSANDREPATRIATEDCIVILIANSFLOODEDBA
34、CKINTOJAPANFROMITSLOSTTERRITORIES,ANDMOSTOFTHEMSETTLEDINTHERURALAREASWITHTHEIRFAMILIES,RELATIVES,ANDFRIENDSRIGHTAFTERWARSENDTHEDISTRIBUTIONSECTORHASSIMILARLYBEENLABORABSORBING,SINCESMALLSHOPSANDJOBBERSAREFAMILYOWNEDANDWILLINGTOEMPLOYTHEIRJOBSEARCHINGRELATIVESANDACQUAINTANCESINACOMMUNALFASHIONINADDIT
35、IONTOAGRICULTUREANDDISTRIBUTION,CONSTRUCTION,SMALLMANUFACTURERS,ANDOTHERIFINDUSTRIESCAMETOBEEQUALLYREGULATEDTOAVOIDEXCESSIVECOMPETITIONNAMELYTOGIVEABNORMALPROFITSANDEFFECTIVELYSUBSIDIZEDSOTHATJOBSECURITYWOULDBEMAINTAINEDTHEINTERESTSOFTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY,INPARTICULAR,BECAMEENTWINEDWITHTHEGOVERNME
36、NTPOLICYTODISTRIBUTETHEBENEFITSOFHIGHGROWTHPROMOTEDUNDERTHENATIONALINCOMEDOUBLINGPLANOF1960INSUCHAWAYTOELIMINATETHEINTERREGIONALANDINTERSECTORIALINCOMEDISPARITIES,ESPECIALLYBETWEENTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDURBANANDTHERURALFARMBASEDREGIONSUNDERTHECOMPREHENSIVENATIONALDEVELOPMENTPLANOF1962,THEGOVERNMENTSELECTE
37、DTHIRTEENNEWINDUSTRIALCITIESANDSIXSPECIALAREASFORSTATEFUNDEDINFRASTRUCTURALDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSUCHINO1983,116EVERSINCE,ALARGESUMOFMONEYHASBEENPOUREDINTOTHERURALAREASEACHYEAR,CREATINGWINDFALLPUBLICWORKSFORCONSTRUCTIONANDREALESTATEFIRMSTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYGOTAFURTHERBOOSTFROMTHEKAKUHEITANAKAADMINIST
38、RATION197274TANAKASAMBITIOUSANDBESTSELLINGBOOK,APLANFORREBUILDINGTHEJAPANESEARCHIPELAGO,BECAMETHEBASISFORRELOCATIONOFINDUSTRIESOUTOFTHECONGESTEDPACIFICBELTFISCALSPENDINGFORPUBLICWORKSTOEXPANDTHEBULLETTRAINRAILWAYSANDHIGHWAYSYSTEMSACROSSTHENATIONZOOMEDONECONSEQUENCEWASTHERISEINTHEPRICEOFLANDINFACT,JA
39、PANEXPERIENCEDTHEFIRSTPOSTWARBUBBLEINLANDANDSTOCKSOVER197273SOURCEOZAWA,TERUTOMOJOURNALOFECONOMICISSUESASSOCIATIONFOREVOLUTIONARYECONOMICS,JUN2003,VOL37ISSUE2,P519,8P译文日本的双重工业结构的福利制度“凌志和橄榄树”,“秃鹫”在高增长期,19501973黄金年龄的资本主义及其以后的两年来,日本是知道的效率和完美主义在制造业所体现的低成本、高质量的汽车和电子制作。日本著名制造技术,灵活生产的“时间”部分交付,现已在使用先进的世界。然而
40、,现在,日本经济陷入长期低迷超过十年的爆裂的资产泡沫1990,世界的看法,日本经济的急剧变化,从钦佩冷漠甚至可惜的。是什么使日本就范吗为何其政府,一旦如此吹捧为有效的工业政策和行政指导,不再应付当前的经济问题,特别是银行不良贷款,站在各地官方估计和19兆元私人估计一连串的改革建议已在最近的过去,但到目前为止没有果断和有效执行。为了解释中心思想这份文件,我利用项目的一本书,凌志和橄榄树,最近的一个畅销书由托马斯弗里德曼1999的纽约时报,一名两次冠军的普利策奖。他用“凌志”为标志的一个古老人类活动材料改善和提高生活水平和“橄榄树”为标志的一个同样老人类追求社区特性,稳定粮食和社会的和谐。前代表技
41、术效率,后者是人类向往,和关注的,生活安全和文化特征。和弗里德曼说,一个健康的平衡凌志汽车和橄榄树,即在效率和安全,需要保留,尤其是在这个年龄的全球化和快速变化的世界。将探讨以下,日本目前的困境主要是难以维持这个社会经济平衡。和日本所提出的困境更棘手的是存在的另一种古老人类特点,贪婪的权力。因为弗里德曼并没有提及这第三,同样持续和强大,人类驱动器、推动政治/思想支配和贪婪,我增加第三号、“秃鹫”。在此背景下,主题的这份文件可以归纳如下1、在日本的快速增长,已经结束了创造一个新的工业二元论包括一个超级有效“外重点的“部门象征的凌志和效率不高,但失业减轻和就业姑息,”内重点如果“部门由橄榄树。2、
42、真正的原因,日本经济的巩固是纷乱的狭隘的政治利益飨宴ZOMBIE鬼产业如果部门换言之,橄榄园由飨宴。3、目前的困境的路径依赖的直接结果战后政策占领当局和日本后来赶上增长和收入分配措施,一个结果,是更为强烈型体制比任何其他东西。双重工业结构日本是一旦成功培育动态比较优势和攀梯的产业升级、龙陵的从低附加值较高附加值产业,在日本式婴儿工业战略后,第二次世界大战期间2001年小泽一。最初,所有工业大量管制,避免竞争。日本战后初期开始,作为出口国的劳动密集型产品如纺织和杂品赢得宝贵外汇,基本上是重复其战前经验。为了使日本不保持长期出口低工资的货物,但是,选择性的工业政策,积极致力于创造比较优势。第一的政
43、策是用在资本密集型产业如钢铁、造船、重型机械以前建筑在战前天,但被毁或离开期间破旧的战争,那么在更多的科技产业如汽车、电脑和其他电子。但成功地建立新的出口竞争行业一定会取得一些现有特别是传统产业更较为不利。因此,出现“凌志”部门主导的“橄榄园”部门很多低生产力,国内市场重点行业继续大量受进口和外来投资保护如果不彻底的关税和配额由当时的条例和官僚主义和方式的产业组织严密公司网络。结果是出现一个新的工业二元论一个高效外重点的部门和一个隐蔽进口反对或NONTRADABLE内重点如果部门,满足国内市场。该部门是最能代表的汽车和电子产品。该部门包括主要的遮蔽“无效“行业如农业、分配批发和零售、电信、运输
44、、银行、金融、保险、建筑、房地产、食品和饮料小泽一郎1996年。遗产占领政策的来源,如果部门,特别是在农业和食品和饮料,奉命搬到早期战后政策盟国占领当局,以及对收入再分配政策,日本政府在高增长时代的19501973。最初,日本作为战败国开始重建和现代化建设的主持下的美国。日本的社会经济政治系统是大幅改革,实行民主和消除任何封建遗留下来的战前年。事实上,这个美国努力将会是一个最成功案例的“国家建设“在今天的用语。农业,特别是有力地“民主化”的大幅土地改革解放农民。根据这项改革0业主已经失去了农田除五公顷土地,或124亩,为自己使用1950,虽然0农户获得新的土地NAKAMURA1994年。因此,
45、穷人租户农民全部消失。据报道,一般道格拉斯麦克阿瑟指出,“没有把握基金会将会发现,为建设一个健康和温和民主,没有更值得信赖的压力防御的极端意识形态”高桥1968,129。麦克阿瑟也转换战前的等级和战时的农业协会为一个民主农业合作系统。美国因此决定的”,储备日本尽可能从社会主义侵犯“鹤1993、39。总之,麦克阿瑟的农场的改革并纠正严重MAL分发农业收入和创造了一个庞大的低收入“组农民将形成一个重要来源,国内需求的家庭用品日本战后初期约工业生产一个市场,将补充出口市场,使日本厂商获得规模经济。此外,自我培养农民像小地主变得更为主动采取新的技术,如隔热水稻种子床、杀虫剂、除草剂和新肥料,所有“推动
46、农业产出新的境界1994年中村,145。收购的“橄榄园”的“秃鹫”最重要的,但是,一旦出现了共产党的威胁的有力支持美国的保守政党,自民党自民党,成立于195511月。和岸信介成为总理在1957,战争刑事部长的弹药东条内阁,摆脱战争犯罪指控和释放出狱,与其他人。许多战争时期经济规划者,他曾经从事大东亚共荣圈计划,被允许返回日本的统制式官僚主义。他们发起了一系列的工业政策,最终导致作用最近日本的主要集成的东亚经济体的贸易渠道和外国直接投资。日本政府,一旦下获得独立的旧金山和平条约,1951,也开始一个所谓千五海觉战后改革建立一套新的体制安排自己的,包括国家针对“主要银行”的财政制度和成立的公司甚至
47、放宽占领实行反垄断法。作为可能已经预期,农业地区,与周围半城市农业与地区如农业有关经济活动,如牛奶、食品加工、农场用品和服务,集中,成为一个重大的政治基础的自民党。早期例如,在1955,农业是主要的政治支持自民党组时,提供就业部门就高达39,日本的工作队,取得了21的国内生产总值阿尔吉和施泰因1997年。事实上,这个农场地区来的选举投票人数过多,人口开始不断转向城市工业领域同样与战后工业化。在1976,例如,前,只占20的选民的国家,能够决定约30的席位,在议会下院兴元1989。全国系统和农业合作协会在农村地区成为一个强大投票组织确保自民党候选人。保护和补贴根据传统,农业应被视为一种“文化产业
48、,因为水稻种植和农村社区基于这种农业代表很多世纪的独特历史、文化、传统和习俗,因此,日本“灵魂”。尽管日本目前允许进口大米,农业继续大量补贴就像是欧盟和美国。为59的农业收入在日本来自补贴,相比之下,约有20和31的美国和欧洲经合组织统计报告说,“农业补贴经济的灾难,“商业周2002年9月9日,50。日本建筑行业分配使用,并称赞同样被作为一个街道社区服务提供商,因为分配制度,充分使用的小“山姆大叔”店老板知道他们的客户作为邻国密切。日本家庭主妇一旦那几乎每天供应新鲜蔬菜、鱼、肉、特别是在战后初期冰箱时仍然没有达到普通家庭。这些小零售店曾受大竞争,更有效地零售商如百货、折扣店、超市的大规模存储法
49、和法律的百货店,这两个大卖场限制竞争,小。事实上,农业和分配一直作为社会福利服务提供商。这是农业部门,能够吸纳数以百万计的回返海外尽量接近0退役士兵和平民浸水遣返回日本领土从其损失,而且大部分是在解决农村家庭、亲戚朋友在战争的结束。分销部门同样是劳动吸收,因为小商店和行的家庭拥有和愿意雇用他们的就业寻找亲人和朋友在一个集体方式。此外,农业和分配、建筑、小企业,和其他如产业来同样受到管制,以避免过度竞争即以不正常利润和有效资助,使工作安全将得到保持。利益的建筑行业,特别是,成为与紧密相连的政府政策的利益分配的高增长下促进国家收入增加一倍1960计划在这种方式,消除区域间和跨部门收入差距,特别是在工业化城市和农村农场的地区。根据国家的综合发展计划,1962,政府选出新的工业城市00特别地区和国家资助基础设施发展项目内野1983,116。自那以来,一大笔钱已经投入每年农村地区,造成意外公共工程的建设和房地产公司。建筑行业已经进一步推动鹤平田中的行政197274。田中的庞大和畅销书,重建计划的日本列岛,成为基础的工业外移的交通挤塞太带。财政开支,扩大公共工程的子弹火车铁路和公路系统全国放大。一个结果是价格上涨的土地。事实上,日本出现泡沫战后的第一次在土地、股票在197273。在日本,建筑公司及其工作人员估计超过0,约10左右的日本劳动力一直坚
