1、(2011届)本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译外文题目OFFSETTINGCARBONDIOXIDEEMISSIONSFROMTOURISM出处LANDCARERESEARCH,LINCOLN8152,NEWZEALAND作者PHART,SBECKENANDITURNEYINTRODUCTIONTOURISMISATTRACTINGINCREASINGATTENTIONASANEMITTEROFGREENHOUSEGASESANDACONSEQUENTCONTRIBUTORTOCLIMATECHANGEGSSLINGSUGGESTEDTHATCO2EMISSIONSADJUSTEDFORNITRO
2、USOXIDESANDWATEREMITTEDBYAIRCRAFTFROMTOURISMMAYBEINTHEORDEROF53OFTHEGLOBALTOTALNINETYPERCENTOFTHESEEMISSIONSCOMEFROMTRANSPORTWITHINTRANSPORTTHEREISNOWAGROWINGDEBATEONAVIATIONSROLEINCLIMATECHANGEPENNERETAL2ESTIMATETHATINTERNATIONALAVIATIONCONTRIBUTESABOUT35TOCLIMATECHANGEMOSTATTENTIONHASFOCUSEDONTHEE
3、MISSIONOFCO2ANDNEGLECTEDOTHEREFFECTS,INCLUDINGEMISSIONOFOZONEANDNITROUSOXIDES,CONDENSATIONTRAILSANDINCREASEDCIRRUSCLOUDINESS,WHICHINTOTALCONTRIBUTETOCLIMATECHANGESIGNIFICANTLYMORETHANDOCO2EMISSIONS3SOFARTHEINTERNATIONALAVIATIONINDUSTRYHASNOTHADTOFACEUPTOFUELTAXESOROTHEREMISSIONREDUCTIONSCHEMES,ASBUN
4、KERFUELSLIEOUTSIDETHEKYOTOPROTOCOLTHEEUROPEANUNIONISNOWACTIVELYCONSIDERINGSTEPSTOWARDSCURBINGGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSFROMTRANSPORT,ANDRECENTLYTHEINTERNATIONALCIVILAVIATIONORGANISATIONSCOMMITTEEONAVIATIONENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGREEDONAMODELFORVOLUNTARYMEASURESTOREDUCEEMISSIONSFROMAEROPLANES3INNEWZEALA
5、ND,PLANNINGISUNDERWAYTOINTRODUCEACARBONTAXIN2007CAPPEDATNZ25ATONNEOFCO24SUBJECTTOTHEKYOTOPROTOCOLCOMINGINTOFORCEMITIGATIONOPTIONSFORTHETOURISMINDUSTRYINCLUDEIMPROVINGENERGYEFFICIENCY,REPLACINGFOSSILFUELWITHRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES,ANDCARBONOFFSETTINGCONTINUINGIMPROVEMENTSINTRANSPORTFUELEFFICIENCYAREEX
6、PECTEDANDHYDROGENPOWEREDCARSAREBEINGDEVELOPEDINTHEMEDIUMTERMTHEREARENOPRACTICALALTERNATIVESTOKEROSENEBASEDFUELSFORAIRCRAFTTHEOFFSETTINGORSEQUESTRATIONOFCO2ASBIOMASSUSUALLYTREESISTERMEDMITIGATIONBECAUSETHEGROWTHOFNEWFORESTSWILLREDUCETHEAMOUNTOFATMOSPHERICCO2KYOTOPROTOCOL,ARTICLE3LITTLEISKNOWNABOUTTOU
7、RISTAWARENESSOFTHEIMPACTSOFTRAVELONCLIMATECHANGE,ORTOURISTWILLINGNESSTOMITIGATETHEIRIMPACTBY,FOREXAMPLE,SEQUESTERINGCARBONTOURISTSMAYNOTSEETHELINKBETWEENTOURISMANDCLIMATECHANGE,ALTHOUGHTHEYMAYSTILLBEFAVOURABLYDISPOSEDTOPLANTINGTREESFORTHEIRBENEFITSINRELATIONTOBIODIVERSITY,HYDROLOGY,ANDSOILRETENTION5
8、THISPAPERDESCRIBESEXISTINGCARBONOFFSETTINGSCHEMESFORTOURISTS,ANDINPARTICULARACASESTUDYAPPROACHINNEWZEALANDTWOMODELSTOFUNDSUCHANAPPROACHAREDISCUSSEDAVOLUNTARYMECHANISMFORTOURISTSTOOFFSETTHEIREMISSIONS,ANDREGULATORYMODELSTHATCHARGEECO/EMISSIONTAXESITISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISPAPERTOCONSIDERTHEROLEOFTOURIS
9、TOPERATORSOREMISSIONSTRADINGSCHEMESCARBONOFFSETTINGSCHEMESINTOURISMASMALLNUMBEROFWEBBASEDCARBONOFFSETTINGSCHEMESTAILOREDTOVARIOUSMARKETSARENOWAVAILABLEEGCLIMATECARE,CLIMATEPROTECTIONPARTNERSHIP,BUSINESSENTERPRISESFORSUSTAINABLETRAVEL,FUTUREFORESTS,500PPM,TREESFORTRAVELLERS,EMISSIONSBIODIVERSITYEXCHA
10、NGEEBEX21MOSTOFFERINDIVIDUALTRAVELLERSTHEOPPORTUNITYTOWORKOUTTHEIRTRAVELGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSWITHANONLINECALCULATORTOURISTSCANTHENINVESTEITHERINENERGYEFFICIENCYMEASURESEGLOWENERGYLIGHTBULBS,ENERGYRENEWALEGHYDROTURBINES,ORCARBONSEQUESTRATIONEGBYPROJECTSFORRESTORINGFORESTSOFTENTHESEPROJECTSAREINDEVEL
11、OPINGCOUNTRIES,INORDERTOEMPOWERCOMMUNITIESTHROUGHCOMMERCEANDTACKLECLIMATECHANGEATTHESAMETIMECLIMATECAREALSOWORKSWITHTOUROPERATORSWHOINCLUDEOFFSETTINGINTHEIRPACKAGEANAPPROACHINNEWZEALANDBEINGLEDBYTHEKAIKOURADISTRICTCOUNCILISPROVIDINGTOURISTSWITHTHEOPPORTUNITYTOPLANTATREEDURINGTHEIRVISITTOKAIKOURATHET
12、REEISNUMBERED,ITSEXACTLOCATIONRECORDED,ANDITCANBEREVISITEDBYTHETOURISTCONCERNSARESOMETIMESRAISEDABOUTTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTREEPLANTINGINMITIGATINGCO2SOMEOFTHEDIFFICULTIESAREFORESTPESTS,DISEASESANDFIRE,THEDIFFICULTYOFMEASURINGCARBONUPTAKE6,SINKSBEINGASHORTTERMSOLUTION,INSECURITYOFPROJECTS,ANDCOSTSOFADMI
13、NISTRATIONMOREOVER,INTREEPLANTINGSCHEMESTHEINITIALRATESOFSEQUESTRATIONARELOWAND,THEREFORE,ITCANBESOMEYEARSBEFORETRAVELEMISSIONSAREACTUALLYOFFSETEBEX21TAKESADIFFERENTAPPROACHANDPROMOTESTHERETIREMENTOFMARGINALNOTSUITEDFORFARMINGHILLFARMLANDTOPROMOTENATURALREGENERATIONOFSHRUBLANDSANDNATIVEFORESTS,APROC
14、ESSTHATCANDELIVERHIGHINITIALSEQUESTRATIONRATESHENCE,EBEX21INVESTSINCARBONSEQUESTRATIONANDTHEPERMANENTRESTORATIONOFNATIVEBIODIVERSITY7TOURISTSORORGANISATIONSTHATWANTTOOFFSETTHEIRCO2EMISSIONSPROVIDEFUNDINGVIAEBEX21TOLANDOWNERSFORREGENERATIONWORKNATURALREGENERATIONWILLSEQUESTERCARBONFOR150300YEARSDEPEN
15、DINGONSITESELECTION,SPECIESRANGE,FERTILITY,RAINFALL,ANDNEARBYSEEDSOURCES8BECAUSENEWZEALANDISALSOSEEKINGTOENHANCEITSLANDSCAPESANDBIODIVERSITYWHICHUNDERPINITS100PURENZBRAND,THESENEWNATIVEFORESTSINKSPROVIDEMULTIPLEENVIRONMENTALBENEFITS,ASWELLASPOTENTIALLYPROVIDINGNEWECONOMICOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEMOREREMOT
16、EPARTSOFNEWZEALANDANEWZEALANDCASESTUDYMETHODBYUSINGARRIVALFIGURESFORINTERNATIONALTOURISTS9,ANDESTIMATEDENERGYUSE,CO2EMISSIONSFROMINTERNATIONALAIRTRAVELCANBECALCULATEDAVERAGETRAVELDISTANCESFORONEWAYTRAVELTONEWZEALANDAREAVAILABLE10,ASWELLASENERGYINTENSITIESFORAIRTRAVEL175MJPERPASSENGERKILOMETRE11ANDCO
17、2CONVERSIONFACTORS69GCO2PERMJ12ENERGYUSEANDEMISSIONSWERECALCULATEDFORTOURISTSFROMTHE36COUNTRIESTHATMADEUP94OFALLINTERNATIONALARRIVALSIN20029RESULTSWERELINEARLYEXTRAPOLATEDTOESTIMATECO2EMISSIONSFORALLARRIVALSINADDITION,THEENERGYUSEANDCO2EMISSIONSASSOCIATEDWITHTOURISTACTIVITYWITHINNEWZEALANDWEREESTIMA
18、TEDONLYTRANSPORTANDACCOMMODATIONBEHAVIOURWERETAKENINTOACCOUNT,ASTHOSETWOSECTORSCONTRIBUTEOVER90OFTHETOTALINTERNALENERGYUSEOFANINTERNATIONALTOURIST13WECONSIDEREDENERGYANDEMISSIONRATESFORDIFFERENTTOURISTTYPES,ANDWEIGHTEDTHEMACCORDINGTOTHEIRREPRESENTATIONAMONGALLINTERNATIONALTOURISTSTONEWZEALAND14HAVIN
19、GDERIVEDCO2EMISSIONSFORINTERNATIONALAIRTRAVEL,INTERNALTRANSPORTANDACCOMMODATION,ITWASPOSSIBLETOESTIMATETHEEMISSIONCOSTSANDTHENATIVEFORESTAREAREQUIREDTOOFFSETTHESEEMISSIONSTOTHISEND,WEUSEDACOSTOFNZ25PERTONNEOFCO24THEREQUIREDAREAOFLANDWASDERIVEDBYASSUMINGAMINIMUMCARBONSEQUESTRATIONRATEOF3TCO2PERHECTAR
20、EOFLANDPERANNUMCALCULATIONSINTHISPAPERFOCUSEDONCO2ANDDIDNOTINCLUDEOTHERGREENHOUSEGASESTHEOVERALLRADIATIVEFORCING,HOWEVER,ISESTIMATEDTOBE27TIMESHIGHERTHANTHEMEREEFFECTOFCO2ASARESULTOFOTHEREFFECTSSPECIFICTOAVIATION,SUCHASTHEFORMATIONOFOZONEANDCONTRAILS2RESULTSTHEANALYSISOF2002ARRIVALFIGURESSHOWEDANENE
21、RGYUSEOF364PJANDEMISSIONSOF2513KTOFCO2TABLE1ONAVERAGE,ANINTERNATIONALTOURISTCONSUMED17800MJOFENERGYFORTHEIRONEWAYFLIGHT,WHICHRESULTEDIN12TOFCO2ANDACO2EMISSIONCOSTOFNZ30THEAVERAGEAREAREQUIREDTOOFFSETTHEONEWAYAIRTRAVELEMISSIONSWOULDBE04HAPERTOURISTTHISANALYSISOFENERGYUSEANDCO2EMISSIONSRESULTINGFROMINT
22、ERNATIONALTOURISTTRANSPORTANDACCOMMODATIONWITHINNEWZEALANDSHOWEDTHATTOURISMUSESABOUT8PJOFENERGYANNUALLYWITHINNEWZEALAND,RESULTINGIN532KTOFCO2EMISSIONSTABLE2TOURISTTYPESDIFFEREDMARKEDLY,WITHCAMPINGTOURISTS,FOREXAMPLE,EMITTINGABOUT044TOFCO2PERPERSON,COMPAREDWITHCOACHTOURISTSEMITTINGONLY024TOFCO2ANAVER
23、AGEINTERNATIONALTOURISTEMITTING026TOFCO2WITHINNEWZEALANDWOULDHAVETOPAYNZ7FORTHEIRCO2EMISSIONSANDWOULDREQUIREANATIVEFORESTAREAOF009HATOOFFSETTHESEEMISSIONSINTOTAL,ANAVERAGEINTERNATIONALTOURISTWOULDPAYNZ37TOOFFSETCO2EMISSIONSFROMTHEIRNEWZEALANDHOLIDAYUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONOFANEQUALSHAREOFINTERNATIONALEMIS
24、SIONSBETWEENCOUNTRYOFORIGINANDDESTINATIONTHETOTALAREAREQUIREDTOOFFSETALLEMISSIONSFROMINTERNATIONALTOURISMINCLUDINGTHEONEWAYFLIGHTTOANDWITHINNEWZEALANDWOULDBE1014800HAWITHABOUTONEMILLIONHECTARESOFMARGINALLANDPOTENTIALLYAVAILABLEFORNATIVEFORESTREGENERATIONINNEWZEALAND7,ITISJUSTPOSSIBLETOOFFSETTOURISMS
25、EMISSIONSANDRESTOREBIODIVERSITYATTHESAMETIMEHOWEVER,THERADIATIVEFORCINGOFCO2ISONLYABOUTONETHIRDOFTHETOTALRADIATIVEEFFECTOFALLCLIMATEIMPACTINGAVIATIONEMISSIONS,ANDIFTHETOTALAVIATIONEFFECTWASTAKENINTOACCOUNTTHELANDAVAILABLEFORREGENERATINGNATIVEFORESTSINKSWOULDNOTBEENOUGHFUNDINGMODELSFOROFFSETTINGTOURI
26、STEMISSIONSINNEWZEALANDVOLUNTARYSCHEMESTOURISTSCANCALCULATETHEIREMISSIONSACCORDINGTOCOUNTRYOFORIGINANDTRAVELSTYLETABLES1AND2,ANDTHENUSEEBEX21ORONEOFTHEOTHERSCHEMESTOOFFSETTHEIREMISSIONSALTHOUGHTHEREHASBEENSOMEINTERESTBYINTERNATIONALTOURISTSINEBEX21,FEWHAVEOFFSETTHEIREMISSIONSEDUCATIONALCAMPAIGNSABOU
27、TTHEBENEFITSOFCARBONSEQUESTRATIONMAYPERSUADEMORETOURISTSTOOFFSETTHEIREMISSIONSINFLIGHTVIDEOSSHOWINGTHISKINDOFINFORMATIONENROUTETONEWZEALANDCOULDINCREASETHEAWARENESSOFTHEISSUEHOWEVER,ASTUDYCARRIEDOUTINTHETOURISMINFORMATIONCENTREOFCHRISTCHURCH,NEWZEALANDAREISER,LINCOLNUNIVERSITYPERSCOMMSHOWEDNOPREFERE
28、NCEBYTOURISTSFORECOLABELLEDOPERATORSPRODUCTSCOMPAREDWITHTHOSEOFOTHEROPERATORSTHISSUGGESTSVOLUNTARYSCHEMESMIGHTSTRUGGLEWITHOUTONGOINGEDUCATIONALCAMPAIGNS,MARKETINGANDGOVERNMENTSUPPORTITISPOSSIBLETHATTOURISTSAREMOREAMENABLETOOFFSETTINGTHEIREMISSIONSEARLYINTHEIRDECISIONMAKING,FOREXAMPLEWHENBOOKINGTHEIR
29、FLIGHTSTHISWOULDREQUIRETHECOOPERATIONOFTRAVELAGENTS,TOURWHOLESALERSANDAIRLINESFURTHERRESEARCHISNEEDEDTOANSWERTHESEQUESTIONS,ANDTOLEARNHOWTHEYMIGHTCOMPLEMENTOPERATORLEDANDREGULATORYAPPROACHESREGULATORYSCHEMESTHEREARETWOAPPROACHESWHEREBYTOURISTSCOULDBELEVIEDORTAXEDFORTHEIREMISSIONSAGENERALECOTAX15IMPO
30、SEDONENTRYTONEWZEALANDWOULDDIRECTLYTARGETINTERNATIONALTOURISTSBUTWOULDPROBABLYATTRACTNEGATIVEREACTIONFROMTHETOURISMINDUSTRY,EVENTHOUGHTHEECOTAXWOULDMEETTHEAIMOFSUSTAINABILITYOFTHENEWZEALANDTOURISMSTRATEGY2010ANZ100ECOTAXISALREADYBEINGMENTIONEDBYSOMEPOLITICIANSINNEWZEALANDABOUTATHIRDOFTHISTOTALLINGAN
31、ESTIMATEDNZ60MILLIONWOULDBENEEDEDTOCARBONOFFSETTHETRIPWITHCOBENEFITSFORRESTORINGBIODIVERSITYTHEREMAININGAMOUNTCOULDGOTOWARDSNATIONALPARKMANAGEMENTANDINFRASTRUCTUREIMPROVEMENTSSINCETHENEWZEALANDGOVERNMENTAIMSTOINTERNALISECARBONCOSTSBYINTRODUCINGACARBONTAXIN2007,TOURISTSWOULDAUTOMATICALLYPAYFORTHEIRIN
32、TERNALEMISSIONSEGCALCULATEDTOBEASIXCENTINCREASEINTHEPRICEOFPETROLTHECALCULATIONSINTHISPAPERINDICATETHATTHEGOVERNMENTCOULDRAISEATLEASTNZ13MILLIONFORCLIMATECHANGEMITIGATIONFROMINTERNATIONALTOURISTSEMISSIONSWITHINNEWZEALANDTHEGOVERNMENTCOULDUSETHESEFUNDSTOPURCHASECREDITSINSCHEMESLIKEEBEX21,THEREBYCREAT
33、INGNEWTOURISTATTRACTIONSINTHEFORMOFNATIVETOURISTFORESTSCONCLUSIONNONHARVESTEDNATIVEFORESTSINKSAREANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHENEWZEALANDCARBONCYCLEANDCOULDBEINCREASEDINAREATOBUYTIMEFORTOURISMTOCOMEUPWITHMOREEFFECTIVEENERGYUSE,ALLOWINGTHENEWZEALANDTOURISMINDUSTRYTOBECOMECARBONNEUTRALWESUGGESTTHATNEWZEALANDAND
34、MAYBESOMEOTHERCOUNTRIESCANCAPTUREBENEFITSFROMOFFSETTINGCO2EMISSIONSBYRESTORINGBIODIVERSITY,ANDPOTENTIALLYCREATINGADDITIONALTOURISTATTRACTIONSAROUNDRESTOREDNATIVEFORESTAREAS,THUSEFFECTIVELYUNDERPINNINGITS100PURENZBRANDHOWEVER,ASHASHAPPENEDWITHECOLABELSINTOURISM16,THEPROLIFERATIONOFADIVERSITYOFWORLDWI
35、DEVOLUNTARYSCHEMESMAYCONFUSETOURISTSSUCHTHATTHEYPREFERTOIGNORETHEMVOLUNTARYSCHEMESTHATSTRESSMULTIPLEBENEFITSIECARBONSEQUESTRATIONANDRESTORINGFORESTECOSYSTEMSMAYFINDFAVOURANDACCEPTANCEFROMTOURISTSFORNEWZEALAND,AREGULATORYMODELISLIKELYTOBEMOREEFFECTIVE,ESPECIALLYGIVENTHATACARBONTAXISALREADYPLANNEDANOT
36、HEROPTIONISTOIMPOSEAGENERALECOTAXONENTRYTONEWZEALAND,ORSOMECOMBINATIONOFBOTHANENTRYECOTAXANDANINTERNALCARBONTAXTHEECOTAXMAYCAUSESOMENEGATIVEREACTIONANDSTRONGRESISTANCEAMONGSTTOURISTSANDTOURISMSTAKEHOLDERSSINCETHEIRAWARENESSOFCLIMATECHANGEISSUESREMAINSPOOR17ASTRONGEDUCATIONCAMPAIGNWILLBENEEDEDINANYCA
37、SE译文从旅游抵销二氧化碳排放量PHART,SBECKENANDITURNEY简介旅游业是吸引作为温室气体排放和气候变化的贡献随之越来越多的关注。高斯林建议,从旅游二氧化碳排放量(对氮氧化物排放水和飞机调整)可能会占全球总量的53。这些排放占百分之九十来自于运输。在运输现在有一个关于航空在气候变化中的作用日益辩论。彭纳等人估计,国际航空贡献了35在气候变化问题上。大多数的注意力都集中在二氧化碳排放,而忽略其他影响,包括排放的臭氧和氮氧化物,凝结尾迹和卷云云量增加,从而导致气候变化的总量明显多于二氧化碳排放量。到目前为止,国际航空业一直没有正视燃油税或其他减排计划,作为舱载燃料外的京都议定书的谎
38、言。欧洲联盟正积极考虑在遏制温室气体排放量的运输措施,以及最近的国际民用航空组织的航空环境保护委员会关于同意自愿措施以减少飞机排放模型。在新西兰,现正计划在新西兰引进了上限25美元每吨的二氧化碳除碳税使得2007年的京都议定书生效。旅游业的缓解方案,包括提高能源效率,可再生能源取代化石燃料,碳抵销。在运输燃料效率持续提升,预计和氢动力车正在开发中。从中期看有没有实际的替代煤油为基础的燃料或用于抵销的民用客机的生物质(通常是树木)封存二氧化碳被称为缓解,因为新的森林增长将减少大气中二氧化碳的数量(京都议定书,第3条)。很少了解游客对气候变化,或旅游的意愿,以减轻他们的冲击,例如,吸收碳,著名的旅
39、游影响的认识。游客可能看不到旅游业和气候变化之间的联系,但他们仍然可以得到有利的处置,以种植在他们的利益有关生物多样性,水文树木和土壤保持。本文介绍了现有的游客碳抵消计划,以及特别是在新西兰的案件研究方法。两种模式基金等办法进行了讨论一为游客自愿机制,以抵消其排放量,并负责生态/排放税的监管模式。它已经超出了本文的考虑旅游经营者或排放交易计划的作用范围。碳抵销了旅游计划一个基于万维网的少量碳抵消计划,针对不同市场,现已(如气候护理,气候保护伙伴关系,为可持续发展旅游事业,未来森林,百万分之500,林木,旅游,生物多样性排放交易所(EBEX21企业)。大多数给个人旅游者提供的机会,就当他们的旅行
40、一个在线计算器温室气体排放量的范围。游客可以再投资无论是在能源效率的措施(如低能量光灯泡),能源更新(如水力涡轮机),或碳封存(通过恢复森林的项目)。通常,这些项目在发展中国家,为了应对气候变化通过同时授权商业和社区。气候护理还与旅游经营者抵销。在新西兰议会的做法使得在凯库拉区访问的游客提供了在凯库拉种树机会。该树的编号和它的确切位置记录,通过它可以对旅游的再认识。有时关注提出了关于减少二氧化碳植树的成效。一些困难的地方是森林病虫害和火灾,测量碳吸收困难,碳汇作为一个短期的解决方案项目不安全和高昂的管理费用。此外,在植树计划的封存的初始利率较低,因此,它可以在出行前几年实际上抵消排放量。EBE
41、X21采用不同的方法,促进了退耕还林(不适合耕种),促进天然更新的灌丛和原始森林,这个过程可以提供较高的初始固存率。因此,EBEX21投资于碳汇和对本地生物多样性永久性恢复。游客或组织要通过EBEX21土地再生的工作以抵消其二氧化碳排放量提供资金,。天然更新为150300年将碳封存取决于选址,物种分布范围,生育,降雨,和附近的种源。由于新西兰也在寻求增强其景观和生物多样性(其中巩固其100纯新西兰品牌),这些新碳汇提供多种天然森林的环境效益,以及可能为新西兰较偏远地区新的经济机会。新西兰的案例研究方法通过国际游客的到来数字估计能源使用,可以计算出国际航空旅行的二氧化碳排放量。平均到新西兰旅行的
42、单程旅行距离以及对航空旅行的能源强度(175兆焦耳每客公里)和二氧化碳转化率的因素(69克二氧化碳每兆焦耳)。能源使用和排放量分别为来自36个国家的游客,占在2002年所有国际旅客的94。结果推算线性估计到达所有的二氧化碳排放量。此外,对在新西兰旅游活动中的能源消耗及相关的二氧化碳排放量进行了估计。只有交通和住宿行为进行了考虑,因为这两个部门提供超过总量90(内部)的国际旅游能源。我们考虑不同的旅游类型的能源和排放率,并按照新西兰所有的国际游客的表现加重他们的负担。经国际航空旅行,国内交通和住宿产生的二氧化碳排放,它有可能估计排放成本和需要消除这些排放的当地森林面积。为此,我们花费25美元每吨
43、二氧化碳的新西兰费用。所需的面积的土地通过假设推导了每年至少3T每公顷土地的二氧化碳碳率。本文针对计算二氧化碳和不包括其它温室气体的排放。整体辐射性强迫,然而,仅仅高于二氧化碳的作用估计有27次由于其他作用具体对航空,例如臭氧和转换轨迹的形成。结果2002年的到来的数字分析显示,364PJ的能源使用和2513千吨的二氧化碳排放量。平均来说,国际旅游的单向飞行的导致17800兆焦耳能量消耗,这在12T的二氧化碳和二氧化碳排放的成本30美元。平均面积以抵销将每个游客的单程机票所需排放量是04公顷。这种能源使用和国际旅游的交通和住宿在新西兰造成的二氧化碳排放量的分析表明,每年在新西兰,二氧化碳排放量
44、在532千吨产生约8PJ旅游用途的能源。与露营的游客旅游类型明显不同,例如,与人均二氧化碳排放约044吨相比,游客与教练的二氧化碳排放仅为024吨。国际旅游(在新西兰排放026吨二氧化碳)将不得不支付用于它们的二氧化碳排放量平均7新西兰元,而且会要求009公顷原生森林面积以抵消这些排放。在总额中,国际游客平均将支付37美元,以抵消下从新西兰度假的原产地和目的地之间的二氧化碳排放量。总面积多少才能抵销所有国际旅游者(包括单向航班)的排放量,并在新西兰将是1014800公顷。约100万的贫瘠土地可能在新西兰本土森林再生提供,它只是可以抵消旅游业的排放量,同时恢复生物多样性。然而,辐射强迫是二氧化碳
45、只有约三分之一的总所有气候影响航空排放的辐射效应的三分之一,如果总航空的影响考虑到土地再生的原生森林汇将没有足够的可用。在新西兰旅游抵消排放的筹资模式自愿计划游客可根据旅行国家其排放量的方式的起源计算,然后使用EBEX21或其他计划以抵消其排放量。虽然国际游客在EBEX21一些兴趣,但很少有抵消其排放量。对固碳效益教育运动可能说服更多的游客来抵消其排放量。在飞行途中,视频显示新西兰这种信息可能会增加对问题的认识。然而,一项研究进行了调查,与新西兰旅游信息中心的生态标签运营商的产品相比,游客喜好其他运营商的产品。这表明自愿计划可能没有市场营销和政府的支持无法持续进行教育活动的斗争。这可能是更适合
46、游客在他们的决策抵消其排放量,例如预订的航班。这将要求旅行社、旅游批发商及航空公司的合作。需要进一步研究来回答这些问题,并了解它们如何配合运营商主导和监管方法。规管制度有两种方法,可以征收游客为他们的排放量征税。一个普遍的环境保护税(15日)在新西兰实行,将直接针对国际游客,但可能会引来自旅游业的负面反应,即使环境保护税会符合新西兰2010持续发展战略目标。一个新西兰100元环境保护税已经被提到了新西兰的一些政治家。关于这个三分之一(总额估计新西兰6000万美元)将需要碳抵消恢复生物多样性与共同利益之旅。剩余的金额可以去实现国家公园的管理和基础设施的改善。由于新西兰政府的目标是在2007年引入
47、内部化的碳税碳成本,游客会自动支付其内部排放(如计算为一六,汽油价格上升百分之)。本文的计算表明,政府至少可以筹集到1300万美元从在新西兰的国际游客用于气候的排放量变化缓解。政府可以利用这些资金购买计划,如EBEX21信贷,从而创造了当地人的旅游森林,形成新的旅游景点。结论非本地森林采伐汇是新西兰的一个碳循环的重要组成部分,可在面积增加购买旅游时间来更有效的能源消耗,使新西兰旅游业成为碳中立。我们认为,新西兰(也许有些其他国家)可以捕捉抵销二氧化碳排放量,恢复生物多样性,并可能造成更多的游客,恢复原生森林地区的景点,从而有效地支撑其100纯新西兰品牌效益。不过,因为发生了旅游生态标签,一个全球自愿计划的多样性扩散可能会混淆游客,使他们更愿意忽视它们。自愿计划,压力(即碳汇和恢复森林生态系统)多重效益可能会发现游客的青睐和认可。对新西兰来说,一个监管模式可能是更有效,尤其是考虑到碳税的打算。另一种选择是要对进入新西兰,或两者相结合的条目环境保护税和内部碳税一般环境保护税。该环境保护税可能会导致一些负面反应游客和旅游业者之间,既然他们对气候变化问题的意识强阻力仍然不佳。一个强大的教育活动将需要在任何情况下进行。