1、原文PATTERNOFROADTRAFFICINJURIESINGHANAIMPLICATIONSFORCONTROL出处INJURYCONTROLANDSAFETYPROMOTION2003,VOL10,NO12,PP6976作者FRANCISKAFUKAAR,PHYLLISANTWIANDSAMUELOFOSUAMAAHABSTRACTROADTRAFFICINJURIESANDFATALITIESAREINCREASINGINGHANAPOLICECOLLECTEDCRASHANDINJURYDATAFORTHEPERIOD19941998WEREAGGREGATEDANDANALYZE
2、DUSINGTHEMAAP5ACCIDENTANALYSISPACKAGEDEVELOPEDBYTHETRANSPORTRESEARCHLABORATORY,UKPUBLISHEDRESULTSOFRECENTTRANSPORTRELATEDEPIDEMIOLOGICALANDOTHERSURVEYSPROVIDEDANADDITIONALDATASOURCEACCORDINGTOTHE19941998POLICEDATA,ROADTRAFFICCRASHESWEREALEADINGCAUSEOFDEATHANDINJURIESINGHANATHEOTHERLEADINGCAUSESOFDEA
3、THANDINJURIESAREOCCUPATIONALINJURIESWHICHINVOLVENONMECHANIZEDFARMINGANDTRIBALCONFLICTSTHEMAJORITYOFROADTRAFFICFATALITIES612ANDINJURIES523OCCURREDONROADSINRURALAREASABOUT58MOREPEOPLEDIEDONROADSINTHERURALAREASTHANINURBANAREAS,ANDGENERALLYMORESEVERECRASHESOCCURREDONRURALROADSCOMPAREDWITHURBANAREASPEDES
4、TRIANSACCOUNTEDFOR462OFALLROADTRAFFICFATALITIESTHEMAJORITYOFTHESE668OCCURREDINURBANAREASTHESECONDLEADINGPOPULATIONOFROADUSERSAFFECTEDWASRIDERSINPASSENGERFERRYINGBUSES,MINIBUSESANDTRUCKSTHEMAJORITYOFTHESE428WEREKILLEDONROADSTHATPASSTHROUGHRURALAREASPEDESTRIANCASUALTIESWEREOVERREPRESENTEDNEARLY90INFIV
5、EREGIONSLOCATEDINTHESOUTHERNHALFOFTHECOUNTRYEFFORTSTOTACKLEPEDESTRIANSAFETYSHOULDFOCUSONTHEFIVEREGIONSOFTHECOUNTRYWHEREMOSTPEDESTRIANFATALITIESOCCURINURBANAREASPOLICIESAREALSONEEDEDTOPROTECTPASSENGERSINCOMMERCIALLYOPERATEDPASSENGERFERRYINGBUSES,MINIBUSESANDTRUCKSBECAUSETHESEVEHICLESCARRYAHIGHERRISKO
6、FBEINGINVOLVEDINFATALCRASHESKEYWORDGHANATRAFFICRELATEDINJURIESMORTALITYSAFETYPEDESTRIANSINALMOSTALLCOUNTRIESINAFRICA,ASIAANDLATINAMERICA,ROADTRAFFICCRASHESHAVEBECOMEONEOFTHELEADINGCAUSESOFDEATHINOLDERCHILDRENANDECONOMICALLYACTIVEADULTSBETWEENTHEAGES30AND49YEARSDESPITETHISBURGEONINGPROBLEM,LITTLEATTE
7、NTIONHASBEENPAIDTOROADTRAFFICINJURYPREVENTIONANDTREATMENTINMOSTDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESEFFORTSTOCOMBATTHEPROBLEMOFINJURIESHAVE,INMOSTCASES,BEENHAMPEREDBYPAUCITYOFFUNDSANDLACKOFRELEVANTDATAITISHOWEVERAFACTTHATORGANIZEDROADSAFETYRESEARCH,ADOPTIONOFCOSTEFFECTIVEACCIDENTREDUCTIONANDPREVENTIONTECHNIQUES,ANDTR
8、AUMACAREAREASSOCIATEDWITHADECREASEDROADTRAFFICMORTALITYANDMORBIDITYRATESINGHANA,ATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADEINRECENTYEARSTOSTRENGTHENTHESYSTEMSFORROADSAFETYANDTRAUMACARESTUDIESHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTDURINGTHELASTDECADETOGAINABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHENATUREOFTHEROADSAFETYPROBLEMS,THEIROVERALLSOCIETALBURDENANDTHEAP
9、PROPRIATEMEASURESNEEDEDTOSTEMTHEEVERINCREASINGTRENDINROADCRASHESTHISPAPERHIGHLIGHTSTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHEROADTRAFFICSAFETYPROBLEM,THEPATTERNANDDISTRIBUTIONOFROADTRAFFICINJURIESCOUNTRYWIDE,ANDTHEPOLICIESANDSTRATEIESNEEDEDFORPREVENTIONANDCONTROLOFROADTRAFFICINJURIESINGHANAMAGNITUDEOFROADTRAFFICCRASHESBETWE
10、EN1994AND1998,ATOTALOF434,012ROADTRAFFICCRASHESWERERECORDED96WEREFATAL,218CAUSEDSERIOUSINJURIES,271CAUSEDSLIGHTINJURIES,AND415WEREASSOCIATEDWITHPROPERTYDAMAGEONLYTHECRASHESRESULTEDIN5276FATALITIES,18,812SEVEREINJURIESAND29,695SLIGHTINJURIES,ALTOGETHERTOTALING53,783ROADTRAFFICCASUALTIESTHEINJURYTOFAT
11、ALITYRATIOTHUSSTOODATABOUT9TO1,IMPLYINGTHATFOREVERYPERSONKILLEDINROADTRAFFICCRASHES,NINEOTHERPEOPLEGOTSERIOUSLYORSLIGHTLYINJUREDREGIONALDISTRIBUTIONOFCRASHESANDCASUALTIESFURTHERANALYSISINDICATEDTHAT615OFALLFATALITIESAND523OFALLROADTRAFFICINJURIESOCCURREDONROADSINRURALAREASCOMPAREDTO388FATALITIESAND4
12、77INJURIESINURBANAREASAPPROXIMATELY,58MOREPEOPLEDIEDONROADSINTHERURALAREASTHANINURBANAREAS,ANDGENERALLYMORESEVERECRASHESOCCURREDONRURALROADSHIGHDRIVINGSPEEDSOFPOORLYMAINTAINEDPASSENGERFERRYINGVEHICLESONGENERALLYBADLYDETERIORATEDROADSCOUPLEDWITHLACKOFEMERGENCYMEDICALSERVICES,HAVECOMBINEDTOINCREASEFAT
13、ALITIESONTHERURALROADSGENDERANDAGEDISTRIBUTIONMALESREPRESENTED731OFALLFATALITIESAND68OFALLCASUALTIESCOMPAREDWITHFEMALES,THEMALESWERE273TIMESINVOLVEDINROADTRAFFICFATALITIESINGHANAAGAINSTTHEBACKRATIOISDISPROPORTIONATELYHIGHROADUSERCLASSBYAGEOFCASUALTIESCHILDPEDESTRIANSACCOUNTEDFOR786OFALLROADTRANSPORT
14、RELATEDCASUALTIESUNDER16YEARSOFAGEGENERALLY,CHILDREN,ASPEDESTRIANS,WEREMOSTLYATRISKINMIXEDTRAFFICSITUATIONSINTHEURBANENVIRONMENTWHERETHEROADSPACEISOFTENSHAREDCONCURRENTLYBYMANYTYPESOFMOTORIZEDVEHICLES,BICYCLES,VENDORRENTLYANDTRANSPORTCARTS,ASWELLASPEDESTRIANSTHEIRDIMINUTIVESIZESANDGENERALLACKOFUNDER
15、STANDINGOFWHATRISKYTRAFFICSITUATIONSAREPUTTHEMINGRAVEDANGERELDERLYPEDESTRIANSWEREALSOTHEMOSTVULNERABLEOFALLROADUSERSOVER60YEARSOFAGE,REPRESENTINGABOUT45OFALLTHEROADTRANSPORTRELATEDCASUALTIESINTHISAGEGROUPTHEWORKINGADULTAGEGROUP2660YEARSCONTRIBUTEDTHEHIGHESTPROPORTIONSOFCRASHCASUALTIESFORALLCATEGORIE
16、SOFROADUSERSCONSIDERINGTHECOMPONENTRATIOSFORALLROADUSERS,THEWORKINGADULTSWEREMOSTATRISKASPASSENGERSANDDRIVERSOFCARS,BUSESANDTRUCKS,ANDASRIDERSANDPASSENGERSOFMOTOCYCLESTHANASPEDESTRIANSYOUNGADULTS,BETWEENTHEAGES16AND25YEARS,WEREATGREATESTRISKASBICYCLISTSREGIONALDISTRIBUTIONOFPEDESTRIANCASUALTIESTHEGR
17、EATERACCRAREGIONREGISTEREDTHEHIGHESTNUMBEROFPEDESTRIANCASUALTIESN5809392,FOLLOWEDBYTHEASHANTIREGIONN3207216,ANDTHENTHEEASTERNREGIONN1951132TOGETHER,THETHREEREGIONSACCOUNTEDFOR74OFALLTHEPEDESTRIANCASUALTIESAND632OFTHEPEDESTRIANFATALITIESMEANWHILE,FIVEOFTHETENREGIONS,NAMELYGREATERACCRA,ASHANTI,EASTERN
18、,CENTRALANDWESTERNREGIONSCOMBINEDTOCONTRIBUTE894OFALLPEDESTRIANCASUALTIESAND841OFALLPEDESTRIANFATALITIESTHUS,NEARLY90OFALLTHEPEDESTRIANCRASHESARELOCATEDINTHESOUTHERNHALFOFGHANAWHEREAPPROXIMATELY63PERCENTOF63THEPOPULATIONLIVE,7580OFTHEREGISTEREDVEHICLESAREFOUND,ANDALLTHETHREEMAJORCOMMERCIALCITIES,NAM
19、ELYACCRA,KUMASI,SEKONDITAKORADIARELOCATEDECONOMICIMPLICATIONSOFROADTRAFFICCRASHESAPARTFROMTHESORROW,GRIEFANDPAINCAUSEDBYCRASHES,ECONOMICREASONSALSONECESSITATETHEURGENTNEEDTOREDUCEROADNOMICTRAFFICINJURIESTHEYCONSUMEMASSIVEFINANCIALANDHUMANRESOURCESTHATTHECOUNTRYCANILLAFFORDTOLOSERECENTSTUDIESHAVEBROU
20、GHTTOTHEFORETHESOCIOECONOMICCONSEQUENCESOFNONFATALTRANSPORTRELATEDINJURIESINGHANAINBOTHURBANANDRURALLOCATIONS,THOSEINJUREDASPASSENGERSANDPEDESTRIANSINMOTORVEHICLECRASHESTENDEDTOSENGERSHAVELONGERDISABILITYPERIODSCOMPAREDWITHRIDERSANDCYCLISTSTHETOTALNUMBEROFDISABILITYDAYS,ISONEWAYOFQUANTIFYINGTHEOVERA
21、LLSOCIETALBURDENDUETONONFATALINJURIESCAUSEDBYTHEVARIOUSMODESOFTRANSPORTTHESOCIETALBURDENFROMTRANSPORTRELATEDINJURIESISHIGHERINURBANAREASTHANINRURALAREASTHEHIGHERINCIDENCEOFMOTORVEHICLEANDPEDESTRIANCRASHESINURBANAREASDENCEACCOUNTSFORMOSTOFTHEINCREASEINOVERALLDISABILITYTIMEBURDENINCOMPARISONTORURALARE
22、ASNEVERTHELESS,THETYPEOFMEDICALCAREAVAILABLEMAYAFFECTHOWLONGSOMEONEIS“DISABLED“INURBANAREAS,MOREMEDICALCAREISAVAILABLEANDTHEREFOREPEOPLEMAYSTAYINTHEHOSPITALLONGERTHANIFTHEYWEREINARURALAREADESPITETHELARGENUMBEROFBICYCLECRASHESINRURALAREAS,THETOTALBURDENOFDISABILITYDAYSWASLESSFORINJURIESARISINGFROMBIC
23、YCLECRASHESTHANFORTHOSEARISINGFROMMOTORVEHICLECRASHESBICYCLECRASHESLEDTORELATIVELYLESSMORBIDITYMEANOF190DAYSOFDISABILITYTHECOSTFORMEDICALTREATMENTINCLUDEDPAYMENTSFORMEDICALSERVICESBYTHEINJUREDPERSONSANDTHEIRFAMILIESINGHANA,HOSPITALFEESANDSUPPLIESAREPAIDFOROUTOFPOCKETBYPATIENTSANDTHEIRRELATIVESTHEOUT
24、OFPOCKETMEDICALPAYMENTSWEREESTIMATEDTOBE1000522880PERTRANSPORTRELATEDINJURYINURBANAREASCOMPAREDWITH21096431FORTRANSPORTRELATEDINJURIESINRURALAREASTHISISAGAINSTTHEBACKDROPTHATTHEPERCAPITAGNPFORGHANAISAPPROXIMATELY40000THISFURTHEREXPLAINSWHYMEDICALPAYMENTSARESHAREDRESPONSIBILITYOFPATIENTSANDTHEIRRELAT
25、IVESTRAUMACARETHUSCARRIEDHIGHERCOSTSFORTHEURBANPOPULATIONTHANFORTHERURALTHISMAYBEBECAUSEBETTERANDMOREEXPENSIVETREATMENTOPTIONSANDDIAGNOSTICTESTSAREAVAILABLEINURBANAREASTHANTHERURALAMONGTHETYPEOFTRANSPORTPATRONIZED,TREATMENTCOSTSWEREHIGHESTFORMOTORVEHICLECRASHESANDPEDESTRIANINJURIESTHEECONOMICEFFECTS
26、OFTRANSPORTRELATEDINJURIESONTHEFAMILIESOFTHEINJUREDPERSONSWERENOTABLEINBOTHLOCATIONSTHEMAJORITYOFFAMILIES56OFTHOSEINJUREDINTRANSPORTRELATEDCRASHESREPORTEDADECLINEINFAMILYINCOME,EITHERONTHEPARTOFTHEINJUREDPERSONSORTHOSEWHOMISSEDWORKTOCAREFORTHEMTHEPROPORTIONOFFAMILIESTHATREPORTEDBORROWINGMONEYANDGOIN
27、GINTODEBTASARESULTOFTHEINJURYWASHIGHERFORTRANSPORTRELATEDINJURIES34THANFORALLKINDSOFINJURIESCONSIDEREDDISCUSSIONTHEREWASACONSISTENTINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFROADTRAFFICCRASHES,DEATHSANDINJURIESDURINGTHEPERIODSTUDIED19941998THEGREATERACCRA,EASTERN,ASHANTIANDCENTRALREGIONSTOGETHERACCOUNTEDFORTHELARGENUMBER
28、OFTRAFFICCRASHES,FATALITIESANDINJURIESINGHANAAPARTFROMTHEGENERALIMPROVEMENTINACCIDENTREPORTINGBYTHEPOLICE,SUCHFACTORSLIKETHEHIGHCONCENTRATIONOFECONOMICACTIVITIES,THEHIGHNUMBEROFREGISTEREDVEHICLESANDTHELONGSTRETCHESOFRELATIVELYGOODHIGHWAYSTHATPASSTHROUGHTOWNSANDVILLAGESHAVEENGENDEREDTHEINCREASEINROAD
29、TRAFFICACCIDENTSEFFORTSATIMPROVINGROADSAFETYOVERTHEYEARSHAVENOTSUCCEEDEDINREVERSINGTHEUPWARDTRENDSALTHOUGHTHECRASHRATEPER100,000INHABITANTSWASHIGHESTINGREATERACCRA,THERELATIVELYLOWSPEEDSOFVEHICLESINTHEURBANENVIRONMENTINACCRA,THENATIONALCAPITAL,GAVERISETOTHELOW“FATAL“AND“SERIOUS“INJURYRATESWHENCOMPAR
30、EDWITHEASTERNANDCENTRALREGIONSEXCESSIVEVEHICULARSPEEDSONTHEACCRAKUMASIANDACCRATAKORADIHIGHWAYS,ANDTHEFACTTHATTHEYPASSTHROUGHTOWNSANDVILLAGESINTHEEASTERNANDCENTRALREGIONSRESPECTIVELYHAVECONTRIBUTEDGREATLYTOTHEHIGHFATALANDSERIOUSINJURYRATESTHEROADSWEREPLANNEDANDEXECUTEDWITHACCESSIBILITYASTHEMAINDRIVIN
31、GFORCEWITHOUTMUCHCONSIDERATIONTOROADTRAFFICSAFETYFOREXAMPLE,THEREISTHEGENERALLACKOFMEASURESTOFACILITATETHESAFEMOVEMENTOFPEDESTRIANSROADSIGNSANDMARKINGSAREWOEFULLYINADEQUATEANDACCIDENTBLACKSPOTIMPROVEMENTHASNOTBEENGIVENTHEDUEATTENTIONTHATITDESERVESTHEAVAILABLEDATADIDSHOWTHATTHEREWASAPREPONDERANCEOFBU
32、SES,TAXISANDTRUCKSINVOLVEDINROADTRAFFICCASUALTIESITWASSURPRISINGTHATTHEPERCENTOFALLFATALITIESACCOUNTEDFORBYTRUCKOCCUPANTSWAS108THISISBECAUSETRUCKSARENOTOFFICIALLYPERMITTEDTOCARRYPASSENGERSINGHANAITISTHEREFOREEXPECTEDTHATTHEIRFATALITYINVOLVEMENTCOMPAREDTOCARSBELOWERTHANWHATNOWPERTAINSTHERESULTSALSOIN
33、DICATETHATTRUCKSARENOTSUITABLEFORPASSENGERTRANSPORTFROMSAFETYVIEWPOINTANDTRANSPORTADMINISTRATORSMUSTCHECKTHEPRACTICETHROUGHEDUCATIONANDENFORCEMENTITMUSTBENOTEDTHATTHECRASHANDINJURYRATESCOULDNOTBEESTABLISHEDDUETOTHEINADEQUACIESINDATAANALYZEDINORDERTOESTABLISHSUCHRATES,NATIONALDATAONREGISTEREDVEHICLES
34、,TRAFFICANDPOPULATIONWOULDBENEEDEDTOSUPPLEMENTTHETRAFFICCRASHDATACURRENTLY,THEDATASOURCESAREFRAGMENTEDANDCOLLECTIONISNOTSTANDARDIZEDDATASHOULDBECOLLECTEDONAROUTINEBASIS,THEINSTRUMENTSHOULDBEREDESIGNEDANDDATASHOULDBESTOREDONMICROCOMPUTERSINORDERTOSTRUCTUREITFORLATERANALYSISACENTRALDATABANKONROADTRAFF
35、ICSAFETYSHOULDTHENBEESTABLISHEDATTHEBRRIINKUMASIALONGTHELINESOFTHEACCIDENTDATABANKINOPERATIONITMUSTALSOBEMENTIONEDTHATTHENATUREOFTRANSPORTRELATEDDEATHSANDINJURIESINBOTHURBANANDRURALAREASISFUNDAMENTALLYDIFFERENTFROMTHATINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,CRASHESINVOLVINGOCCUPANTSOFPRIVATEPASSENG
36、ERCARSPREDOMINATEMOREOVER,PEDESTRIANINJURIESINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESMAKEUPAMUCHSMALLERPERCENTAGEOFALLTRANSPORTRELATEDINJURIESPEDESTRIANCOLLISIONSOCCURREDMOREFREQUENTLYONROADSINTHEURBANAREASTHANINTHERURALAREASNEVERTHELESS,THEHIGHERSEVERITYOFPEDESTRIANINJURIESOCCURREDINTHERURALAREASWHEREVEHICLESPEEDSONIMP
37、ACTWEREHIGHTHERATIOOFPEDESTRIANDEATHTOINJURIESONTHERURALROADSWASABOUTTHREETIMESTHATINURBANAREAS042VS014FURTHERMORE,PEDESTRIANFATALITYCOMPAREDTOCAROCCUPANTSINRURALAREASWASOVERTHREETIMES335VS111,INDICATINGTHEVULNERABILITYOFPEDESTRIANSUNDERRURALHIGHSPEEDCONDITIONSITISCOMMONINGHANATOFINDPEDESTRIANSWALKS
38、EVERALKILOMETERSALONGRURALHIGHWAYSTOFULFILTHEIRSOCIOECONOMICNEEDSANDINTHEPROCESSEXPOSETHEMSELVESTOGRAVEDANGERPEDESTRIANSAREUNPROTECTEDROADUSERSANDTHEIRRISKOFSERIOUSTRIANSINJURIESINCREASESRAPIDLYWITHINCREASEINIMPACTSPEEDSTHEDEATHRISKOFPEDESTRIANSONROADSINTHERURALAREASWHERESPEEDSAREHIGHTHUSBECOMESMORE
39、PHENOMENALTHANINTHEURBANAREASWHERESPEEDSARELOWINADDITION,THEREARENOEMERGENCYMEDICALSERVICESAVAILABLEALONGTHERURALHIGHWAYSTOMANAGETRAUMAINGHANATHEDOMINANCEOFBUSOCCUPANTSINTRAFFICFATALITIESANDINJURIESINTHERURALAREASISLIKELYCAUSEDBYTHECOMBINEDFACTORSOFTHEHIGHSPEEDATWHICHBUSESANDMINIBUSESTRAVELONTHEROAD
40、S,THEUSEOFPOORLYMAINTAINEDVEHICLESONBADLYDETERIORATEDROADS,OVERLOADINGANDNONRESTRAINEDPASSENGERS,ANDTHEGENERALNONAVAILABILITYOFEMERGENCYMEDICALSERVICESALONGTHERURALHIGHWAYSTOIMPROVETRAUMAMANAGEMENTCONCLUSIONPEDESTRIANSCONSTITUTETHEMAJORITY462OFDEATHSAMONGROADUSERS,ANDSIGNIFICANTPROPORTIONSOFTHEMAREF
41、ROMTHEURBANPOPULATIONSINTHESOUTHERNHALFOFTHECOUNTRYPASSENGERCASUALTIESSTEMFROMCRASHESINVOLVINGPASSENGERFERRYINGCOMMERCIALVEHICLESONROADSINTHERURALAREASTRANSPORTRELATEDINJURIESHAVELONGERDISABILITYTIMESTHANINJURIESTHATARENOTTRAFFICRELATEDINGHANATHEYAREALSOASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHMEDICALCOSTSANDHAVEASIGNIFIC
42、ANTECONOMICIMPACTONTHEAFFECTEDFAMILIESANDTHENATIONALECONOMYBASEDONTHEDATAPRESENTEDINTHISPAPER,THEPRIORITYAREASFORPREVENTIONARE1PROTECTIONOFPEDESTRIANS,ESPECIALLYCHILDRENANDTHEELDERLY,INTHEURBANAREASANDINCIALLYVILLAGESETTLEMENTSALONGTHEHIGHWAYS2SAFETYOFOCCUPANTSINPASSENGERFERRYINGBUSES,MINIBUSESANDTR
43、UCKSONTHEHIGHWAYSINRURALAREAS3THESAFETYOFBICYCLISTSANDMOTORCYCLISTSINURBANAREASINTHEURBANAREAS,ATTENTIONMUSTBEDIRECTEDATTHEPHYSICALSEPARATIONOFPEDESTRIANSANDBICYCLISTSFROMMOTORIZEDTRANSPORTTHROUGHTHEPROVISIONOFWALKWAYS,TRAFFICSIGNALSATJUNCTIONS,SAFEPEDESTRIANSCROSSINGS,ESPECIALLYFORCHILDREN,ANDCYCLE
44、LANESANDPATHSINTHERURALAREAS,SPEEDCONTROLMEASURESTOREDUCETHESPEEDSOFBUSES,MINIBUSESANDTRUCKSMUSTBEIMPLEMENTEDBOTHINTHEVEHICLESANDONTHEROADBYINSTALLINGSPEEDGOVERNORSINTHEVEHICLESANDBYPROVIDINGSPEEDHUMPSORRUMBLESTRIPSATVILLAGESETTLEMENTSALONGTHEMAJORHIGHWAYSREDUCEDDRIVINGSPEEDSWILLLOWERTHEACCIDENTRISK
45、SANDCRASHSEVERITYPOLICECONTROLOFSPEEDANDDRUNKDRIVINGMUSTALSOBEINTENSIFIEDONTHERURALHIGHWAYSTOSTEMTHEHIGHINCIDENCEOFTRAFFICFATALITIESANDINJURIESONTHEROADSINGHANA译文加纳的道路交通伤害模式控制启示摘要在加纳道路交通伤害和死亡人数在不断增加。警方收集的撞击和伤害的数据期间的19941998中，进行汇总和分析为运输相关流行病学调查，提供了最新的结果。根据19941998年警察收集的数据，在加纳的道路交通碰撞是一个主要死亡原因。其他主要死因及伤
46、害是涉及非职业伤害机械化耕作和部落冲突。而大多数道路交通死亡人数（612）和伤害（523）发生在农村地区的道路上。约58以上的人丧生在农村地区的道路上，比城市地区多。一般情况下，发生在农村公路的事故比城市地区更严重。在发生交通死亡事故的道路中，行人占462。这些事故的668发生在城市地区。道路使用者第二多的是客运巴士，小巴和卡车。他们中的428是死在农村地区的道路上。在五个事故多发区域里，行人伤亡（近90）在该国的南半部。努力解决行人交通安全应着眼于该国的五个地区，而大部分行人死亡事故发生在城市地区。在商业运行中，政府政策还需要保护乘客乘客运，巴士，小巴，货车时的安全，因为这些车辆容易发生撞击
47、的风险较高。关键词加纳交通有关的伤害死亡率安全行人在几乎所有非洲，亚洲和拉丁美洲的国家中，道路交通事故已成为其中一个主要的原因。在30岁到49岁之间的经济活跃的成年人和年龄较大的儿童是造成事故的主导原因。尽管荷兰国际集团的问题这样萌芽了，但是在多数发展中国家，仍然很少注意道路交通伤害的预防和尝试的解决措施。在大多数情况下，努力解决交通事故的问题有，受到资金缺乏，技术和数据资料的缺乏的制约。然而事实是，有道路安全的组织研究，通过成本效益和防治技术来减少事故，从而减少道路的交通死亡率和发病率。在加纳，最近几年，曾经尝试着加强创伤急救系统和道路安全。在过去的十年中，研究在更好地了解道路安全概率的性质
48、的方面已经取得了一定成就。其整体社会的负担和相应的措施，必须要与遏制道路不断增加的趋势相适应。本文强调的是在加纳，道路交通安全问题的模式及分布在全国道路上的交通伤害，以及政府政策如何预防和控制道路交通伤害。交通道路交通事故的严重程度在1994年至1998年期间，道路交通事故记录共有434012起。其中造成96是致命的，218严重受伤，轻微伤害271和415只是财产损失而已。事故造成5276人死亡，18812人严重受伤，29695人轻伤，共达53783位道路交通受害者。伤害死亡的比率因此约为9比1，这意味着，对于每丧生一个人的道路交通事故中，有九人是重伤或轻伤。意外和受害者的区域分布进一步分析表
49、明，在农村道路地区发生道路交通有612的人死亡，523的人受伤。而在城市地区的死亡人数是388，受伤占477。大约有58以上的人死于道路，在一般地区，农村比城市更多，发生在农村道路上的事故更严重。因为它们行驶速度高，维护不善，客运车辆运不规范，道路的基础设施不完善，加上缺乏紧急服务和医疗的相结合，这些加大了农村道路交通事故的死亡率。性别与年龄分布在交通死亡的人中，男性占731，女性占68。在加纳的道路交通死亡事故中，女性是男性的273倍。而男性只占人口的49，针对后面的比率，这显然不成比例。道路伤亡年龄用户分类大约每三个伤亡的人中就有一个年龄16岁以下的儿童。未满16岁以下的儿童行人占所有道路运输伤亡人数的786。一般来说，儿童，行人，大多是在城市混合交通的情况中往往是风险最高的。道路上有多种类型的机动车辆，自行车以及行人。他们身材矮小，在缺乏了解危险的情况下，一般承担最大的风险，所以此时，道路成了他们的坟墓。所有60岁以上年龄的年长行人亦是最易受伤害的道路使用者，约占所有的交通道路年龄组相关的伤亡人数中的45。该成人年龄组（2660岁）碰撞的伤亡比例占所有类别道路使用者中的比例是最高的。考虑所有道路使用者的组成比，工作的成年人，在旅客和车辆中，公共汽车和卡车司机的风险最大，行人和骑摩托车的乘客最易受到威胁。在年轻的成年人，16
