1、外文题目ROADSAFETYINLESSMOTORIZEDENVIRONMENTSFUTURECONCERNS出处INTJEPIDEMIOL2002JUN31352732作者DINESHMOHAN原文ABSTRACTINTHELASTTHREEDECADES,THEINCIDENCEOFTRAFFICCRASHFATALITIESANDINJURIESHASBEENREDUCEDSIGNIFICANTLYINTHEHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESBUTNOTINTHELOWANDMIDDLEINCOMECOUNTRIESTHETRAFFICPATTERNSINTHEFORMERARENO
2、TONLYDIFFERENTBUTAREALSOLESSCOMPLEXTHANTHOSEINTHELATTERTRAFFICINLOWINCOMECOUNTRIESCOMPRISESAMUCHHIGHERSHAREOFVULNERABLEROADUSERSANDSOVEHICLES,ROADSANDTHEENVIRONMENTHAVETOBEDESIGNEDFORTHEIRSAFETYSOLUTIONSFORSUCHPROBLEMSARENOTREADILYAVAILABLEANDVERYINNOVATIVEWORKNEEDSTOBEDONEAROUNDTHEWORLDTOARRIVEATNE
3、WPOLICIESANDDESIGNSINADDITIONTOCRASHWORTHINESSOFVEHICLES,TRANSPORTATIONPLANNING,EXPOSURECONTROL,INTELLIGENTSEPARATIONOFNONMOTORIZEDTRAFFICONMAJORROADS,ANDTRAFFICCALMINGARELIKELYTOPLAYAMUCHMOREIMPORTANTROLEPREVIOUSSECTIONNEXTSECTIONBURDENOFROADTRAFFICINJURIESRECENTESTIMATESOFNATIONALECONOMICLOSSDUETO
4、ROADTRAFFICINJURIESSHOWTHATTHESERANGEFROM1TO2OFTHEGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPOFNATIONSAROUNDTHEWORLD4THEESTIMATESFORLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESASAPERCENTOFGDPAREINGENERALLOWERTHANTHOSEINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESWENEEDTOBECAREFULINDRAWINGCONCLUSIONSFROMSUCHNUMBERS,ASRECENTESTIMATESFORHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESAREBASEDONMO
5、REDETAILEDANDCOMPREHENSIVECALCULATIONSINCLUDINGTHEWILLINGNESSTOPAY,QUALITYADJUSTEDLIFEYEARSANDDISABILITYADJUSTEDLIFEYEARS,ETCONTHEOTHERHAND,TOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGE,SUCHCONCEPTSHAVENOTBEENUSEDINMAKINGESTIMATESINLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESSTUDIESFROMLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESALSOREPORTTHATROADTRAFFICINJURYPATI
6、ENTSCANOCCUPY3070OFORTHOPAEDICBEDSINHOSPITALSROADTRAFFICINJURIESAREALSOAMAJORCAUSEOFORTHOPAEDICANDMENTALDISABILITIESTHEEXPERIENCEOFPOORCOMMUNITIESINCOPINGWITHMEDICALCATASTROPHESISVERYDIFFERENTTHANTHATEXPERIENCEDBYECONOMICALLYWELLOFFCOMMUNITIESTHESPECIALPROBLEMSFACEDBYPOORFAMILIESCANINCLUDETHEFOLLOWI
7、NG5INAPPROPRIATEORABSENCEOFTREATMENTLEADINGTOCOMPLICATIONSANDLONGERTREATMENTTIMEREALLOCATIONOFLABOUROFFAMILYMEMBERSANDREDUCEDPRODUCTIVITYOFWHOLEFAMILYPERMANENTLOSSOFJOBFORTHEVICTIMEVENIFHE/SHESURVIVESLOSSOFLAND,PERSONALSAVINGS,ANDHOUSEHOLDGOODSPOORHEALTHANDEDUCATIONALATTAINMENTOFSURVIVINGMEMBERSANDD
8、ISSOLUTIONORRECONSTITUTIONOFHOUSEHOLDNONEOFTHEABOVEISSUESAREFACTOREDINTHESTANDARDECONOMICCALCULATIONSDONEFORESTIMATINGTHECOSTOFROADCRASHESINPOORSOCIETIESWHENSOMEONEINAPOORFAMILYISINJUREDANDISBEDRIDDENATHOMEORINHOSPITAL,THEWHOLEFAMILYGETSINVOLVEDINTHECAREOFTHEPATIENTTHISRESULTSINTHEREALLOCATIONOFLABO
9、UROFALLFAMILYMEMBERSTHOSEONDAILYWAGESLOSETHEIRINCOMECHILDRENMAYNOTGOTOSCHOOLANDOLDERFAMILYMEMBERSMAYSPENDLESSTIMEINTHECAREOFCHILDRENANDINFANTSTHEHOUSEHOLDHASTOCOPEWITHTHETIMEANDFINANCIALDEMANDSOFTHESITUATIONANDTHISCANHAVEAPERMANENTEFFECTONTHEHEALTHOFCHILDRENANDINFANTSINTHEFAMILYTHISCANBETHERESULTOFL
10、OSSOFINCOME,LESSATTENTION,WORSENINGHYGIENEATHOME,ETCSINCEAVERYLARGENUMBEROFPOORHOUSEHOLDSDEPENDONDAILYWAGESANDTEMPORARYJOBS,DONOTHAVEHEALTHINSURANCE,ORTHEASSISTANCEOFSOCIALWELFARESCHEMES,ASERIOUSINJURYCANRESULTINPERMANENTREDUCTIONOFINCOMEINCASESOFPROLONGEDTREATMENTORDEATHOFTHEVICTIM,THEFAMILYMAYENDU
11、PSELLINGMOSTOFTHEIRASSETSANDLANDANDGETTINGTRAPPEDINTOLONGTERMINDEBTEDNESSINVESTMENTINTREATMENTOFASERIOUSLYILLFAMILYMEMBERSTOPSONLYWHENALLASSETSGETSOLD6ASTUDYFROMTHAILANDSHOWSTHAT60OFINVOLUNTARYLANDSALESWERETOFINANCETREATMENTOFAFAMILYMEMBERDEATHOFAMALEHEADOFHOUSEHOLDCREATESAHOUSEHOLDHEADEDBYAWOMANSUC
12、HFAMILIESHAVETOSUFFERSERIOUSSOCIALANDECONOMICHARDSHIPSANDTHISCANHAVENEGATIVEHEALTHEFFECTSONCHILDRENITISCLEARTHATTHEOUTCOMEOFASERIOUSINJURYORDEATHOFAFAMILYMEMBERINPOORCOMMUNITIESHASMANYLONGTERMEFFECTS,SOCIALLY,ECONOMICALLYANDPSYCHOLOGICALLY,ONALLTHEOTHERFAMILYMEMBERSANDTHECOMMUNITYMANYOFTHESEOUTCOMES
13、AREPERMANENTANDSOULDESTROYINGFORINDIVIDUALSANDPOSSIBLYFORTHELARGERCOMMUNITYTHEREISVERYLITTLEWORKDONETOUNDERSTANDTHESEISSUESTHEREFORE,WEMUSTNOTSTOPATTHECALCULATIONOFLOSSESINPURELYMONETARYTERMSFORPOORCOMMUNITIES,OURMETHODSDONOTEVENCAPTURETHEECONOMICLOSSESINALLTHEIRCOMPLEXITYTHEEFFECTOFINJURYANDDEATHON
14、THEFAMILYSTRUCTURE,CRUSHINGOFHOPESANDASPIRATIONSOFFUTUREGENERATIONS,ANDTHEPSYCHOLOGYOFTHECOMMUNITYAREJUSTNOTFACTOREDINTHESEISSUESWILLHAVETOBETAKENMUCHMORESERIOUSLYINTHEFUTUREANDNOTNEGLECTEDJUSTBECAUSETHEYCANNOTBEDEFINEDINMONETARYTERMSWHATNEEDSTOBEUNDERSTOODISTHATSOMEOFTHETHEORETICALBASEOFROADTRAFFIC
15、INJURYCONTROLCOUNTERMEASURESMAYHAVEINTERNATIONALAPPLICABILITYBUTMANYOFTHEACTUALPHYSICALSOLUTIONSMAYNOTTHEREISCLEARLYAPOVERTYOFTHEORYFOREXAMPLE,MOSTROADSAFETYMEASURESINSTITUTEDINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESHAVECENTREDONTHEAUTOMOBILEANDTHEAUTOMOBILEOCCUPANTROADANDINTERSECTIONDESIGNSAREBASEDLARGELYONCAR,BUS,AND
16、TRUCKMOVEMENTMOTORCYCLESDOMINATETHEROADSINLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESALONGWITHHUMANPOWEREDVEHICLES,PEDESTRIANSCARRYINGLOADS,ANDLOCALLYDESIGNEDVEHICLESNOTRAFFICFLOWMODELSANDCOMPUTERPROGRAMMESAREABLETOACCOUNTFORTHISMIXEVENIFALLTHESOLUTIONSDEVELOPEDINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESWEREPUTINPLACEONTHEROADSOFLESSMOTORIZE
17、DCOUNTRIES,THEDECREASEINFATALITYRATESWOULDNOTBEOFTHESAMEMAGNITUDEASEXPERIENCEDINTHEHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHEABOVEISTHEROLEOFEXPRESSWAYSININTERCITYTRAVELWHENANEXPRESSWAYISBUILTTHROUGHTHECOUNTRYSIDE,ITDIVIDESTHELANDSCAPEINTOSEPARATEZONESPEOPLEFROMONESIDEOFTHEEXPRESSWAYCANNOTGOTOTHEOTHERSIDE
18、OFTHEEXPRESSWAYEASILYONFOOTORONABICYCLEINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESTHISDOESNOTPOSEASERIOUSPROBLEMASMOSTPEOPLEPOSSESSMOTORIZEDTRANSPORTHOWEVER,INLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESPEOPLEOFLOWINCOMEWHONEEDTOINTERACTWITHEACHOTHERMAYPOPULATETHECOUNTRYSIDEONBOTHSIDESOFTHEEXPRESSWAYTHEYNEEDTOCROSSTHEEXPRESSWAYCARRYINGORPULLI
19、NGHEAVYLOADSINSUCHASITUATIONTHEYDONOTLIKETOGOLONGDISTANCESTOCROSSTHEEXPRESSWAYATDESIGNATEDOVERORUNDERPASSESTHEYENDUPBREAKINGTHEFENCESANDCROSSTHEEXPRESSWAYATLOCATIONSCONVENIENTTOTHEMTHISMAKESTHEEXPRESSWAYMUCHMOREHAZARDOUSFOREVERYONECONCERNEDTHEDECISIONMAKERSANDINTERNATIONALCONSULTANTSCOMEFROMADIFFERE
20、NTSTRATUMOFSOCIETYWHICHISONLYCONCERNEDWITHINCREASINGTHEFLOWOFINTERCITYMOTORTRAFFICANDWHICHSEESTHEVILLAGERSASIMPEDIMENTSTOPROGRESSLIKEALLOTHERDEVELOPMENTSINSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,ROADSAFETYMEASURESINTHEHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESDEVELOPEDATCERTAINHISTORICALJUNCTURESTHEYHAVEANIMPRINTOFTHEPREVAILINGSOCIOECONOMIC
21、SITUATIONEMBEDDEDINTHEMWHENTHEHIGHINCOMECOUNTRYPOLICIESANDDESIGNSARETRANSFERREDTOSOCIETIESTHATHAVEMUCHLOWERPERCAPITAINCOMES,THENLARGEPARTSOFTHESEPOLICIESANDDESIGNSARENOTSUCCESSFULHOWEVER,THEATTEMPTATINTRODUCINGTHESEMEASURESINLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESALSOSETSUPADEMANDFORINSTITUTINGSYSTEMSANDTECHNOLOGIES
22、THATIMITATETHOSEINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESSINCETHISISNOTALWAYSPOSSIBLEATLOWLEVELSOFINCOME,THESEPROJECTSEITHERBECOMESTATUSSYMBOLSWITHOUTMUCHFUNCTIONALVALUE,ORREMAININPLACEASDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTSWHILEAFEWSMALLLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESCANEXPERIENCEHIGHGROWTHRATESFORSOMEPERIODS,MOSTOFTHEOTHERCOUNTRIESWILLCONTIN
23、UETOFUNCTIONASLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESFORQUITESOMETIMETOCOMEFUTUREDIRECTIONSTHEPRIORITIESINROADSAFETYPOLICIESCANNOTBEGLOBALINNATUREBECAUSEOFTHEDIFFERINGPATTERNSOFTRAFFICANDROADTRAFFICINJURIESAROUNDTHEWORLDWEANALYSEBELOWTHERISKFACTORSANDTHEAVAILABILITYOFKNOWNROADSAFETYCOUNTERMEASURESINTHECONTEXTOFLESSM
24、OTORIZEDCOUNTRYCONCERNSVEHICLESTANDARDSCARSLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESCOULDAPPLYTHEIROWNSTANDARDSINADDITIONTOMAKEVEHICLESMORESUITABLEFORTHEIRSPECIFICTRAFFICCONDITIONSSOMEOFTHESEISSUESCOULDINCLUDETHEPOSSIBILITYOFMAKINGTURNINDICATORLIGHTSMORECONSPICUOUSANDMOREEASILYVISIBLETOPEDESTRIANS,MOTORCYCLISTSANDBICY
25、CLISTS,PEDESTRIANSAFETYSTANDARDSFORSMALLCARS,ANDIMPACTSTANDARDSFORBICYCLESANDMOTORCYCLESWITHCARSDESIGNOFLESSAGGRESSIVEFRONTSFORBUSESANDTRUCKSDURINGTHEPASTDECADE,THEPEDESTRIANSAFETYPROBLEMFORIMPACTSWITHCARSINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESHASBEENSTUDIEDUSINGMATHEMATICALMODELS,EPIDEMIOLOGICALSTUDIES,ANDIMPACTTEST
26、SWITHMECHANICALDUMMIESANDBIOLOGICALMATERIALSVARIOUSRECOMMENDATIONSFORTHEFRONTSTRUCTUREDESIGNOFVEHICLESMAINLYCARSHAVEBEENMADEHOWEVER,THEFRONTSOFBUSESANDTRUCKSHAVENOTBEENDESIGNEDTOBEFORGIVINGINIMPACTSWITHVULNERABLEROADUSERSPRELIMINARYSTUDIESSHOWTHATITISPOSSIBLETODESIGNFRONTSOFBUSESSUCHTHATIMPACTFORCES
27、INABUSPEDESTRIANIMPACTCANBEREDUCEDSIGNIFICANTLYTHEWORKCITEDABOVEINDICATESTHATSTANDARDSWILLHAVETOBESETFORCRASHCOMPATIBILITYBETWEENALLKINDSOFVEHICLES,ESPECIALLYWITHREFERENCETOBUMPERHEIGHTINGENERAL,BUMPERHEIGHTSHAVETOBELOWEREDFORBUSESANDTRUCKS,FRONTSURFACESOFTRUCKSANDBUSESHAVETOBEALMOSTVERTICALWITHNOHA
28、RDOBJECTSBELOWADULTHEADHEIGHT,THERENEEDSTOBEANOFFSETBETWEENTHEBUMPERANDGRILLSURFACE,ANDSPACEPROVIDEDBEHINDTHEGRILLFORIMPACTATTENUATINGPROPERTIESMUCHMOREWORKNEEDSTOBEDONETOOPTIMIZEPADDINGPROPERTIESFORIMPACTSATDIFFERENTVELOCITIESANDFORDIFFERENTAGEGROUPSOFPEDESTRIANSONCETHESEMATERIALPROPERTIESAREDETERM
29、INED,THENDESIGNSWILLHAVETOBEDEVELOPEDFORRETROFITTINGOLDVEHICLESSTANDARDSWILLHAVEALSOTOBEDEVELOPEDFORCRASHWORTHINESSOFBUSESANDTRUCKSINIMPACTSWITHPEDESTRIANSANDBICYCLISTSBICYCLESANDMOTORCYCLESSINCEBICYCLESANDMOTORCYCLESCONSTITUTEASIGNIFICANTPROPORTIONOFVEHICLESINMOSTLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIES,ANDTHEIRRIDE
30、RSALARGEPROPORTIONOFROADCRASHVICTIMS,WENEEDTOINVESTMUCHMOREINRESEARCHFORTHESAFETYOFTHESEROADUSERSAREASWHICHNEEDCONTINUEDATTENTIONARECONSPICUOUSNESSOFTHESEVEHICLES,DESIGNCHANGESTOMAKETHEMMORESTABLE,ANDWORKONMAKINGHELMETSLIGHTERANDMORECOMFORTABLEATHIGHAMBIENTTEMPERATURESROADFACTORSBLACKSPOTSANDQUALITY
31、OFROADSBLACKSPOTANALYSISANDTREATMENTISGIVENMAXIMUMIMPORTANCEINALLINTERNATIONALCONSULTANCYPROJECTSINLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESTHISISINSPITEOFTHEFACTTHATTHEREISNOCONSENSUSONTHEACTUALEFFECTIVENESSOFBLACKSPOTTREATMENTINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESARECENTREVIEWCONCLUDESTHATTHERESULTSOFBEFOREANDAFTERSTUDIESOFROADACCID
32、ENTBLACKSPOTTREATMENTDEPENDSTRONGLYONWHICHOFTHECONFOUNDINGFACTORSSTUDIEDONECONTROLLEDFORLARGEREDUCTIONSINTHENUMBEROFACCIDENTS,GENERALLYINTHEORDEROF5090,WEREFOUNDINSTUDIESNOTCONTROLLINGFORANYCONFOUNDINGFACTORSSTUDIESSIMULTANEOUSLYCONTROLLINGFORGENERALTRENDS,REGRESSIONTOTHEMEANANDACCIDENTMIGRATIONDIDN
33、OTFINDANYSTATISTICALLYRELIABLEEFFECTOFBLACKSPOTTREATMENTONTHENUMBEROFACCIDENTS13ASTUDYOFBLACKSPOTTREATMENTINMALAYSIASHOWEDTHATSOMESITESHADAREDUCTIONINACCIDENTSWHEREASTHEOTHERSHOWEDASUBSTANTIALINCREASEINACCIDENTS14APROJECTUNDERTAKENINKOREAONBLACKSPOTTREATMENTREPORTEDTHAT53OFTHESITESSHOWEDADECREASEINA
34、CCIDENTRATESANDTHATINSTALLATIONOFSPEEDHUMPSWASFOUNDTOBEMOSTEFFECTIVE15ANOTHERSTUDYDONEININDONESIAREPORTSTHATBLACKSPOTTREATMENTATTHREELOCATIONSRESULTEDINADECREASEINACCIDENTS16HOWEVER,THEYALSOMENTIONTHATTHERECOULDHAVEBEENSOMEUNDERREPORTINGOFACCIDENTSINTHEPOSTTREATMENTPERIODNONEOFTHESESTUDIESCONTROLLED
35、FORALLTHECONFOUNDINGFACTORSCONSIDEREDIMPORTANTBYELVIKINMANYCASESWHEREBLACKSPOTSWEREIDENTIFIEDASTHOSELOCATIONSWHEREPEDESTRIANSGETHITWHILECROSSINGAROAD,AFENCEWASINSTALLEDTOSTOPSUCHROADCROSSINGSTHEAFTERSTUDYOBVIOUSLYSHOWEDMUCHIMPROVEMENTSINCEPEDESTRIANSWEREREMOVEDFROMTHATLOCATIONSUCHCHANGESCANNOTBECONS
36、IDEREDASIMPROVEMENTSBECAUSENOANALYSISWASMADEOFTHEDIFFERENTLOCATIONSWHERETHEPEDESTRIANSMIGRATEDINADDITION,THEINCONVENIENCECAUSEDTOPEDESTRIANSWASNOTTAKENINTOACCOUNTTHOUGHTHEREISNOCONCLUSIVEEVIDENCEREGARDINGEFFECTIVENESSOFBLACKSPOTTREATMENTFROMLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIES,ALLPOLICYDOCUMENTSLISTTHISCOUNTERMEA
37、SUREASTHEMOSTEFFECTIVETHEQUALITYOFROADSISSUEHASTOBEADDRESSEDINTERMSOFPROVIDINGBETTERFACILITIESTONONMOTORIZEDROADUSERS,DEVELOPINGSUITABLEDESIGNSFORHETEROGENEOUSTRAFFICANDTHOSEFORSLOWINGTRAFFICINRESIDENTIALAREASEVENONNATIONALHIGHWAYS,THEMAJORITYOFPEOPLEKILLEDAREPEDESTRIANS,BICYCLISTS,TWOWHEELERS,ANDTH
38、EREAREALSOCRASHESWITHTRACTORS/BULLOCKCARTSINMANYLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESTHEREFORE,UNLESSTHESEISSUESAREADDRESSEDANDMETHODSDEVELOPEDFORAREAWIDESAFETYIMPROVEMENTSWEWILLNOTBEGAININGMUCHBYCONCENTRATINGONBLACKSPOTTREATMENTTRAFFICSEPARATIONPEDESTRIANSANDNONMOTORIZEDVEHICLESAREFORCEDTOSHAREROADSPACEWITHMOTORV
39、EHICLESBECAUSETHEREISEITHERNOSEPARATESPACEEARMARKEDFORTHEMORTHEDESIGNATEDSPACEISINCONVENIENTTOUSEMANYCRASHESTAKEPLACEBECAUSEPEDESTRIANSANDBICYCLISTSAREHITBYVEHICLESTHATMAYNOTHAVENOTICEDTHEM,ESPECIALLYATNIGHTASTUDYDONEINDELHIINDICATESTHATWHENBICYCLESARENOTSEGREGATEDONARTERIALROADSONELANEOPERATESASADE
40、FACTOBICYCLELANE17THISMEANSTHATWHENBICYCLETRAFFICONATHREELANEROADISNOTSEGREGATED,ONLYTWOLANESREMAINAVAILABLEFORMOTORVEHICLETRAFFICTHEREFORE,BYSEGREGATINGTRAFFICWENOTONLYMAKETHEROADWAYSAFERFORVULNERABLEROADUSERS,WEMAYALSOIMPROVETRAFFICFLOWRATESINURBANAREASINTERSECTIONDESIGNSFORROADSTHATHAVESEGREGATED
41、NONMOTORIZEDVEHICLETRAFFICISANAREAWHEREWENEEDMUCHMOREDATAFROMREALWORLDEXPERIENCENONMOTORIZEDVEHICLERIDERSFINDITVERYDIFFICULTTOMAKETURNSATINTERSECTIONSWITHOUTCOMINGINTOCONFLICTWITHMOTORVEHICLESTRAFFICLIGHTCYCLESANDGUIDELINESFORTRAFFICCONTROLATINTERSECTIONSWHERENONMOTORIZEDVEHICLESHAVEAPRESENCEISONEAR
42、EAWHEREMUCHMOREINNOVATIVEWORKISNECESSARYNEWROUNDABOUTDESIGNSHOLDAGREATDEALOFPROMISEFORIMPROVINGSAFETYBOTHONURBANANDRURALROADSSPEEDCONTROLSPEEDCONTROLMEASURESHAVEPARTICULARRELEVANCEFORLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESUSEOFRESTRAINTSYSTEMSBYVEHICLEOCCUPANTSARENOTLIKELYTOMAKEALARGEDENTINTHEOVERALLROADTRAFFICINJUR
43、YFATALITYRATESBECAUSECAROCCUPANTSCONSTITUTELESSTHAN1020OFTHEFATALITIESSPEEDLIMITINGDEVICESONVEHICLES,LIMITSONENGINEPOWER,ANDTRAFFICCALMINGMEASURESHOLDTHEGREATESTPROMISEINLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESTHEREISANURGENTNEEDFORRESEARCHONTRAFFICCALMINGMEASURESFORROADSWITHAHIGHPERCENTAGEOFMOTORCYCLESANDSAFERDESIGN
44、OFINTERCITYROADSWITHNONMOTORIZEDTRAFFICTHELATTERISSUEISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTBECAUSEMOTORIZEDTRAFFICISINCREASINGINLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESANDSUCHCOUNTRIESWILLNOTBEABLETOAFFORDLIMITEDACCESSMOTORWAYSFORINTERCITYTRAVELENVIRONMENTAL,ENERGYCONSERVATIONANDFINANCIALCONCERNSAREALSOEXERTINGAPUSHTOWARDDOWNSIZING
45、OFVEHICLESINLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESTHEREARESEVEREPHYSICALLIMITSTOSAFERDESIGNOFVERYSMALLCARSLOWERSPEEDLIMITSWOULDBENECESSARYWHEREVERTHESESMALLERVEHICLESAREINTRODUCEDSPEEDCONTROLAPPEARSTOBEONEOFTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEANDPROMISINGWAYSTOREDUCEINJURIESANDDEATHSINROADTRAFFICCRASHESINTHENEXTDECADE18,22INLESSMOTORI
46、ZEDCOUNTRIESTHISHOLDSGREATPROMISEBECAUSEAMAJORITYOFTHOSEKILLEDAREROADUSERSOTHERTHANCAROCCUPANTSTHEEFFECTSOFLOWERSPEEDSONSAFETYOFVULNERABLEROADUSERSWOULDBEMORESIGNIFICANTTHANSAFERVEHICLEDESIGNSANYMONEYSPENTONRESEARCHTODEVELOPVEHICLEANDROADDESIGNSTHATCONTROLSPEEDSAUTOMATICALLYWOULDBEMONEYWELLSPENTVEHI
47、CLESPEEDSINURBANAREASCANBECONTROLLEDBYADOPTINGTRAFFICCALMINGMEASURESINURBANAREASINTHEPASTFEWYEARSMANYGUIDELINESFORTRAFFICCALMINGHAVEBEENPUBLISHEDINTHEHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIES23,24MOSTOFTHEIDEASINCLUDEDINTHESEGUIDELINESAPPLYTOLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESALSOHOWEVER,THESEDESIGNSAREMOSTSUITABLETOTRAFFICSITUATIONS
48、WHERECARSCONSTITUTEAVASTPROPORTIONOFROADTRAFFICTHESEIDEASHAVETOBEMODIFIEDFORTRAFFICSITUATIONSWHERENONMOTORIZEDVEHICLESANDMOTORIZEDTWOWHEELERSMAYBEASIGNIFICANTPROPORTIONOFROADTRAFFICFOREXAMPLE,CHICANES,ROADCLOSURES,ENTRYTREATMENTANDTRAFFICTHROTTLESMAYSLOWDOWNCARSBUTMAYNOTHAVETHESAMEEFFECTONMOTORIZEDT
49、WOWHEELERSONTHEOTHERHAND,SOMEOFTHESEOBSTRUCTIONSMAYMAKEITDIFFICULTFORBICYCLERICKSHAWSANDHANDPULLEDCARTSTOOPERATETHEREFORE,AFRESHLOOKHASTOBEGIVENFORDESIGNINGTRAFFICCALMINGMEASURESFORLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESTHISISPARTICULARLYRELEVANTFORINTERCITYROADSPASSINGTHROUGHTHECENTREOFSMALLTOWNSINTERCITYHIGHWAYSTHEINCIDENCEOFVULNERABLEROADUSERFATALITIESONINTERCITYHIGHWAYSISSIGNIFICANTINLESSMOTORIZEDCOUNTRIESTHISISPARTLYBECAUSEOFTHEHIGHDENSITYOFLOWINCOMEHABITATIONSALONGMANYSTRETCHESOFTHEHIGHWAYFORSUCHSITUATIONS,WENEEDTODEVELOPSTANDARDSFORPROVISIONOFCONVENIENTTUNNELSANDOTHERCROSSINGFACILITIESI
