1、（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目THEIRISHINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYEXPLAININGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRYCLUSTERINALESSFAVOUREDREGION出处ERSA2002DORTMUND42NDCONGRESSOFTHEEUROPEANREGIONALSCIENCEASSOCIATIONAUGUST27TH31ST2002作者MIKECRONE外文原文THEIRISHINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYEXPLAININGTHEDEVELOPMENT
2、OFAKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRYCLUSTERINALESSFAVOUREDREGIONMIKECRONENORTHERNIRELANDECONOMICRESEARCHCENTRE,2224MOUNTCHARLES,BELFASTBT71NZ,UKEMAILMCRONEQUBACUKWEBSITEWWWQUBACUK/NIERCABSTRACTOVERTHELASTDECADE,THEREPUBLICOFIRELANDHASEMERGEDASAHOTBEDOFSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTACTIVITYTHESOFTWAREINDUSTRYWASONEOFT
3、HELEADINGSOURCESOFEMPLOYMENTGROWTHINTHEIRISHECONOMYDURING1990SALTHOUGHFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTHASBEENPARTOFTHESTORY,ITISTHEEMERGENCEOFAVIBRANTINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYTHATISPARTICULARLYNOTABLETHEINDIGENOUSINDUSTRYPRESENTLYEMPLOYS14,000PEOPLEANDGENERATESANNUALREVENUESOF14BILLIONITISHIGHLYEXPORTORIENT
4、ED,HASGROWINGPRODUCTIVITYANDISINCREASINGLYINNOVATIVESEVERALOFITSLEADINGFIRMSHAVEFLOATEDONTHENASDAQSTOCKEXCHANGETHEEMERGENCEOFACLUSTEROFKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEBUSINESSES,INWHATHASBEENTRADITIONALLYREGARDEDASALESSFAVOUREDREGION,ISCONCEPTUALLYINTERESTINGANDCERTAINLYOFRELEVANCETOPOLICYMAKERSINCOMPARABLEREGION
5、STHEPAPERSETSTHEAMBITIOUSGOALOFEXPLAININGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEIRISHINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRY,DRAWINGONANEXAMINATIONOFSEVERALEXISTINGSTUDIESANDVARIOUSADDITIONALSECONDARYDATASOURCESITBEGINSBYDESCRIBINGTHEKEYCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEINDUSTRYITTHENREVIEWSSOMEOFTHEKEYFACTORSANDPROCESSESTHATHAVECONTRIBUTEDTOITS
6、DEVELOPMENT,WITHINTHECONTEXTOFTHERECENTLITERATUREONCLUSTERSOFKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRYTHEINITIALESTABLISHMENTOFTHECLUSTERCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFSOMEFAVOURABLEFACTORCONDITIONSCOUPLEDWITHTHEFIRMANDMARKETBUILDINGEFFORTSOFPIONEERINGENTREPRENEURS,WHOUSEDARANGEOFASTUTECOMPANYDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIEST
7、HEIRISHSTATEPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINCREATINGTHEKEYFACTORCONDITIONSANDINSUPPORTINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSWITHVARIOUSDIRECTANDINDIRECTMEASURESMORERECENTLY,THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYHASBEENSUSTAINEDBYVARIOUSAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESANDLOCALISEDCOLLECTIVELEARNINGPROCESSESS
8、OMEIMPORTANTINTERNATIONALTIESHAVECOMPLEMENTEDTHESELOCALDYNAMICSEXPLAININGHOWTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYHASBEENSUSTAINEDANIMPROVEDENVIRONMENTFORENTREPRENEURSHIPANDFIRMBUILDINGAFTERABOUT1997,THEREWASAMARKEDACCELERATIONINTHEGROWTHOFTHEIISINSDSTATISTICSSHOWTHATEMPLOYMENT,THENUMBEROFCOM
9、PANIES,REVENUESANDEXPORTSALLGREWMORERAPIDLYDURING199799THANINTHEPRECEDINGPERIODTABLES1AND2HOTORIGINLTD2001,P5ALSONOTEAMARKEDINCREASEINTHENEWFIRMFORMATIONRATEINTHEINDUSTRYINTHISPERIOD,CLAIMINGTHATHALFOFALLINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREPRODUCTCOMPANIESINTHEINDUSTRYIN2001HADBEENFOUNDEDSINCETHEBEGINNINGOF1999ANOTHE
10、RNOTABLEFACTISTHEVASTMAJORITYOFNEWSTARTUPSINTHEINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREPRODUCTINDUSTRYNOWBEGINASSPINOFFSFROMESTABLISHEDINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSHOTORIGINLTD,2002TOGETHERTHISEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATTHECLUSTERMAYHAVEREACHEDASTAGEOFMATURITYWHERESUCCESSISBREEDINGFURTHERSUCCESSIETHEINDUSTRYSEEMSTOHAVEENTEREDAPHASEOF
11、SUSTAINEDDEVELOPMENTAPOSSIBLEEXPLANATIONFORTHISPHASESHIFTISTHATTHEREWAS,BYTHELATE1990S,ANIMPROVEDENVIRONMENTFORENTREPRENEURSHIPANDFIRMBUILDINGINIRELAND,ASCOMPAREDWITHTHEEARLY1990SITISPROPOSEDHERETHATTHISIMPROVEDENVIRONMENTCANBEUNDERSTOODASAFUNCTIONOFTHEOPERATIONOF1AGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESAND2COLLECTIV
12、ELEARNINGORKNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATIONPROCESSESWITHINTHEEMERGINGCLUSTER,WHICHWEREPREVIOUSLYEITHERABSENTORPRESENTTOAMUCHLESSEREXTENTAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESRECALLFROMEARLIERTHATAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESAREUSUALLYUNDERSTOODASBENEFITSCOSTSAVINGSTHATACCRUETOAFIRMASARESULTOFITSLOCATIONWITHINAGEOGRAPHICALCONCENTRAT
13、IONOFSIMILARORRELATEDFIRMSTHETHREEMAINSOURCESOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESAREASHAREDPOOLOFSKILLEDLABOURATHICKLOCALLABOURMARKET,SPECIALIZEDLOCALSUPPLYINDUSTRIESWHICHDEVELOPINRESPONSETOALOCALCONCENTRATIONOFDEMAND,ANDLOCALISEDKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSTHEFIRSTTWOEFFECTSAREDISCUSSEDINTHISSECTIONANDKNOWLEDGESPILLOVE
14、RSARECONSIDEREDINTHESUBSEQUENTDISCUSSIONOFCOLLECTIVELEARNINGPROCESSESSHAREDPOOLOFSKILLEDLABOURONTHEFIRSTTYPEOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMY,ITISCLEARTHATIRELANDHASNOWDEVELOPEDATHICKTECHNICALLABOURMARKETINSOFTWARERELATEDSKILLS,PARTICULARLYINTHEDUBLINREGIONTHEPROLIFICOUTPUTOFCOMPUTINGGRADUATESFROMTHETHIRDLEVEL
15、EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONSSINCETHEMID1980SHASBEENSUPPLEMENTEDBYVARIOUSLABOURMARKETPROCESSESFIRST,THEREHASBEENOVERDECADEOFONTHEJOBLEARNINGWITHINBOTHTHEOVERSEASANDINDIGENOUSSOFTWARESECTORS,ANDRELATEDSECTORSSUCHASTELECOMSANDICTHARDWAREMANUFACTURINGSECOND,THEREWASAWAVEOFRETURNMIGRATIONTOIRELANDINTHELATE1990S
16、,INCLUDINGMANYEXPERIENCEDTECHNICALANDMANAGERIALPERSONNELASDISCUSSEDEARLIERTHIRD,SOFTWAREFIRMSINVESTHEAVILYINEMPLOYEETRAININGBYCOMPARISONWITHOTHERSECTORSOFTHEECONOMYOGORMANETAL,1997TAKENTOGETHERTHESEFACTSCONVEYACLEARADVANTAGEAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESONTODAYSINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSCOMPAREDWITHTHEIRPREDEC
17、ESSORS,NAMELY,THEREISAMUCHGREATERRANGEOFEXPERIENCEDMANAGERIALANDTECHNICALLABOURAVAILABLETOGROWINGFIRMSSPECIALISEDLOCALSUPPLYINDUSTRIESONTHESECONDTYPEOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMY,THEREISCLEAREVIDENCEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVARIOUSSPECIALISEDSUPPLIERSANDSERVICEPROVIDERSWITHINTHECLUSTER,INRESPONSETOTHEGROWINGLOCAL
18、CONCENTRATIONOFDEMANDFROMINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSTHEMOSTOBVIOUSEXAMPLEOFTHISISTHEEMERGENCEOVERTHELASTFIVEORSOYEARSOFASIZEABLEVENTURECAPITALINDUSTRYINIRELAND,INCLUDINGTHEINCREASINGINVOLVEMENTOFINTERNATIONALVCINVESTORSASRIAIN2000,P32NOTES,ITWASONLYIN1998/99THATPRIVATEINVESTMENTCAPITALBECAMEABUNDANTINIR
19、ISHSOFTWARESINCE1999,NUMEROUSEMERGINGINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSHAVERECEIVEDFIRSTANDSECONDROUNDVENTUREFUNDING,RANGINGFROM05TO30MILLIONTABLE11INFACT,VENTURECAPITALISNOWTHEDOMINANTSOURCEOFEXTERNALFINANCEFORBUILDPHASEINDIGENOUSSOFTWARECOMPANIESANDISSAIDTOBEINABUNDANTSUPPLYFORGOODBUSINESSPROPOSITIONSPWC,199
20、9HOTORIGINLTD,2001AND2002MYPRELIMINARYANALYSISOFNEWSCOVERAGEOFTHEINDUSTRYSUGGESTSTHATVENTURECAPITALISTSINVESTEDATLEAST400MILLIONININDIGENOUSSOFTWARECOMPANIESBETWEEN1999AND2001INFACTSUCHISTHEABUNDANCEOFVCINIRELAND,THATPWC1999CLAIMTHECURRENTFINANCEWEAKNESSESOFIRISHSOFTWARERELATETOTHEDEMANDRATHERSUPPLY
21、SIDESPECIFICALLY,PWC1999CLAIMTHATSOMEINDIGENOUSCOMPANIESLACKTHEABILITYTOMARKETTHEMSELVESSUFFICIENTLYINORDERTOATTRACTFUNDINGSOMEFOUNDERSAREALSOSAIDTOBERELUCTANTTORELINQUISHEQUITYSTAKESINTHEIRCOMPANIESPWC,1999,P112ONEINTERESTINGASPECTOFTHEEMERGENCEOFTHEVCINDUSTRYINIRELANDISTHEROLEOFTHESTATEINKICKSTART
22、INGTHEINDUSTRYRIAIN2000,P32NOTESTHATTHEEXPANSIONOFTHEVCINDUSTRYWASINITIALLYLARGELYUNDERWRITTENBYTHESTATEEUFUNDINGHASALSOPLAYEDAVITALROLE,WITHONEPARTICULARINITIATIVETHEEUSEEDANDVENTURECAPITALMEASUREOFTHEOPERATIONALPROGRAMMEFORINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT19941999BEINGPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTHISMEASUREHADTHEOBJ
23、ECTIVEOFESTABLISHINGVCFUNDSTOPROVIDEEQUITYCAPITALFORGROWTHORIENTEDSMESINIRELANDTHEPROGRAMMEALLOCATEDECU439MILLION,WHICHWASUSEDTOLEVERAGEPRIVATESECTORCOMMITMENTS,RESULTINGAROUNDECU90MILLIONBEINGAVAILABLEFORINVESTMENTOVERTHEPERIODOFTHEPROGRAMMETHEPROGRAMMEISADMINISTEREDBYENTERPRISEIRELANDWHICHHAS,THRO
24、UGHITSINVESTMENTSERVICESDIRECTORATE,IMPLEMENTEDAPOLICYOFFORMINGPARTNERSHIPSWITHPRIVATESECTORINSTITUTIONS,CORPORATESANDVENTURECAPITALISTSTOESTABLISHNEWVENTURECAPITALFUNDSTOINVESTTHISFUNDINGINIRISHSMESENTERPRISEIRELAND,2000ALLOFTHEAVAILABLEFUNDINGHADBEENCOMMITTEDTOINVESTMENTSBYTHEENDOF2000,THROUGH15DI
25、FFERENTFUNDS,13OFWHICHHADMADEINVESTMENTSINSOFTWAREFIRMSTABLE12INFACT,SOFTWAREWASBYFARTHELEADINGDESTINATIONSECTORFORINVESTMENTS,WITH98INVESTMENTSTOTALINGIR44MILLION66OFTHETOTALVALUEINVESTEDMANAGERSFROMTHEPRIVATESECTORRUNTHEINDIVIDUALFUNDS,WITHGUIDANCEFROMINVESTMENTCOMMITTEESFROMTHELAUNCHOFTHEMEASUREI
26、N1996TOTHEENDOFDECEMBER2000ATOTALOF214INVESTMENTSHADBEENMADEIN101DIFFERENTCOMPANIES,TOTALINGIR667MILLIONENTERPRISEIRELAND,2000SEVENTYTHREEPERCENTOFTHEVALUEOFTHESEINVESTMENTSWENTTODUBLINBASEDCOMPANIESAFINALIMPORTANTDIMENSIONOFTHEINCREASINGINVOLVEMENTOFVCFIRMSISTHEIRPOTENTIALINFLUENCEONTHEMANAGEMENTAN
27、DBUSINESSSTRATEGIESOFINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSITISCOMMONPRACTICEFORVCFIRMSTOAPPOINTANONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORTOTHEBOARDOFCOMPANIESTHEYINVESTINANDRESEARCHHASSHOWNTHATVCAPPOINTEDNONEXECSHAVEPLAYEDANIMPORTANTCOACHINGROLETOENTREPRENEURIALSTARTUPSINSILICONVALLEYEGHELLMAN,2000HELLMANANDPURI,2002THEREAREALSOSIGNS
28、THATASECONDTYPEOFSPECIALISEDSUPPLYINDUSTRYISDEVELOPINGWITHINTHECLUSTER,NAMELY,SERVICEFIRMSWITHASPECIFICFOCUSONTHESOFTWARE/TECHNOLOGYSECTOR,PARTICULARLYINDUBLINONEINTERESTINGEXAMPLEOFTHISDEVELOPMENTISHOTORIGIN,ANEARLYSTAGEVENTURECAPITALANDSPECIALISTCONSULTANCYCOMPANYHOTORIGIN,WHICHISPRIVATELYOWNED,WA
29、SFOUNDEDINMARCH2000INDUBLINBYANEXPERIENCEDTEAMFROMCORPORATE,CONSULTINGANDSTARTUPBACKGROUNDSITSCEOWASFORMERLYHEADOFACCENTURESSTRATEGYPRACTICEINIRELANDONEOFITSAIMSISTOFACILITATETHEGROWTHOFYOUNGSOFTWARECOMPANIESDURINGCRITICALSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENT,BYPROVIDINGESSENTIALSERVICESSUCHASMANAGEMENTTEAMBUILDING,B
30、USINESSSTRATEGYDEVELOPMENT,TECHNOLOGYSTRATEGY,STRATEGICALLIANCEPARTNERSHIPSANDVENTUREFINANCINGANOTHEREXAMPLEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSPECIALISEDBUSINESSSERVICESISTHEDECISIONOFMAJORBOSTONBASEDUSLAWFIRMBROWNRUDNICKBERLACKISRAELSTOOPENANOFFICEINDUBLININ2002THEDUBLINOFFICEADVISESIRISHTECHNOLOGYFIRMSDOINGORPLAN
31、NINGTODOBUSINESSINTHEUNITEDSTATESABOUTISSUESSUCHASEMPLOYMENTLEGISLATION,LEGALDISCLOSURE,PRODUCTLICENSING,INTELLECTUALPROPERTYPROTECTION,RAISINGVENTURECAPITALANDSETTINGUPAUSOFFICETHEFIRMISALREADYWORKINGWITHNEARLY20IRISHTECHNOLOGYCOMPANIES,INCLUDINGEUROLOGICSYSTEMSANDFINEOS23THEDEVELOPMENTOFACRITICALM
32、ASSOFEXPORTORIENTEDSOFTWARECOMPANIESISCLEARLYCRUCIALTOTHEATTRACTIONOFSUCHFIRMS,WHICHSHOULDINTURNFACILITATEFURTHERSUCCESSFORTHEIISILOCALISEDCOLLECTIVELEARNING/KNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATIONPROCESSESRECALLTHATTHECOLLECTIVELEARNINGAPPROACHRECOGNISESTHEPOTENTIALLYCRUCIALROLEOFLOCALISEDKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSINSUSTA
33、ININGCLUSTERSOFKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRYANDFOCUSESONTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFPROCESSESBYWHICHKNOWLEDGEISDISSEMINATEDTHROUGHTHECLUSTERTHEENSUINGDISCUSSIONHIGHLIGHTSEXAMPLESFROMTHEIISIOFSOMEOFTHEKEYCOLLECTIVELEARNING/KNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATIONPROCESSESIDENTIFIEDBYPINCHANDHENRY1999ANDKEEBLEANDNACHUM2001KNOWLEDG
34、ECIRCULATIONDUETOMOVEMENTOFKEYINDIVIDUALSLOCALISEDSPINOFFSOFNEWFIRMSFROMEXISTINGBUSINESSESRECONFIGURATIONOFSTAFFINNEWFIRMSFORMALANDINFORMALNETWORKINGBYMANAGERSANDPROFESSIONALSDEMONSTRATIONEFFECTSCONCLUSIONWIDERLESSONSBYWAYOFCONCLUSION,IATTEMPTTODRAWOUTANUMBEROFWIDERLESSONSFROMTHECASESTUDYOFTHEIISI,I
35、NCLUDINGLESSONSFORPOLICYMAKERSINOTHERREGIONSIMAKEFOURMAINPOINTSRELATINGTO1THEROLEOFTHESTATEINCLUSTERDEVELOPMENT,PARTICULARLYFORKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVEINDUSTRIES2THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINWARDINVESTMENTANDINDIGENOUSDEVELOPMENT3THEROLEOFINTERNATIONALORGLOBALTIESINCLUSTERDEVELOPMENTAND4THEORIGINSOFENTREPRENEU
36、RIALSTARTUPSFIRST,THISPAPERHASSHOWNTHEIMPORTANTROLEPLAYEDBYTHEIRISHSTATEANDEUINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEIISIFOREXAMPLE,THESTATELAIDTHEFOUNDATIONSFORTHEINDUSTRYBYEXPANDINGTHIRDLEVELEDUCATIONINTECHNICALSUBJECTSINCLUDINGCOMPUTERSCIENCEANDBYUPGRADINGTHETELECOMSINFRASTRUCTURETOINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSALTHOUGHTHE
37、REISSOMEIRONYTHATORIGINALMOTIVATIONWASTOATTRACTFDIRATHERTHANSTIMULATEINDIGENOUSDEVELOPMENTTHESTATEALSOPROVIDEDARANGEOFDIRECTFINANCIALANDNONFINANCIALANDINDIRECTASSISTANCETOSUPPORTTHEFIRMANDMARKETBUILDINGEFFORTSOFENTREPRENEURSANDESTABLISHVARIOUSSUPPORTINGINSTITUTIONSTHEREISSURELYALESSONFORPOLICYMAKERS
38、INOTHERREGIONSTHATTHESTATECANPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINSUPPORTINGINDIGENOUSECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,PARTICULARLYINSOCALLEDLESSFAVOUREDREGIONSONEIMPORTANTPOINTTOREMEMBERHERE,THOUGH,ISTHAT,ASIDEFORTARGETINGSOFTWAREANDPROVIDINGSOMESTRATEGICGUIDANCE,ATNOSTAGEDIDTHEIRISHDEVELOPMENTAGENCIESATTEMPTTOPROMOTESPECIFICP
39、RODUCTSORTECHNOLOGIESORINTERFEREWITHCOMPANYDECISIONMAKINGTHESECONDPOINTOFWIDERRELEVANCECONCERNSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINWARDINVESTMENTANDINDIGENOUSDEVELOPMENTUPONINITIALINSPECTION,THEPARALLELOFEMERGENCEOFTHEOVERSEASANDINDIGENOUSSEGMENTSOFTHEIRISHSOFTWAREINDUSTRYMAYIMPLYSOMECAUSALLINKFROMINWARDINVESTM
40、ENTTOINDIGENOUSDEVELOPMENTHOWEVER,THEAVAILABLEEMPIRICALEVIDENCESUGGESTSANOTEOFCAUTIONREGARDINGTHISINTERPRETATIONAPRIMARYCONSIDERATIONISTHELACKOFANYSIGNIFICANTDIRECTTRADINGRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHELEADINGINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSANDSOFTWAREMNCSOPERATINGINIRELANDTHEMAJORITYOFLEADINGINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMS
41、DERIVEMOSTOFTHEIRREVENUESFROMEXPORTINGSOFTWAREPRODUCTS,RATHERTHANENTERINGINTOSUBCONTRACTINGRELATIONSHIPSWITHMNCSINIRELAND,HENCERIAINS1997,P27ASSERTIONTHATTHEIISIEMERGEDLARGELYFROMASETOFLOCALDYNAMICSITISALSOTHECASETHATSOFTWAREMNCSINIRELANDHAVEBEENRELATIVELYUNIMPORTANTASASOURCEOFNEWFIRMSPINOFFSRIAIN,1
42、997THEONEAREAWHERETHEPRESENCEOFSOFTWAREMNCSINIRELANDDOESSEEMTOHAVEBEENASIGNIFICANTFACTORISTHOUGHINDIRECTSPILLOVERSRELATINGTOTHELABOURMARKETTHUS,OMALLEYANDOGORMAN2001ARGUETHATSOFTWAREMNCSHELPEDTODEVELOPLABOURSKILLSWHICHHAVEPROVEDUSEFULINTHEINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREINDUSTRYP315MNCSAREALSOSAIDTOHAVEACTEDASATR
43、AININGGROUNDFORFOUNDINGENTREPRENEURSOFINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSTWOTHIRDSOFTHEMHADGAINEDEXPERIENCEWORKINGINAFOREIGNOWNEDMNCINIRELANDATSOMESTAGEINTHEIRCAREERSOMALLEYANDOGORMAN,1997,P316THISEVIDENCESHOULDMODERATETHEEXPECTATIONSOFPOLICYMAKERSINRELATIONTOTHEANTICIPATEDKNOCKONEFFECTSOFATTRACTINGINWARDINVEST
44、MENTINSECTORSUCHASSOFTWARETHETHIRDPOINTOFWIDERRELEVANCEFROMTHECASEOFTHEIISICONCERNSTHEROLEOFINTERNATIONALORGLOBALTIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDIGENOUSCLUSTERSOFKIIMYARGUMENTSINTHISPAPERARELARGELYSUPPORTIVEOFRIAINS1997,P27ASSERTIONTHATTHEIISIEMERGEDLARGELYFROMASETOFLOCALDYNAMICSFOREXAMPLE,IHAVEEMPHASISEDT
45、HEROLEOFFIRMBUILDINGBYIRISHENTREPRENEURS,VARIOUSSTATESUPPORTSTOTHEINDUSTRYANDLATTERLYVARIOUSAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESANDLOCALISEDCOLLECTIVELEARNING/KNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATIONPROCESSESHOWEVER,IFEELITISIMPORTANTTORESTATETHEIMPORTANTROLEPLAYEDBYVARIOUSINTERNATIONALORGLOBALTIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEIISITHEMOSTO
46、BVIOUSPOINTHEREISTHEOVERRIDINGORIENTATIONOFTHELEADINGINDIGENOUSFIRMSTOINTERNATIONALMARKETS,NOTABLYTHEUSTHERISEOFTHEIISIHASBEENTOAGREATEXTENTCONTINGENTONTHESURGINGGLOBALDEMANDFORSOFTWARE,DRIVENBYTHEUSMARKETOTHERIMPORTANTINTERNATIONALDIMENSIONSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEIISIINCLUDETHEINCREASINGINVOLVEMENTOF
47、INTERNATIONALVENTURECAPITALISTSINIRELANDANDTHEFLOATATIONOFLEADINGIRISHFIRMSONINTERNATIONALSTOCKEXCHANGES,INCLUDINGTHENASDAQ,THEPARTICIPATIONOFINDIGENOUSFIRMSININTERNATIONALSTRATEGICALLIANCES,ANDTHEPOSSIBLEROLEOFRETURNMIGRATIONOFSKILLED/EXPERIENCEDIRISHEMIGRANTSTHISEVIDENCECONFIRMSTHEIMPORTANCEOFBEIN
48、GAWAREOFTHEWIDERGLOBALCONTEXT,ASWELLASLOCALDYNAMICS,WHENSTUDYINGINDUSTRYCLUSTERSINTERMSOFPOLICY,ONELESSONISTHATDEVELOPMENTAGENCIESSHOULDENCOURAGEFIRMSTOBEOUTWARDLOOKINGFROMTHEOUTSET,POSSIBLYASSISTINGTHEMINEXPORTINGANDFORMINGINTERNATIONALALLIANCESFOREXAMPLEAFOURTHANDFINALPOINTOFWIDERRELEVANCECONCERNS
49、THEORIGINSOFENTREPRENEURIALSTARTUPSINTHECASEOFTHEIISI,THEMAJORITYOFEARLYSOFTWAREPRODUCTFIRMSORIGINATEDASSPINOFFSFROMLARGERFIRMSINOTHERSECTORS,ASSTARTUPSTARGETINGTHEEMERGINGLOCALDEMANDFORITSERVICESANDSPINOFFSFROMACADEMICRESEARCHMORERECENTLY,THEMAJORITYOFFIRMSHAVESTARTEDASSPINOFFSFROMESTABLISHEDINDIGENOUSSOFTWAREFIRMSANDALSOASACADEMICSPINOFFSONEIMPLICATIONISTHATHIGHTECHENTREPRENEURSHIPISCUMULATIVE,WITHANESTABLISHEDCLUSTEROFKIINATURALLYGENERATINGNEWSPINOFFS,WHICHHELPTOGROWTHECLUSTERINTERMSOFPOLICY,THEEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHEIMPORTANCEOFADEQUATELYFUNDINGUNIVERSITYRESEARCH
