1、毕业论文外文翻译INDUSTRYCLUSTERSANDRURALLABORMARKETSABSTRACTALONGWITHTHERECENTRESURGENCEOFINTERESTINTHEAGGLOMERATIONANDCLUSTERINGOFECONOMICACTIVITY,THEREHASBEENINCREASINGINTERESTININDUSTRYCLUSTERSASAPOTENTIALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYULTIMATELY,THEQUESTIONOFWHETHERORNOTCLUSTERSAREANAPPROPRIATEFOCUSOFECONOM
2、ICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESFORRURALAREASDEPENDSONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCLUSTERSANDLOCALECONOMICGROWTHTHEPRIMARYPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTODISCUSSSOMEOFTHEISSUESINVOLVEDINMEASURINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCLUSTERSANDRURALECONOMICGROWTHPRELIMINARYEVIDENCEOFAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENINDUSTRYCLUSTERSANDRURALEARNIN
3、GSGROWTHAREPRESENTED,SUPPORTINGTHENOTIONTHATACLUSTERFOCUSEDDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYMAYBEEFFECTIVEINSOMERURALAREASALONGWITHTHERECENTRESURGENCEOFINTERESTINTHEAGGLOMERATIONANDCLUSTERINGOFECONOMICACTIVITY,THEREHASBEENINCREASINGINTERESTININDUSTRYCLUSTERSASAPOTENTIALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYTHISINTERESTISMOT
4、IVATEDBYTWOGENERALTRENDSFIRST,RECENTRESEARCHSUGGESTSTHATTHERAPIDPACEOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEHASALTEREDTHEECONOMICENVIRONMENTINWAYSTHATGIVEESTABLISHMENTSLOCATEDINCLUSTERSACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOVERESTABLISHMENTSLOCATEDINRELATIVEISOLATIONMALECKI1991252STOHR198629ANDPORTER199558TOTHEEXTENTTHATTHISISTRUE,RUR
5、ALESTABLISHMENTS,WHICHAREBYDEFINITIONINRELATIVELYISOLATEDLOCATIONS,WILLINCREASINGLYBEATACOMPETITIVEDISADVANTAGEVISAVISESTABLISHMENTSINURBANAREASTHEVIEWSEXPRESSEDINTHISPAPERARESOLELYTHEAUTHORSANDDONOTNECESSARILYREFLECTTHEVIEWSOFEITHERTHEBUREAUOFECONOMICANALYSISORTHEUSDEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCETHEAUTHORGRAT
6、EFULLYACKNOWLEDGESHELPFULCOMMENTSOFTWOANONYMOUSREVIEWERSINDUSTRYCLUSTERSANDLABORMARKETSBERNATTHEREISINCREASINGDISSATISFACTIONWITHWHATMIGHTBECALLEDTHETRADITIONALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYOFINDUSTRIALRECRUITMENTOR“SMOKESTACKCHASING“THEUSEOFTAXREBATES,INFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENT,SPECIALTRAININGPROGRAMS,
7、ANDOTHERINDUCEMENTSTOATTRACTFIRMSTOANAREAASANECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYTHISSTRATEGYISNOWVIEWEDBYMANYECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSPECIALISTSASASTRATEGYWITHNOTONLYARELATIVELYHIGHPROBABILITYOFFAILUREBUTALSOONEWITHARELATIVELYLOWNETRETURNEVENWHENSUCCESSFULBECAUSECOMPETITIONWITHOTHERLOCALITIESTENDSTORAISETHECOSTO
8、FINCENTIVESTHATMUSTBEOFFEREDTOSUCCESSFULLYATTRACTANEWPLANTORBUSINESSSEARSANDBERNAT199812ANDISSERMAN1994INADDITION,PLANTSTHATARESUSCEPTIBLETOLOCATIONALINCENTIVESMAYWELLRELOCATETOYETLOWERCOSTPLACESINTHEFUTUREASTRATEGYOFENCOURAGINGCLUSTERS,INCONTRAST,ISPERCEIVEDTOBEBOTHMORELIKELYTOPRODUCEPOSITIVERESULT
9、SANDTOBEMORECOSTEFFECTIVETHANSMOKESTACKCHASINGBECAUSETHEEXTERNALECONOMIESASSOCIATEDWITHCLUSTERSPROVIDEBUILTININCENTIVESFORTHEFIRMSANDESTABLISHMENTSTHATAREPARTOFTHECLUSTERTOREMAININTHEAREAINADDITION,THESESAMEEXTERNALECONOMIESWILLHELPATTRACTADDITIONALFIRMSANDESTABLISHMENTSTHEREASONINGORHOPEGOES,ONCEAC
10、LUSTERISESTABLISHED,ITWILLMAINTAINITSELFRATHERTHANDEPENDONGOVERNMENTASSISTANCETORETAINITSVIABILITYULTIMATELY,THEQUESTIONOFWHETHERORNOTCLUSTERSAREANAPPROPRIATEFOCUSOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESFORRURALAREASDEPENDSONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCLUSTERSANDLOCALECONOMICGROWTHTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTODISCUSS
11、SOMEOFTHEISSUESINVOLVEDINMEASURINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCLUSTERSANDLOCALECONOMICGROWTHNOATTEMPTISMADETOPROVIDEDEFINITIVEANSWERSTOANYOFTHESEQUESTIONSINSTEAD,THEGOALISTHEMOREMODESTONEOFIDENTIFYINGTHEKEYISSUESINVOLVINGCLUSTERSANDRURALGROWTHANDTOPRESENTSOMEPRELIMINARYFINDINGSONTHEASSOCIATIONBETWEENINDUS
12、TRYCLUSTERSANDEARNINGSGROWTHASPOINTEDOUTBYONEREVIEWER,CLUSTERINGCANALSOBEPARTOFANINDUSTRIALRECRUITMENTSTRATEGY,WHEREFIRMSARERECRUITEDBASEDONANASSESSMENTOFHOWWELLTHEYFITWITHEXISTINGCLUSTERSHOWEVER,THEEXTENTTOWHICHCLUSTERSCONTRIBUTETOTHESUCCESSOFTHISTYPEOFINDUSTRIALRECRUITMENTWILLBEAFUNCTIONOFTHEISSUE
13、SDISCUSSEDINTHISPAPERTHENEXTSECTIONISABRIEFREVIEWOFTHELITERATUREONCLUSTERSANDTHEIRROLEINREGIONALECONOMICGROWTHTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONDISCUSSESHOWCLUSTERINGMIGHTBENEFITRURALLABORMARKETSANDSUMMARIZESSOMEOFTHEAVAILABLEEMPIRICALEVIDENCETHEFINALSECTIONCONCLUDESTHEPAPERWITHSOMETHOUGHTSONFURTHERWORKWHATARECLUS
14、TERSANDWHYDOTHEYEXISTTHETERMSCLUSTERANDCLUSTERINGAPPEARINAWIDERANGEOFCONTEXTSINTHEREGIONALECONOMICSANDGEOGRAPHYLITERATURESOMETIMES,ESPECIALLYINTHEURBANGROWTHLITERATURE,THETERMSAREUSEDSYNONYMOUSLYWITHTHEMOREGENERALTERMAGGLOMERATIONANDREFERTOLARGE,DIVERSECONCENTRATIONSOFECONOMICACTIVITYINOTHERCONTEXTS
15、,CLUSTERSAREDEFINEDNARROWLYTOREFERTOGROUPSOFFIRMSANDESTABLISHMENTSLOCATEDINCLOSEPROXIMITYTHATARECLOSELYCONNECTEDINNETWORKS,WHERENETWORKSAREDEFINEDAS“COOPERATIONAMONGFIRMSTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFCOMPLEMENTARITIES,EXPLOITNEWMARKETS,INTEGRATEACTIVITIES,ORPOOLRESOURCES“ROSENFELD1995FORTHISPAPER,ITAKEANINTERMED
16、IATEVIEWANDDEFINEANINDUSTRYCLUSTERASAGROUPOFESTABLISHMENTSINTHESAMEORCLOSELYRELATEDINDUSTRY,LOCATEDINCLOSEPROXIMITYTOEACHOTHER,WHETHERORNOTTHEYARECONNECTEDINTHESENSEOFFORMINGANETWORKNETWORKSANDCLUSTERSOFTENGOTOGETHERBUTTHEYARECONCEPTUALLYDISTINCTNETWORKSINVOLVEFORMALORINFORMALINTERACTIONSAMONGTHEEST
17、ABLISHMENTSINTHENETWORKHARRISON1992CLEARLYPROXIMITYISLIKELYTOFACILITATENETWORKINGBUTDISTANCEDOESNOTRULEOUTTHEEFFECTIVEOPERATIONOFANETWORKMALECKIANDTOOTLE1996INDUSTRYCLUSTERS,INCONTRAST,AREBASEDONLYONPROXIMITYASIHOPEWILLBECLEARFROMTHEFOLLOWINGDISCUSSION,NODIRECTINTERACTIONAMONGESTABLISHMENTSWITHINACL
18、USTERISNECESSARYFORTHEEXISTENCEOFCLUSTERRELATEDEXTERNALITIESBECAUSEMANYSUCHEXTERNALITIESOPERATETHROUGHTHEMARKETTHENOTIONTHATSIMILARINDUSTRIESCLUSTERTOGETHERISHARDLYNEW,HAVINGBEENDESCRIBEDINTHEGENERALECONOMICLITERATUREATLEASTASFARBACKASMARSHALLSPRINCIPLESMULLIGAN1984FOLLOWINGMARSHALL,INDUSTRIESCLUSTE
19、RFORTHREEBASICREASONS,ALLRELATEDTOMINIMIZINGCOSTSFIRST,INDUSTRIESCLUSTERINORDERTOREDUCETRANSPORTATIONCOSTSBECAUSETRANSPORTATIONCOSTSFORSOMEGOODSANDSERVICESAREVERYHIGH,THELOCATIONOFESTABLISHMENTSINSOMEINDUSTRIESISLARGELYDICTATEDBYTHELOCATIONOFEITHERTHEIRPRIMARYINPUTSORTHEMARKETSFORTHEIROUTPUTSFOREXAM
20、PLE,THELOCATIONOFEXTRACTIVEINDUSTRIESSUCHASMININGANDLOGGINGWILLBEDETERMINEDLARGELYBYTHELOCATIONOFMINERALDEPOSITSANDFORESTSSIMILARLY,SERVICEPRODUCINGINDUSTRIESTHATREQUIREFACETOFACECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENSERVICEPRODUCERANDCUSTOMERWILLTENDTOLOCATECLOSETOTHEIRCUSTOMERSTHELOCATIONOFESTABLISHMENTSFORWHICHTHE
21、LOWESTCOSTLOCATIONISNOTDICTATEDBYTHELOCATIONOFINPUTSORMARKETSFOROUTPUTS,OFTENCALLEDFOOTLOOSEESTABLISHMENTS,INVOLVESAMORECOMPLICATEDBALANCINGOFTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSANDOTHERCOSTSRECENTWORKHASSHOWNTHATESTABLISHMENTSINANINDUSTRYWILLTENDTOCLUSTERFORAWIDERANGEOFTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSASLONGASTHEREAREINCREASINGR
22、ETURNSTOSCALEINPRODUCTIONKRUGMAN1991PUGA1999VENABLES1996SECOND,INDUSTRIESCLUSTERTOREDUCELABORCOSTSCLUSTERINGMAYREDUCELABORCOSTSBYINCREASINGTHELOCALLABORSUPPLYORBYINCREASINGLABORPRODUCTIVITYTHELOCALLABORSUPPLYMAYINCREASEASARESULTOFMARSHALLIANRISKPOOLINGIFWORKERSARERISKAVERSE,THEYWILLTENDTOBEATTRACTED
23、TOAREASWITHMANYPOTENTIALEMPLOYERSBECAUSEALARGENUMBEROFEMPLOYERSINALABORMARKETSHIELDSWORKERS,ATLEASTTOSOMEDEGREE,FROMFLUCTUATIONSINEMPLOYMENTLEVELSOFINDIVIDUALEMPLOYERSBYINCREASINGLABORSUPPLY,MARSHALLIANRISKPOOLINGTENDSTOREDUCEWAGES,EVERYTHINGELSEBEINGEQUALDAVIDANDROSENBLOOM1990CLUSTERINGWILLALSORESU
24、LTINLOWERLABORCOSTSBECAUSEITRAISESLABORPRODUCTIVITYTHISEFFECTISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTBECAUSEWITHHIGHERLABORPRODUCTIVITY,WAGESCANBEHIGHERATTHESAMETIMETHATLABORCOSTSPERUNITOFOUTPUTARELOWERCLUSTERINGMAYRAISELABORPRODUCTIVITYINTWODIFFERENTWAYSLABORMARKETSFORINDUSTRYCLUSTERSWILLTENDTOHAVEARELATIVELYLARGER
25、POOLOFLABORWITHSPECIALIZEDSKILLSAPPROPRIATEFORTHEPARTICULARINDUSTRYCOMPOSINGTHECLUSTERSESTABLISHMENTSWILLTHUSFINDITEASIERTOOBTAINWORKERSWITHSKILLSTHATCLOSELYMATCHTHEIRJOBREQUIREMENTSTHANWOULDOTHERWISEBETHECASEBECAUSELABORPRODUCTIVITYISLIKELYTOBEPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOHOWCLOSELYWORKERSKILLSMATCHJOBREQUIR
26、EMENTS,AVERAGELABORPRODUCTIVITYWILLBEHIGHERINCLUSTERSTHANOUTSIDECLUSTERS,EVENIFWORKERSHAVEVERYSIMILARSKILLSANDABILITIESCLUSTERSALSOAPPEARTOENHANCEWORKERSKILLSAMONGTHEMOREIMPORTANTWAYSINWHICHWORKERSIMPROVETHEIRKNOWLEDGEANDSKILLSAREONTHEJOBTRAININGANDLEARNINGFROMOTHERWORKERSANINDIVIDUALSSKILLSWILLIMPR
27、OVEFASTERTHEMOREOFTENTHEINDIVIDUALWORKSWITHHIGHSKILLEDWORKERSINOTHERWORDS,HUMANCAPITAL,ANDTHERATEOFINCREASEINHUMANCAPITAL,AREBOTHHYPOTHESIZEDTOBEFUNCTIONSOFTHEDENSITYOFECONOMICACTIVITYGIBBSANDBERNAT1997BGLAESERANDMARE1994JOVANOVICANDROB1989RAUCH1993RURALINDUSTRYCLUSTERS,BEINGLOCATIONSWHEREECONOMICAC
28、TIVITYISRELATIVELYDENSE,MAYTHEREFORECONTRIBUTETOGREATERLEVELSOFHUMANCAPITAL,ANDTHEREFORETOHIGHERLABORPRODUCTIVITYANDWAGES,THANWOULDOTHERWISEBETHECASETHIRD,INDUSTRIESWILLCLUSTERINORDERTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFWHATARECALLED“KNOWLEDGESPILLOVERS“FROMNEARBYESTABLISHMENTSTHETERMKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERREFERSTOTHESPREAD
29、OFINFORMATIONABOUTTECHNOLOGYORMARKETSFROMONEFIRMORESTABLISHMENTTOANOTHERFOREXAMPLE,SUPPOSEAFIRMDEVELOPSANIMPROVEDMETHODOFPRODUCINGAPARTICULARPRODUCTAKNOWLEDGESPILLOVEROCCURSWHENOTHERFIRMSFINDOUTABOUTTHENEWMETHODANDUSEITTOIMPROVETHEIRPRODUCTIONPROCESSBECAUSEMANYKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSOCCURINFORMALLY,FORE
30、XAMPLEWHENWORKERSEMPLOYEDBYTHEINNOVATINGFIRMTAKEJOBSATOTHERFIRMSORMANAGERSOFFIRMSMEETOUTSIDEOFWORKRELATEDMEETINGS,THEYAREMORELIKELYTOOCCURAMONGESTABLISHMENTSLOCATEDINCLUSTERSTHANAMONGISOLATEDESTABLISHMENTSWHENKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSOCCUR,INNOVATIONSSPREADAMONGESTABLISHMENTS,RAISINGTHEPRODUCTIVITYOFBOTHC
31、APITALANDLABORTHROUGHOUTTHECLUSTERBYNATURE,KNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSARENOTREADILYOBSERVABLEANDARETHEREFOREDIFFICULTTOMEASUREANDQUANTIFYNEVERTHELESS,THEIREXISTENCEISWIDELYACCEPTEDFORINSTANCE,COMMONLYCITEDEXAMPLESOFCLUSTERINGBASEDONKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSARETHECOMPUTERANDRELATEDESTABLISHMENTSINTHESILICONVALLEYO
32、FCALIFORNIAANDTHEROUTE128CORRIDORINMASSACHUSETTS,THEFINANCIALDISTRICTINNEWYORKCITY,ANDCARPETMANUFACTURERSINDALTON,GEORGIACLUSTERINGGENERATESBOTHPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEEXTERNALITIESTHETHREEBROADREASONSFORCLUSTERINGJUSTDISCUSSEDPRODUCEPOSITIVEEXTERNALITIESTHATAREINCREASINGFUNCTIONSOFTHESIZEOFTHECLUSTERINO
33、THERWORDS,THEGREATERTHENUMBEROFESTABLISHMENTSINACLUSTER,THEGREATERTHECOSTANDPRODUCTIVITYADVANTAGESFORANINDIVIDUALESTABLISHMENTNEGATIVEEXTERNALITIES,HOWEVER,AREALSOPRODUCEDASTHENUMBEROFESTABLISHMENTSINACLUSTERGROWS,COSTSAREALSOLIKELYTOINCREASEDUETOINCREASEDCOMPETITIONAMONGTHEESTABLISHMENTSINTHECLUSTE
34、RFORLANDANDLABOR,ANDINCREASEDCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHCONGESTIONTHEEXISTENCEOFSUCHNEGATIVEEXTERNALITIESENSURESTHATCLUSTERSDONOTGROWWITHOUTBOUND,ALTHOUGHTHEEXACTLIMITSARELIKELYTODIFFERAMONGINDUSTRIESHOWDOCLUSTERSBENEFITRURALLABORMARKETSTHEPOTENTIALBENEFITSOFCLUSTERINGTORURALLABORMARKETSMIRRORTHEBENEFITSTOE
35、STABLISHMENTSINTHEINDUSTRYCLUSTERBARKLEYANDHENRY1997THEMOSTOBVIOUSWAYINWHICHCLUSTERINGISLIKELYTOBENEFITRURALLABORMARKETSISTOCONTRIBUTETOAMORESTABLEECONOMICBASETOTHEEXTENTTHATCLUSTERINGMAKESLOCALESTABLISHMENTSMORECOMPETITIVE,FIRMSANDESTABLISHMENTSINTHECLUSTERAREMORELIKELYTOSHAREINANYINDUSTRYWIDEGROWT
36、HANDLESSLIKELYTOBEAFFECTEDBYINDUSTRYWIDEDOWNTURNSFORSOMEINDUSTRIES,INNOVATIONISLIKELYTOBEHIGHERINCLUSTERSTHANOUTSIDECLUSTERS,ESPECIALLYIFTHECLUSTERSALSOINVOLVENETWORKSSUCHINNOVATIONISLIKELYTOPROVIDECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESBEYONDANYMARSHALLIANEXTERNALITIESTOTHEFIRMSANDESTABLISHMENTSINTHECLUSTERCLUSTERSW
37、ILLTHUSPROVIDEBETTERJOBGROWTHANDRETENTIONBECAUSECLUSTEREDLOCALESTABLISHMENTSWILLTENDTOBEMORECOMPETITIVETHANESTABLISHMENTSOUTSIDECLUSTERSMARSHALLIANRISKPOOLINGALSOHASBENEFITSTORURALLABORBECAUSETHEREAREMOREFIRMSINTHELOCALECONOMY,ANINDIVIDUALWORKERISLESSDEPENDENTONANINDIVIDUALFIRMFOREMPLOYMENTCONSEQUEN
38、TLY,WORKERSAREATLEASTPARTIALLYPROTECTEDFROMIDIOSYNCRATICFLUCTUATIONSINEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESASSOCIATEDWITHINDIVIDUALFIRMSFINALLY,WHILEWORKERSMAYBEWILLINGTOWORKFORLOWERWAGESBECAUSEOFTHERISKPOOLINGASPECTSOFCLUSTERS,THEYMAYACTUALLYRECEIVEHIGHERWAGESTHANTHEYWOULDOUTSIDEOFCLUSTERSBECAUSEBOTHLABORANDCAPI
39、TALAREMOREPRODUCTIVEINCLUSTERS,FIRMSMAYPAYHIGHERWAGESRECENTRESEARCHPROVIDESSUPPORTFORTHISHYPOTHESISBYFINDINGTHATRURALANDURBANWORKERSBOTHACQUIREHUMANCAPITALATHIGHERRATESINCLUSTERSTHANOUTSIDEOFCLUSTERSGIBBSANDBERNAT,1997CONCLUSIONALTHOUGHTHEREISSTILLRELATIVELYLITTLESOLIDEVIDENCEREGARDINGTHEROLEOFAGGLO
40、MERATIONANDINDUSTRYCLUSTERINGINLOCALECONOMICGROWTH,THEGENERALLYPOSITIVEFINDINGSREPRESENTBOTHBADNEWSANDGOODNEWSFORRURALAREASTHATAGGLOMERATIONANDCLUSTERINGAPPEARTOBEIMPORTANTININDUSTRYGROWTHISBADNEWSINTHESENSETHATITMEANSRURALAREASWILLALWAYSBEATASIGNIFICANTDISADVANTAGECOMPAREDTOURBANAREASTHEGOODNEWSIST
41、HATTHEMOSTIMPORTANTEFFECTSSEEMTOBEDUETOINDUSTRYCLUSTERINGANDNOTGENERALAGGLOMERATIONTHISISGOODNEWSBECAUSEINDUSTRYCLUSTERSCANANDDOOCCUROUTSIDEURBANAREASINTERMSOFRURALDEVELOPMENTPOLICY,THEMIXEDRESULTSINDICATETHAT,ATLEASTFORSOMERURALAREAS,POLICIESDIRECTEDATCREATINGANDFOSTERINGINDUSTRYCLUSTERSMAYPROVIDEA
42、SIGNIFICANTBOOSTTOLOCALECONOMIESHOWEVER,THESEPOLICIESWOULDHAVETOBECAREFULLYCRAFTEDANDTARGETEDBECAUSETHEYWILLNOTBESUCCESSFULFOREVERYINDUSTRYORFOREVERYCOMMUNITYABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFINDUSTRYCLUSTERINGISNEEDEDINORDERTOMOREACCURATELYPREDICTWHICHINDUSTRIESANDWHICHAREASAREMOSTAMENABIETOCLUSTERBASEDDEVELOP
43、MENTINITIATIVESWHILETHEREISASYETNODEFINITIVEANSWERTOTHEQUESTIONOFWHETHERORNOTINDUSTRYCLUSTERSCANPROVIDEABOOSTTORURALJOBANDWAGEGROWTH,THEREISSUFFICIENTEMPIRICALSUPPORTFORCONTINUEDRESEARCHTHISPAPERHASFOCUSEDLARGELYONTHEMEASUREMENTOFCLUSTERSUSINGWHATMIGHTBECALLEDSECONDARYSOURCEDATAANUMBEROFDIRECTIONSFO
44、RFURTHERRESEARCHHAVEBEENINDICATEDFOREXAMPLE,MORERESEARCHISNEEDEDINTOMEASURESOFCLUSTERINGTHATTAKEINTOACCOUNTLINKAGESAMONGINDUSTRIESMOREWORKALSOISNEEDEDINDETERMININGTHEAPPROPRIATESPATIALSCALEINTERMSOFINVESTIGATINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCLUSTERSANDGROWTH,AMORETHOROUGHANALYSISTHATTAKESINTOACCOUNTTHEMULTI
45、TUDEOFFACTORSTHATAFFECTLOCALGROWTHNEEDSTOBEUNDERTAKENINORDERTOIDENTIFYTHECONTRIBUTIONOFCLUSTERSTOLOCALECONOMICGROWTHTHEUSEOFSECONDARYSOURCEDATA,ASINTHETYPEOFANALYSISDESCRIBEDABOVE,ISUSEFULINCOMPARINGALARGENUMBEROFLOCALECONOMIESANDINANALYZINGBROADTRENDS,BUTTHEREARELIMITSTOHOWMUCHITCANTELLUSABOUTCLUST
46、ERSANDTHEIREFFECTSONRURALLABORMARKETSCONSEQUENTLY,ACOMBINATIONOFSECONDARYSOURCEANALYSISANDCASESTUDIES,WHICHAREBETTERABLETOTELLUSMOREABOUTTHEFORMATIONANDFUNCTIONINGOFINDUSTRYCLUSTERS,ARENEEDEDIFWEARETOIMPROVEOURUNDERSTANDINGOFINDUSTRYCLUSTERSANDTHEIREFFECTSONLOCALECONOMIES译文产业集群与农村劳动力市场摘要随着最近重新兴起的聚集和
47、经济活动的集群的利益，产业集群作为一个潜在的经济发展战略，已经有越来越有吸引力。归根结底，集群是否是一个农村地区经济发展战略的重点，依赖于集群和地方经济增长的关系。本文的主要目的是讨论一些涉及衡量关于集群和农村经济的增长的关系的问题。有关产业集群和农村收入增长关系的初步证据，我们已经提出了支持的概念，集群集中的发展战略在一些农村地区是有效的。随着最近重新的利益吸引在集聚和集群的经济活动中的出现，产业集群作为一个潜在的经济发展战略对经济增长产生了巨大的作用。这种利益是出于两个一般趋势。首先，最近的研究表明，快速的技术变革改变了经济环境的方式，使设在集群竞争优势中的机构处于相对孤立（MALECKI
48、1991252；斯托尔198629；波特199558）。这是事实，农村地区的机构，就是定义在相对偏僻的地区，相对于机构在城市地区将越来越处于不利的竞争地位。所表达的意见本文完全是作者的，不一定反映无论是经济分析局和美国商务部的意见。作者感谢两名匿名评审员的有用帮助。产业集群与劳动力市场有越来越多的不满关于传统的经济发展战略，例如工业招募或“烟囱追逐”利用出口退税，基础设施发展，特别培训计划和其他奖励，来吸引企业的一个领域作为一个经济发展战略。这一战略在许多经济发展的专家看来，就是作为一个战略不仅是一个相对较高的失败概率，或者即使是成功的，其中一个相对较低的净回报，因为与其他地方的竞争往往通过成
49、本提高的奖励办法，必须提供成功地吸引了新的工厂或公司（SEARS和BERNAT1998年和ISSERMAN1994年）。此外，在未来，容易受到奖励的地点比尚未成本较低的地方更有吸引力。鼓励集群的战略，相对于“烟囱追逐”，被认为更有可能产生积极的结果，并更具成本效益，因为外部经济的存在，集群为企业和机构一部分集群留在该地区提供内置的奖励办法。此外，这些同样的外部经济将有助于吸引更多的企业和机构，一旦集群成立后，它将维持本身，而不是依靠政府的援助，以保持其活力。归根结底，集群是否是一个农村地区经济发展战略的重点，依赖于集群和地方经济增长的关系。本文的目的是讨论一些问题，涉及衡量关于集群和农村经济的增长的关系的问题。没有关于任何这些问题尝试来提供明确的答案。相反，我们的目标是比较温和的一个确定的关键问题，涉及集群和农村经济增长，并提出了一些初步的调查结果关联产业集群和收入的增长。正如审查员所指出的，集群也可以是工业征聘战略的一部分，企业招聘评估，基于他们如何适应现有的集群。然而，在何种程度上集群对这种类型的工业招聘的成功作出的贡献将是本文讨论的问题的一个功能。下一节是一个简短复习集群的作用的文献，以及它们在区域经济增长的角色。同时讨论了如何聚集可能受益的农村劳动力市场，并总结一些现有的经验证据。最后提出了进一步工作的一些想法。什么是集群与他们为什么存在职权集群和集群出现在区域经济
