1、1毕业论文外文文献外文题目INDUSTRIALECOLOGYINPRACTICETHEEVOLUTIONOFINTERDEPENDENCEATKALUNDBORG出处JOURNALOFINDUSTRIALECOLOGY作者JOHNEHRENFELDNICHOLASGERTLERINDUSTRIALECOLOGYINPRACTICETHEEVOLUTIONOFINTERDEPENDENCEATKALUNDBORGSUMMARYTHEEXCHANGEOFWASTES,BYPRODUCTS,ANDENERGYAMONGCLOSELYSITUATEDFIRMSISONEOFTHEDISTINCTIVE
2、FEATURESOFTHEAPPLICATIONSOFINDUSTRIALECOLOGICALPRINCIPLESTHEEXCHANGEOFWASTES,BYPRODUCTS,ANDENERGYAMONGCLOSELYSITUATEDFIRMSISONEOFTHEDISTINCTIVEFEATURESOFTHEAPPLICATIONSOFINDUSTRIALECOLOGICALPRINCIPLESTHISARTICLEEXAMINESTHEINDUSTRIALDISTRICTATKALUNDBORG,DENMARK,OFTENLABELEDASAN“INDUSTRIALECOSYSTEM”OR
3、“INDUSTRIALSYMBIOSIS”BECAUSEOFTHEMANYLINKSAMONGTHEFIRMSTHEFORCESTHATLEDTOITSEVOLUTIONANDTOTHEINTERDEPENDENCIESAREDESCRIBEDANDANALYZEDKEYHASBEENASEQUENCEOFINDEPENDENT,ECONOMICALLYDRIVENACTIONSOTHERPOTENTIALFORMSOFINDUSTRIALLINKAGESARECRITICALLYREVIEWEDINTHELIGHTOFTHEKALUNDBORGEXPERIENCETHEEVOLUTIONAR
4、YPATTERNFOLLOWEDATKALUNDBORGMAYNOTBEEASILYTRANSFERABLETOGREENFIELDDEVELOPMENTSKEYWORDSECOINDUSTRIALPARKGREENTWINNINGINDUSTRIALECOSYSTEMSINDUSTRIALSYMBIOSISISLANDSOFSUSTAINABILITYKALUNDBORGINTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIALECOLOGYISANEWCONCEPTEMERGINGINTHEEVOLUTIONOFENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTPARADIGMSEHRENFELD1995,
5、ANDSPRINGSFROMINTERESTSININTEGRATINGNOTIONSOFSUSTAINABILITYINTOENVIRONMENTALANDECONOMICSYSTEMSALLENBY1992JELINSKIETAL1992ALLENANDBEHMANISH1994EHRENFELD1995ENVIRONMENTAL2THINKINGHASRECENTLYFOCUSEDONACONSCIOUSNESSOFTHEINTIMATEANDCRITICALRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENHUMANACTIONSANDTHENATURALWORLD,ANDREFLECTSLIM
6、ITSINTHECURRENTRELIANCEONCOMMANDANDCONTROLREGULATIONINMUCHOFTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDWORLDTHECRITICALPROBLEMISTHAT,FORTHEMOSTPART,THEECONOMYOPERATESASANOPENSYSTEM,DRAWINGRAWMATERIALSFROMTHEENVIRONMENTANDRETURNINGVASTAMOUNTSOFUNUSEDBYPRODUCTSINTHEFORMOFPOLLUTIONANDWASTETHEPRODUCTSTHATFIRMSMARKETAREONLYASMALL
7、PORTIONOFWHATTHEIRPROCESSESTURNOUTASIGNIFICANTPORTIONOFTHEIROUTPUTEVENTUALLYLEAVESTHEECONOMYASWASTEANDRETURNSTOTHEENVIRONMENTINFORMSTHATMAYSTRESSITUNACCEPTABLYASLONGASATTENTIONISLIMITEDTOPRODUCTSANDPROCESSESVIEWEDINISOLATION,LARGERSYSTEMICPROBLEMS,SUCHASTHEACCUMULATIONOFPERSISTENTTOXICMATERIALS,WILL
8、NOTBEADDRESSEDINCREASEDECONOMICOUTPUTWILLSTILLCAUSEINCREASEDENVIRONMENTALHARMINSUCHAFRAMEOFANALYSISSTRONGLINKSBETWEENENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENTEMERGEDFROMTHEGLOBALCONSENSUSFOLLOWINGTHE1992RIOEARTHSUMMITFOREXAMPLE,THERECENTREPORTOFTHEPRESIDENTSCOUNCILFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTPCSDINTHEUNITEDSTATESCONCL
9、UDES,“INTHEEND,WEFOUNDAGREEMENTAROUNDTHEIDEATHATTOACHIEVEOURVISIONOFSUSTAINABILITYSOMETHINGSMUSTGROWJOBS,PRODUCTIVITY,WAGES,PROFITS,CAPITALANDSAVINGS,INFORMATION,KNOWLEDGE,EDUCATIONANDOTHERSPOLLUTION,WASTE,POVERTY,ENERGYANDMATERIALUSEPERUNITOFOUTPUTMUSTNOT”PCSD1996ACCOMPLISHINGECONOMICGROWTHANDENVIR
10、ONMENTALPROTECTIONSIMULTANEOUSLYREQUIRESFUNDAMENTALLYNEWWAYSOFEXAMININGANDDESIGNINGSOCIOECONOMICSYSTEMSONEWAYTOGETBEYONDTHEANALYTICLIMITSOFSTANDARDECONOMICTHEORYISTODRAWONANECOLOGICALMETAPHORASAMEANSTOBETTERUNDERSTANDENERGYANDMATERIALFLOWSANDASAGUIDETOTHEDESIGNOFINDUSTRIALSTRUCTURESANDPUBLICPOLICIES
11、DALY1991ROBERTAYRESHASCALLEDSYSTEMWIDEMATERIALFLOWSTHEINDUSTRIALMETABOLISMOFANECONOMYAYRES1989AYRESANDSIMONIES1994EMERGINGMODELSFOROPERATIONALIZINGINDUSTRIALECOLOGYSUGGESTSIMPLEPRINCIPLESFORDESIGN,FOREXAMPLE,CLOSINGMATERIALLOOPS,AVOIDANCEOFUPSETSTOTHEMETABOLISMOFTHENATURALSYSTEMTOXICSELIMINATIONANDP
12、OLLUTIONPREVENTION,DEMATERIALIZATION,ANDTHERMODYNAMICALLYEFFICIENTENERGYUTILIZATIONEHRENFELD1995LOWE1994TIBBS1992THESEPRINCIPLESHAVETHEPOTENTIALOFMOVINGSOCIETYAWAYFROMUNSUSTAINABLE3DEVELOPMENTPATTERNSBYGREATLYREDUCINGTHEFLOWSOFENERGYANDMATERIALSINTOANDOUTOFANECONOMYMOVINGFROMLINEARTHROUGHPUTTOCLOSED
13、LOOPMATERIALANDENERGYUSEAREKEYTHEMESININDUSTRIALECOLOGYINDUSTRIALACTIVITYBASEDONSUCHANECOLOGICALCONCEPTIONCANGREATLYREDUCEHARMFULIMPACTSASSOCIATEDWITHPOLLUTIONANDWASTEDISPOSAL,WHILEEASINGTHEDRAINONFINITESTRATEGICRESOURCESFAMILIARPRACTICESSUCHASREUSE,REMANUFACTURE,ANDRECYCLINGREPRESENTAMOVEINTHISDIRE
14、CTIONINDUSTRIALSYMBIOSISISCLOSELYRELATEDANDINVOLVESTHECREATIONOFLINKAGESBETWEENFIRMSTORAISETHEEFFICIENCY,MEASUREDATTHESCALEOFTHESYSTEMASAWHOLE,OFMATERIALANDENERGYFLOWSTHROUGHTHEENTIRECLUSTEROFPROCESSESSOMEOFTHEFIRMS,VIEWEDINDEPENDENTLY,MAYAPPEARTOBEINEFFICIENTCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALMEASURESOFENVIRONM
15、ENTALPERFORMANCEYETENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCECANBESUPERIORINTHEOVERALLGROUPOFFIRMSBECAUSEOFTHELINKAGESTHECASCADINGUSEOFENERGYANDTHEUSEOFINDUSTRIALBYPRODUCTSASFEEDSTOCKSFORPROCESSESOTHERTHANTHEONESTHATCREATEDTHEMISFUNDAMENTALTOTHISAPPROACHINSUCHCASES,BYPRODUCTSCANREPLACEVIRGINMATERIALSASFEEDSTOCKSENERG
16、YCASCADINGINVOLVESTHEUSEOFTHERESIDUALENERGYINLIQUIDSORSTEAMEMANATINGFROMONEPROCESSTOPROVIDEHEATING,COOLING,ORPRESSUREFORANOTHERPROCESSTHEEVOLUTIONOFASETOFINTERRELATEDSYMBIOTICLINKSAMONGGROUPSOFFIRMSINANAREAGIVESRISETOACOMPLEXTHATWEANDOTHERSCALLANINDUSTRIALECOSYSTEMTHISARTICLEEXAMINESANEXAMPLEOFTHEDE
17、VELOPMENTOFSUCHANINDUSTRIALECOSYSTEMANDTHECONTEXTINWHICHITEMERGED,IDENTIFYINGCHARACTERISTICSTHATMAYBEUSEFULINPOLICYDESIGNSTABLEECOLOGICALSYSTEMSARESTEADYSTATE,ENTROPYMINIMIZING,HIGHLYINTERDEPENDENTCOLLECTIONSOFPRODUCERSANDCONSUMERSPRIGOGINE1955THESECHARACTERISTICSAREDIFFERENTFROMTHOSEOFANECONOMYMODE
18、LEDAFTERSTANDARDECONOMICPREMISESQUASIEQUILIBRIUMSYSTEMSOFESSENTIALLYINDEPENDENTENTITIESOBSERVATIONSOFMATERIALSFLOWSANDENERGYCONSUMPTIONININDUSTRIALIZEDECONOMIESINDICATEHIGHLYDISSIPATIVEUSAGEWHICHTRANSLATESINTOENTROPYINCREASINGPROCESSESAYRES1994AYRESNOTESTHATECOLOGICALSYSTEMSAREDISSIPATIVE,ALSOATSTEA
19、DYSTATE,HOWEVER,THEYCORRESPONDTHERMODYNAMICALLYTOCONDITIONSOFMINIMUMLEVELSOFENTROPYPRODUCTIONPRIGOGINE1955PRIGOGINENOTESFURTHERTHATSUCH4ENTROPYMINIMIZINGSTATESINSTABLEBIOLOGICALSYSTEMSAREACCOMPANIEDBYINCREASESINTHEINTERDEPENDENCEAMONGTHEENTITIESTHENOTIONOFFOODWEBS,INCLUDINGDETRITIVORESTHESCAVENGERST
20、HATCONSUMETHEWASTESOFOTHERSPECIESASIMPORTANTMEMBERS,HIGHLIGHTSTHEIDEAOFCLOSEDORNEARLYCLOSEDMATERIALLOOPSINSUCHSTABLESYSTEMSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTEADYSTATEECONOMIESANDTHERMODYNAMICSWASFIRSTELABORATEDBYGEORGESCUROEGEN1971ANDFURTHERUSEDASONEOFTHEKEYFOUNDATIONSINHERMANDALYSSTEADYSTATEECONOMICFRAMEWORK
21、DALY1991CLOUD1977,679NOTEDTHAT,“MATERIALSANDENERGYARETHEINTERDEPENDENTFEEDSTOCKSOFECONOMICSYSTEMS,ANDTHERMODYNAMICSISTHEIRMODERATOR”INTERESTINGLY,HEREFERSTOTHE“INDUSTRIALECOSYSTEM”INTHEARTICLE,PERHAPSTHEEARLIESTUSEOFTHISTERMTHEIMPORTANCEOFENTROPYISTHATITISAMEASURERELATEDTOTHEPRACTICALAVAILABILITYOFM
22、ATERIALSANDENERGYINASYSTEMDALY1991ENTROPY,ASAMEASUREOFDISORDERINASYSTEM,ALWAYSINCREASESASENERGYISMADEAVAILABLEFROMITSCHEMICALPOTENTIALINFOSSILFUELSANDWASTESAREDISSIPATEDINTHEENVIRONMENTREGAININGTHEUTILITYOFTHEENERGYANDMATERIALSREQUIRESREVERSINGTHEENTROPICFLOWSWHICHCANBEDONEONLYATTHEEXPENSEOFUSINGEVE
23、NMOREENERGYTHUS,ECONOMICARRANGEMENTSTHATMINIMIZETHEPRODUCTIONOFENTROPYHAVESOMELONGTERMADVANTAGESINTHECONTEXTOFSUSTAINABILITY,OVERANDABOVEARGUMENTSBASEDSOLELYONEFFICIENCYALLOFTHISISPRELUDETOINTRODUCINGINDUSTRIALSYMBIOSIS,ANOTHERECOLOGICALMETAPHORUSEDTODESCRIBEAPRACTICALECONOMICARRANGEMENTSYMBIOSISISA
24、BIOLOGICALTERMREFERRINGTO“ACLOSESUSTAINEDLIVINGTOGETHEROFTWOSPECIESORKINDSOFORGANISMS”ENCYCLOPAEDIABRITANNICA1992,141034THETERMWASUSEDASEARLYAS1873BYAGERMANBOTANIST,HADEBARY,TODESCRIBETHEINTIMATE,MUTUALLYBENEFICIALCOUPLINGOFFUNGIANDALGAEINLICHENSSYMBIOSISINECONOMICSYSTEMSISMANIFESTINTHEEXCHANGEOFMAT
25、ERIALSANDENERGYBETWEENINDIVIDUALFIRMSLOCATEDINCLOSEPROXIMITYITISASPECIFICEXAMPLEOFCOMBININGSEVERALGENERICINDUSTRIALECOLOGICALBEHAVIORPATTERNS,FOREXAMPLE,LOOPCLOSINGANDENERGYCASCADESEHRENFELD1995ALTHOUGHNOTANECESSARYCONDITIONFORALLLOOPCLOSINGEXCHANGES,INPARTICULARTHOSEFORCOMMODITYMATERIALSLIKESCRAPPA
26、PERORSTEEL,PROXIMITYISAHALLMARKOFINDUSTRIALSYMBIOSISTHISARTICLEARGUESTHATSYMBIOSESAREDISTINCTAND5EVOLVETHROUGHADIFFERENTPROCESSFROMTHESEMORECOMMONMARKETACTIVITIESTHEKALUNDBORGINDUSTRIALECOSYSTEMAHIGHLYEVOLVEDINDUSTRIALECOSYSTEMISLOCATEDINTHESEASIDEINDUSTRIALTOWNOFKALUNDBORGDENMARKGENTLERANDEHRENFELD
27、1996ELEVENPHYSICALLINKAGESCOMPRISEMUCHOFTHETANGIBLEASPECTOFINDUSTRIALSYMBIOSISINKALUNDBORGTHETOWNSFOURMAININDUSTRIESASNAESPOWERSTATION,A1,500MEGAWATTCOALFIREDPOWERPLANTALARGEOILREFINERYOPERATEDBYSTATOILNOVONORDISK,AMAKEROFPHARMACEUTICALSANDENZYMESANDGYPROC,APLASTERBOARDMANUFACTURERANDSEVERALUSERSWIT
28、HINTHEMUNICIPALITYTRADEANDMAKEUSEOFWASTESTREAMSANDENERGYRESOURCES,ANDTURNBYPRODUCTSINTORAWMATERIALSFIRMSOUTSIDETHEAREAALSOPARTICIPATEASRECIPIENTSOFBYPRODUCTTORAWMATERIALEXCHANGESTHESYMBIOSESEVOLVEDGRADUALLYSEETABLE1ANDWITHOUTAGRANDDESIGNOVERTHEPAST25YEARS,ASTHEFIRMSSOUGHTTOMAKEECONOMICUSEOFTHEIRBYPR
29、ODUCTSANDTOMINIMIZETHECOSTOFCOMPLIANCEWITHNEW,EVERSTRICTERENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONSATTHEHEARTOFTHISSYSTEMOFARRANGEMENTSISTHEASNAESPOWERSTATION,THELARGESTPOWERPLANTINDENMARKBYEXPORTINGPARTOFTHEFORMERLYWASTEDENERGY,ASNAESHASREDUCEDTHEFRACTIONOFAVAILABLEENERGYDIRECTLYDISCARDEDBYABOUT80SINCE1981,THETOWNO
30、FKALUNDBORGHASELIMINATEDTHEUSEOF3,500OILFIREDRESIDENTIALFURNACESBYDISTRIBUTINGHEATFROMTHEPOWERPLANTTHROUGHANETWORKOFUNDERGROUNDPIPESHOMEOWNERSPAYFORTHEPIPING,BUTRECEIVECHEAP,RELIABLEHEATINRETURNTHEPOWERPLANTALSOSUPPLIESHEATTOITSOWNFISHFARM,EXPLOITINGANINCREASEINGROWTHRATEFROMTHEWARMERWATERSLUDGEFROM
31、THEPONDSISSOLDASFERTILIZERASNAESALSODELIVERSPROCESSSTEAMTOITSNEIGHBORS,NOVONORDISKANDSTATOILTHESTATOILREFINERYRECEIVES40OFITSSTEAMREQUIREMENTSWHILENOVONORDISKRECEIVESALLOFITSSTEAMREQUIREMENTSFROMASNAESTHEDECISIONTORELYCOMPLETELYONASNAESFORSTEAMWASMADEIN1982WHENNOVONORDISKWASFACEDWITHTHENEEDTOUPGRADE
32、ANDRENOVATEITSBOILERSBUYINGSTEAMFROMOUTSIDEWASSEENASACHEAPERALTERNATIVETHETWOMILELONGSTEAMPIPELINEBUILTFORTHEINTERCHANGEPAIDFORITSELF6INTWOYEARSINADDITION,THERMALPOLLUTIONOFTHENEARBYFJORDFROMTHEFORMERASNAESDISCHARGEHASBEENREDUCEDTHEPOWERSTATIONALSOPROVIDESAGYPSUMCONTAININGFEEDSTOCKTOGYPROC,ANEIGHBOR
33、INGWALLBOARDMAKERIN1993,ASNAESCOMPLETEDTHEINSTALLATIONOFA115MILLIONSULFURDIOXIDESCRUBBERTHATPRODUCESCALCIUMSULFATE,ORINDUSTRIALGYPSUM,ASABYPRODUCTATARATEOF8085,000TONSPERYEARCONVENIENTLY,GYPSUMISTHEPRIMARYINGREDIENTOFWALLBOARDTWOTHIRDSOFGYPROCSGYPSUMNEEDSAREMETBYASNAESSSCRUBBER,WHILEMUCHOFTHERESTCOM
34、ESFROMASCRUBBERATASIMILARGERMANPOWERPLANTGYPROCFORMERLYOBTAINEDALLITSGYPSUMFROMSPANISHOPENPITMINESWHICHSTILLSUPPLYASMALLPORTIONOFITSNEEDSFLYASHANDCLINKER,THEREMAINSOFCOALBURNINGPOWERGENERATION,ARESOLDBYASNAESFORROADBUILDINGANDCEMENTPRODUCTIONTHENORWEGIANOWNEDSTATOILREFINERY,PRODUCINGARANGEOFPETROLEU
35、MPRODUCTSFROMLIGHTGASTOHEAVYFUELOIL,ISLOCATEDACROSSTHEROADFROMASNAESSINCE1972,STATOILHASBEENPIPINGTHEGASTOGYPROCTOFIREWALLBOARDDRYINGOVENS,ALLBUTELIMINATINGTHECOMMONPRACTICEOFFLARINGWASTEGASESTHISFUELGASSUPPLIESALLOFGYPROCSNEEDSFORCONTINUITY,GYPROCINSTALLEDABUTANEBACKUPSYSTEMFORTHOSEPERIODSWHENSTATO
36、ILSHUTSDOWNFORMAINTENANCEIN1990,STATOILBUILTASOURGASDESULPHURIZATIONPLANTPRODUCINGLIQUIDSULFURTHATISPROMPTLYTRUCKEDABOUT50KILOMETERSTOKEMIRAWHEREITISCONVERTEDTOSULFURICACIDWITHTHESULFURREMOVED,STATOILSGASISCLEANENOUGHTOBEBURNEDBYASNAESASWELLFRESHWATERSCARCITYINKALUNDBORGHASLEDTOWATERREUSESCHEMESSINC
37、E1987,STATOILHASPIPED700,000CUBICMETERSPERYEAROFCOOLINGWATERTOASNAES,WHEREITISPURIFIEDANDUSEDASBOILERFEEDWATERSTATOILHASALSOMADETREATEDWASTEWATERAVAILABLETOASNAES,WHICHUSESABOUT200,000CUBICMETERSAYEARFORCLEANINGPURPOSESSTATOILSINVESTMENTINABIOLOGICALTREATMENTFACILITYPRODUCESANEFFLUENTSUFFICIENTLYCLE
38、ANFORASNAESSUSESYMBIOTICLINKAGESHAVEREDUCEDTHEWATERDEMANDBYAROUND25AFEWMILESFROMASNAESANDSTATOILISNOVONORDISK,AWORLDLEADERINTHEPRODUCTIONOFINSULIN,ENZYMES,ANDPENICILLINTHEPLANTEMPLOYSABOUT1,000PEOPLE,ROUGHLY10OFKALUNDBORGSPOPULATIONNOVONORDISKMAKESITSPRODUCTMIXBY7FERMENTATION,BASEDONAGRICULTURALCROP
39、STHATARECONVERTEDTOVALUABLEPRODUCTSBYMICROORGANISMSANUTRIENTRICHSLUDGEREMAINSAFTERTHEPRODUCTSAREHARVESTEDSINCE1976,NOVONORDISKHASBEENDISTRIBUTINGTHEPROCESSSLUDGETOABOUTATHOUSANDNEARBYFARMSWHEREITISSPREADONTHELANDASFERTILIZERAFTERHEATTREATMENTTOKILLREMAININGMICROORGANISMS,THESLUDGEISDISTRIBUTEDTHROUG
40、HOUTTHECOUNTRYSIDEBYANETWORKOFPIPELINESANDTANKERTRUCKSNOVONORDISKPRODUCES3,000CUBICMETERSOFSLUDGEPERDAY,BUTCANONLYSTORETHREEDAYSWORTHTHESLUDGEISGIVENAWAYINSTEADOFBEINGSOLD,REFLECTINGTHEFIRMSCONCERNSFORDISPOSALSECURITYTHREEFULLTIMEEMPLOYEESCOORDINATEITSDELIVERYDISTRIBUTINGTHESLUDGEASFERTILIZERWASTHEL
41、EASTCOSTWAYTOCOMPLYWITHREGULATIONSPROHIBITINGNOVONORDISKFROMDISCHARGINGTHESLUDGEDIRECTLYINTOTHESEA8译文产业生态学的实践在凯隆堡的相互依存关系的演变摘要位于公司之中的能源的交换是生态原则在工业中的应用的特色之一。在丹麦凯隆堡所调查工业的区域内，有许多公司时常贴着一个“工业的生态系统”或“产业共生式关联”的标签，导致了它的进化和对工业间互赖的一种分析描述，这是一系列独立的经济行为的关键。其他潜在形式的工业联合在哥隆堡历史中曾受到批评性的检验。尤其是对城镇四周未开发的地区的发展，在哥隆堡被跟随的进化式
42、样可能不容易转移。关键词生态工业园区生态结工业生态系统可持续的工业共栖岛凯隆堡前言工业生态学是一个将可持续性纳入环境和经济制度的新概念，这是从利益整合的演变中出现的新型环境管理模式。最近，许多学者对环境的思考已经把重心集中在和人类活动紧密相关的一个意识天然的世界，而且反映在许多工业化世界的指挥及控制的规则上。总的来说，紧要关头的问题是把经济活动看作是一个开放的系统，减少副产品和废弃物的污染量。市场的产品只是其污染源的一小部分；他们的输出的重要部分是经济活动过程中产生的废弃物的和对环境造成的过大承载量。如果注意限制和隔绝产品的污染源，像有毒材料的积聚这样比较大的系统问题，将不被提出。经济的输出增
43、加将仍然会引起环境的恶化。环境和经济发展之间关键已经在1992年的地球高峰会在达成全球性的共识。举例来说，最近美国的PCS报告议会上指出“我们最终要实现可持续发展的愿望，就必须在就业、生产率、工资、利润、资本和储蓄、信息、知识、教育以及能源、原材料的污染等方面的达成共识，也不能忽视浪费和贫困的存在。”9要同时实现经济增长和环境保护的目的必须设计社会基本系统运行的新方法。利用一个生态的隐喻的方法，一般经济极限理论能更好地了解能源和物质的流程和作为关于工业结构和公共政策的设计指南。（戴利1991ROBERAYRES已经提出原材料在工业经济活动中新陈代谢的体系，这使工业的生态学运作的初始模型比较简单
44、，举例来说，关闭材料环，对天然系统（除去有毒的和污染预防）的新陈代谢，提高能源的有效利用率，避免其对环境造成的破坏加深。这些原则有潜力通过极大地减少物质能源的进出流量使社会远离不稳定的发展模式。材料和能源的使用是在工业的生态学中的主要问题。以生态为基础的工业活动能极大地减少与污染和废弃物处理相关的有害影响，而减少有限战略资源的消耗。熟悉的练习，像是重复使用再产品，循环利用就是表现这一方向的一次动作。工业的共栖近似地被认为是提高公司之间联合效率的创造，整体而言，是测量材料和能源在整个工业系统中的流程经过。如果独立地看待一些公司的表现，传统上似乎与环境的衡量相较是无效率的，然而连合环境的表现在全部
45、那群公司中可能是最好的。能源和工业副产物的使用程序是是基本的，在如此的情形，副产品能够替代原材料所产生的废弃物。大部分液体的能源从一个程序中蒸发，提供暖气、冷却或压力给另外的一个程序，包括剩余能源的使用。在一个区域的群体公司之中的一组相关的，由共栖进化形成的合成物，我们（或是替他人）称之为一个工业的生态系统。这篇文章通过调查一个工业的生态系统的历史背景和发展进程的例子，来识别政策设计中是否包含有用性的特性。稳定的生态系统是不变的生产者将热力学函数减到最少，又与消费者高度地相互依赖。这些特性不同于经济系统中那些本质上似乎是平衡的独立实体。工业化经济的材料流程和能源消费，转变为增加处理热力学函数高
46、度消散的用法，生态系统也是消耗的。在一些稳定的州，他们的热力学情况与最小水平热力学函数生产是相符合的。PRIGOGINE指出，那些将热力学函数减到最少的州，其生态系统中各实体之间的相互依存度也是以相应的程度在提高。而食物链的观念，强调关闭或几乎关闭如此稳定的系统材料环。不变的经济和热力学之间的关系首先被GEORGESCUROEGEN（1971详细地说明，而且更进一步在赫尔曼戴利的不变的经济结构中（戴利1991当作主要研究对象之一。“材料和能源是经济系统的相互依赖的给料，而且热力学是他们的基础。”有趣地是，在这一时期，他也许是最早在文章中提及“工业的生态10系统”一词的。热力学函数的重要性与它是
47、对一个系统的材料和能源的实际有效是相关的。（戴利1991在化石燃料中，能源的化学潜能是可想而知的，而且废弃物在环境被消散时，热力学函数作为衡量一个系统的指数总是增加，恢复能原材料的实效需要耗用更多的能源。因此，将热力学函数的生产减到最少的经济安排是存在长期利益的，但在能源的效率问题上仍然存在争论。以上这些全部是介绍工业共栖的前奏曲，另外的一个生态的隐喻是描述一个生态系统实际的经济安排。共栖是一个生物学的概念，早在1873年由一个德国植物学家HADEBARY提出，在青苔中描述真菌和藻类的亲密又互相有益的联结。经济系统中的共栖是在位于接近的个别公司之间材料和能源的交换中的载货单。比如，一些一般性的
48、工业成环的结合在一起的工业生态行为就是特定的例子。（EHRENFELD1995虽然不是一种必需的情况，但在个别项目中那些为像小纸片一样的日用品材料或钢，接近是一个工业共栖的纯度检验证明。本文主张，共生是与通常意义上的市场所不同的一种经济系统运行方式。凯隆堡的工业生态系统丹麦凯隆堡是一个位于海滨的高度发展的工业生态系统，是十一个连合在哥隆堡包含工业共栖的许多实体。城镇上有四个主要的工业ASNAES的发电所，一个1,500百万瓦的发电厂；被STATOIL操作的一个油精炼厂；制造制药的和酵素的NOVONORDISK；以及一个石膏板制造业者GYPROC，这些工业都和自治区里面的一些使用者交易而且利用废
49、弃的水流和能源进入原料之内的资源和副产物周转。在区域的外面公司，如副产物的接受者，也参与到原料交换当中来。在过去的25年内，工业之间共生没有壮观的设计，但在逐渐地进展。工业共生试图被一些公司所利用，他们利用副产物作法符合公司新的费用，这曾经比较严厉的环境规则。筹备这个系统的核心是ASNAES发电站，是丹麦最大的电厂。藉由输出从前浪费能源的一部分，ASNAES已经直接地减少部分可得的能源丢弃大约80。自从1981以后，凯隆堡的城镇已经藉由经过一个地下管的网络分配来自发电厂的热能，除去3,500屋主使用以石油为燃料的住宅火炉，回返的是廉宜又可靠的热。发电厂也提供热能给它自己的养鱼场，开发热水来提高增长率。池塘的泥被当作肥料在卖。11ASNAES也递送蒸汽给它的邻居NOVONORDISK和STATOIL，他们对蒸汽的需求是ASNAES发电厂所收到的所有需求的40，使得对ASNAES的决定存在完全的依赖性。因为当NOVONORDISK面对需要升级并且更新它的煮器的时候，蒸汽在1982年被生产出来了。从外面购买蒸汽被视为较廉宜的替代选择，其中较长的蒸汽渠道是NOVONORDISK在二年内自己支付费用而建造的。除此之外，ASNAES附近峡湾的热污染已经减少了。在1993年，ASNAES完成了一个价值一亿一千五百万元的生产钙硫酸盐或硫磺二氧化物的洗尘器的安装，每年850
