1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目THEUNMETHEALTHCARENEEDSOFHOMELESSADULTSANATIONALSTUDY出处AMERICANJOURNALOFPUBLICHEALTH作者BAGGETT,TRAVISP,OCONNELL,JAMESJ,SINGER,DANIELE,RIGOTTI,NANCYA,原文THEUNMETHEALTHCARENEEDSOFHOMELESSADULTSANATIONALSTUDYANESTIMATED23TO35MILLIONAMERICANSEXPERIENCEHOMELESSNESSEACHYEAR1THEHEALTHPROBLEMSOF
2、HOMELESSPEOPLEAREBROADANDMULTIDIMENSIONAL,CONTRIBUTINGTOEXCESSMORTALITYRATESOFACUTEANDCHRONICMEDICALILLNESSAREHIGH,INMANYCASESSURPASSINGTHOSEOFTHEGENERALPOPULATIONMORETHANHALFOFHOMELESSPEOPLEHAVEAHISTORYOFMENTALILLNESS,ANDTHEBURDENOFDRUGANDALCOHOLUSEISSUBSTANTIALCLINICALLYSIGNIFICANTDENTALPROBLEMSHA
3、VEBEENIDENTIFIEDINTWOTHIRDSOFHOMELESSINDIVIDUALS,ANDNEARLY40HAVEFUNCTIONALVISIONIMPAIRMENTSHOMELESSPEOPLEALSOEXPERIENCEPOORACCESSTOHEALTHCARE,LEADINGTODELAYEDCLINICALPRESENTATION,INCREASEDRELIANCEONEMERGENCYDEPARTMENTS,ANDHIGHERRATESOFHOSPITALIZATION,OFTENFORPREVENTABLECONDITIONSYET,THEEXTENTTOWHICH
4、HOMELESSADULTSAREABLETOOBTAINHEALTHCAREACROSSTHESPECTRUMOFHEALTHNEEDSJUSTDESCRIBEDISLARGELYUNKNOWNEXISTINGKNOWLEDGEISBASEDPRIMARILYONSTUDIESOFSINGLECITIESORSINGLETYPESOFUNMETNEEDVERYFEWNATIONALSURVEYSHAVEADEQUATELYCAPTUREDTHISDIFFICULTTOREACHPOPULATIONWEUSEDDATAFROMAUNIQUENATIONALSURVEYOFHOMELESSADU
5、LTSTODETERMINETHEPREVALENCEANDPREDICTORSOFUNMETNEEDFOR5TYPESOFHEALTHSERVICES,CHOSENTOREFLECTMULTIPLEDOMAINSOFHEALTHCAREACCESSACOMPREHENSIVEASSESSMENTOFTHEUNMETHEALTHCARENEEDSOFHOMELESSPEOPLECANINFORMPOLICYANDPRACTICEDECISIONSABOUTHOWTOBETTERPROVIDECARETOTHISVULNERABLEPOPULATIONMETHODSWECONDUCTEDASEC
6、ONDARYANALYSISOFTHE2003HEALTHCAREFORTHEHOMELESSHCHUSERSURVEY,THEFIRSTNATIONALLYREPRESENTATIVESURVEYOFINDIVIDUALSUSINGCLINICALSERVICESPROVIDEDBYTHEFEDERALLYFUNDEDHCHPROGRAMTHEHCHPROGRAMSERVESMORETHAN700000PEOPLEANNUALLYTHROUGH205GRANTEESINALL50STATES,THEDISTRICTOFCOLUMBIA,ANDPUERTORICOTHEHCHUSERSURVE
7、YWASADMINISTEREDBYRESEARCHTRIANGLEINSTITUTERTIINTERNATIONALINCOLLABORATIONWITHTHEHEALTHRESOURCESANDSERVICESADMINISTRATIONSBUREAUOFPRIMARYHEALTHCAREPARTICIPANTSANDSETTINGA3STAGESAMPLINGDESIGNWASUSEDTOCONDUCTTHESURVEYAGEOGRAPHICALLYSTRATIFIEDPROBABILITYPROPORTIONALTOSIZEPPSTECHNIQUEWASUSEDTOSAMPLE30HC
8、HGRANTEESINTERVIEWSWERECONDUCTEDINPERSONBYRTIFIELDSTAFFATAPPSSAMPLEOF79CLINICSITESTHATWEREOPERATEDBYTHE30GRANTEESTHETARGETPOPULATIONCONSISTEDOFINDIVIDUALSRECEIVINGFACETOFACESERVICESFROMANHCHPROVIDERINDIVIDUALSWEREELIGIBLEIFTHEYHADRECEIVEDSUCHSERVICESATLEASTONCEINTHEYEARPRIORTOTHESURVEY,GIVENTHATTHER
9、EFERENCEPERIODFORMANYOFTHEQUESTIONSWAS12MONTHSPARTICIPANTSWERESELECTEDCONSECUTIVELYWITHAGOALOF33INTERVIEWSPERGRANTEEOF1444SELECTEDINDIVIDUALS,11WERESUBSEQUENTLYFOUNDTOBEINELIGIBLE,AND416REFUSEDORDIDNOTCOMPLETETHESURVEYTHETOTALNUMBEROFCOMPLETEDINTERVIEWSWAS1017,YIELDINGARESPONSERATEOF70WECONFINEDOURA
10、NALYSISTOTHE966RESPONDENTSWHOWEREAGED18YEARSOROLDERCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKTHEBEHAVIORALMODELFORVULNERABLEPOPULATIONSWASTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKFOROURANALYSISINTHISFRAMEWORK,REALIZEDACCESSTOHEALTHCARECANBEVIEWEDASAFUNCTIONOFPREDISPOSING,ENABLING,ANDNEEDFACTORSPREDISPOSINGFACTORSARECHARACTERISTICSTHATINFLUE
11、NCEAPERSONSPROPENSITYFORSEEKINGHEALTHCARESERVICESENABLINGFACTORSARETHOSETHATFACILITATEORIMPEDEHEALTHCAREACCESSANDUSENEEDFACTORSAREHEALTHCONDITIONSFORWHICHAPERSONISLIKELYTOREQUIRECAREOUTCOMESOURSTUDYOUTCOMESWERE5PASTYEARMEASURESOFUNREALIZEDACCESSTOHEALTHCARE,FRAMEDASHAVINGANUNMETNEEDFORTHEFOLLOWINGSE
12、RVICESMEDICALORSURGICALCARE,PRESCRIPTIONMEDICATIONS,MENTALHEALTHCAREORCOUNSELING,EYEGLASSES,ANDDENTALCARETHESEMEASURESWEREALLASSESSEDINSIMILARWAYS,WITHQUESTIONSGENERALLYPHRASEDASFOLLOWSDURINGTHEPAST12MONTHS,WASTHEREATIMEWHENYOUWANTEDMEDICALCAREORSURGERYBUTCOULDNOTGETITATTHATTIMEUNMETNEEDSREPRESENTIM
13、PORTANTMEASURESOFHEALTHCAREACCESSANDAREFREQUENTLYUSEDASOUTCOMEVARIABLESINHEALTHSERVICESRESEARCHDISCUSSIONTHISNATIONALSAMPLEOFHOMELESSADULTSREPORTEDSUBSTANTIALBARRIERSTOACCESSINGMULTIPLEDIMENSIONSOFHEALTHCARENEARLYTHREEQUARTERSOFTHERESPONDENTSHADATLEAST1PASTYEARUNMETHEALTHCARENEED,ANDALMOSTHALFHAD2OR
14、MOREUNMETNEEDSRATESOFUNMETNEEDSFORSPECIFICSERVICESWERE6TO10TIMESHIGHERTHANINTHEUSGENERALPOPULATIONOURFINDINGSAPPEARSIMILARTOPRIORESTIMATESOFUNMETHEALTHNEEDAMONGHOMELESSPOPULATIONS,ALTHOUGHDIRECTCOMPARISONSARELIMITEDBYVARYINGMETHODOLOGIESINTERMSOFDEFINITIONSANDMEASUREMENTOFUNMETNEEDOURFINDINGSMAYREPR
15、ESENTCONSERVATIVEESTIMATESOFTHEUNMETHEALTHNEEDSOFHOMELESSPEOPLE,GIVENTHATALLPARTICIPANTSHADBEENSEENINACLINICATLEASTONCEINTHEPRECEDINGYEARTHEMAJORITYOFRESPONDENTSWEREUNINSURED,ANDTHISFACTORWASINDEPENDENTLYASSOCIATEDWITHUNMETNEEDSFORMEDICALORSURGICALCARE,PRESCRIPTIONMEDICATIONS,MENTALHEALTHCARE,ANDEYE
16、GLASSES,BUTNOTDENTALCARETHISPATTERNOFFINDINGSREFLECTSTHEMEDICAIDCOVERAGEPROFILEFORADULTSINMOSTSTATESANDREINFORCESPRIOREVIDENCETHATHEALTHINSURANCEISAKEYDETERMINANTOFACCESSTOCAREAMONGBOTHHOMELESSANDHOUSEDINDIVIDUALSCOMPETINGPRIORITIESREPRESENTEDSUBSTANTIALBARRIERSTOCAREASWELLFOODINSUFFICIENCYWASASSOCI
17、ATEDWITHIMPAIREDACCESSTOMEDICALORSURGICALCARE,PRESCRIPTIONMEDICATIONS,ANDMENTALHEALTHCAREALTHOUGHPRIORRESEARCHHASLINKEDFOODINSUFFICIENCYWITHHIGHERRATESOFMEDICALANDMENTALILLNESS,OURMULTIVARIABLEANALYSESDEMONSTRATEDSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPSWITHUNMETNEEDSTHATWEREINDEPENDENTOFTHESECOMORBIDITIESINDIVIDUAL
18、SEXPERIENCINGFOODINSUFFICIENCYMAYASSIGNLOWERPRIORITYTOHEALTHCAREINFAVOROFDIRECTINGPERSONALRESOURCESTOWARDTHEFULFILLMENTOFBASICNEEDSWEALSOFOUNDTHATPASTYEAREMPLOYMENTWASASSOCIATEDWITHUNMETNEEDSFORMEDICALORSURGICALCAREANDPRESCRIPTIONMEDICATIONSTHISRESULTCONFIRMSTHECLINICALOBSERVATIONTHATWHENEMPLOYMENTI
19、STHESOLESOURCEOFINCOMEINTHESETTINGOFPOVERTY,PATIENTSOFTENPRIORITIZEWORKOVERHEALTHCAREBECAUSEWORKENGAGEDINBYHOMELESSINDIVIDUALSISOFTENDAYLABORORISINTERMITTENTINNATURE,THEHOURSMAYBEUNPREDICTABLEANDTHECONSEQUENCESFORABSENCEIE,TERMINATIONORREPLACEMENTUNACCEPTABLEFURTHERMORE,HEALTHINSURANCEBENEFITSAREOFT
20、ENNOTINCLUDEDWITHTHESELOWWAGEJOBSTHE68UNINSUREDRATEAMONGPASTYEARWORKERSINOURSTUDYWASMORETHAN3TIMESHIGHERTHANWASTHATFORWORKERSINTHEGENERALPOPULATIONTHOSEWITHANYPASTYEAREMPLOYMENTWEREMUCHMORELIKELYTHANWERETHEIRUNEMPLOYEDCOUNTERPARTSTOBEUNINSURED,ANDTHEODDSOFLACKINGINSURANCEINCREASEDWITHTHEDURATIONOFEM
21、PLOYMENTRATESOFPUBLICINSURANCECOVERAGEWERESIGNIFICANTLYLOWERAMONGRESPONDENTSWITHMOREEXTENSIVEWORKHISTORIESTHANAMONGNONWORKERS,PROBABLYREFLECTINGALESSERDEGREEOFDISABILITYTHISFINDINGWASNOTCOUNTERBALANCEDBYHIGHERRATESOFPRIVATEINSURANCE,ANDVERYFEWOFTHESEWORKERSHADEMPLOYERBASEDCOVERAGEHOMELESSWORKERSMAYF
22、ALLINAGAPINWHICHTHEYDONOTQUALIFYFORPUBLICLYSPONSOREDHEALTHBENEFITSYETAREUNABLETOAFFORDPRIVATEHEALTHINSURANCEIFEMPLOYERBASEDCOVERAGEISNOTPROVIDEDOUTOFHOMEPLACEMENTASAMINORCONFERREDHIGHERODDSOFHAVINGANUNMETNEEDFORMEDICALORSURGICALCAREANDPRESCRIPTIONMEDICATIONSINTHISSTUDYOFHOMELESSADULTSRATESOFHOMELESS
23、NESS,UNEMPLOYMENT,MENTALILLNESS,SUBSTANCEABUSE,VICTIMIZATION,ANDLACKOFHEALTHINSURANCECOVERAGEAREHIGHAMONGINDIVIDUALSWITHAHISTORYOFFOSTERCAREOURFINDINGSREMAINEDSIGNIFICANTEVENAFTERADJUSTMENTFORTHESECONFOUNDERSTHEEXPERIENCEOFOUTOFHOMEPLACEMENTMAYBEASSOCIATEDWITHSEVERALOTHERRISKFACTORSFORPOORHEALTHANDA
24、CCESSTOCARE,INCLUDINGADVERSECHILDHOODEXPERIENCES,HIGHRATESOFINCARCERATION,CIVICNONENGAGEMENT,ANDPOORLIFESKILLPREPARATION,RESULTINGINDIFFICULTCOMMUNITYTRANSITIONSALTHOUGHFEDERALFUNDINGFORTRANSITIONALASSISTANCEINCREASEDUNDERTHE1999FOSTERCAREINDEPENDENCEACTHR3443,EVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATONLY60OFELIGIBLEFOS
25、TERYOUTHSRECEIVESUCHSERVICESVISIONIMPAIRMENTWASINDEPENDENTLYRELATEDTOUNMETNEEDSFORMENTALHEALTHCARE,EYEGLASSES,ANDDENTALCAREALTHOUGHTHERELATIONSHIPWITHPOORACCESSTOEYEGLASSESISPROBABLYEXPLAINEDINPARTBYGREATERNEEDFORSUCHSERVICES,WEHYPOTHESIZETHATIMPAIREDVISIONALSOAFFECTSONESABILITYTONAVIGATEHEALTHSYSTE
26、MSANDACQUIREHEALTHINFORMATIONTHISIMPAIRMENTMAYIMPOSEAGREATERBARRIERTOACCESSINGMOREANCILLARYSERVICESSUCHASMENTALHEALTHCARE,VISIONCARE,ANDDENTALCARE,WHICHOFTENENTAILUNIQUEREFERRALSYSTEMSANDLESSFAMILIARFACILITIESLIMITATIONSOURSTUDYINVOLVEDCERTAINLIMITATIONSTHEDATAANALYZEDWERECROSSSECTIONALINNATURE,SOCA
27、USALITYCANNOTBEDEFINITIVELYDETERMINEDALLMEASURESWERESELFREPORTEDANDMAYBESUBJECTTOMULTIPLEBIASES,PARTICULARLYWITHRESPECTTOSENSITIVEISSUESANDSTIGMATIZEDBEHAVIORSWEDEFINEDMENTALILLNESSASHAVINGEVERRECEIVEDTREATMENTFOREMOTIONALORMENTALPROBLEMS,ADEFINITIONSIMILARTOTHATUSEDINOTHERSTUDIESOFHOMELESSPEOPLETOT
28、HEEXTENTTHATTHISDEFINITIONIDENTIFIESINDIVIDUALSWHOHAVEPREVIOUSLYACCESSEDMENTALHEALTHCARE,THEUNMETNEEDRESULTSFORTHISVARIABLEMAYBEBIASEDTOWARDTHENULLANDTHEREFOREREPRESENTACONSERVATIVEESTIMATEOFEFFECTTHESURVEYWASCONDUCTEDAMONGINDIVIDUALSWITHATLEAST1PRIORVISITTOANHCHCLINICSITE,SOTHEFINDINGSMAYNOTBEGENER
29、ALIZABLETOTHEHOMELESSPOPULATIONASAWHOLE,PARTICULARLYTHOSEWHODONOTUSEHCHSERVICESINADDITION,OUROUTCOMEMEASUREOFUNMETNEEDWASBASEDONAQUESTIONFORMATWITHSOMELIMITATIONSALTHOUGHWIDELYUSED,THEQUESTIONFORMATOFNEEDINGBUTBEINGUNABLETOOBTAINAGIVENTYPEOFSERVICEISDOUBLEBARRELEDTHOSEWITHGREATERNEEDFORCAREAREATINCR
30、EASEDRISKOFRESPONDINGAFFIRMATIVELYTOTHEQUESTIONASCOMPAREDWITHTHOSEWITHLESSORNOPERCEIVEDNEEDWEADDRESSEDTHISLIMITATIONIN2WAYSFIRST,WEADJUSTEDFORNEEDFACTORSINOURMODELINGSTRATEGYTOENSURETHATSIGNIFICANTPREDICTORSWERENOTSIMPLYSURROGATEMARKERSOFINCREASEDNEEDSECOND,WEPERFORMEDSUBGROUPANALYSESLIMITEDTOTHOSEA
31、THIGHRISKFORREQUIRINGMEDICALCARE,PRESCRIPTIONMEDICATIONS,ANDMENTALHEALTHCAREANDFOUNDTHATTHERESULTSWEREVERYSIMILARFINALLY,BECAUSETHESTUDYOUTCOMESWERERELATIVELYCOMMONOCCURRINGAMONGMORETHAN10OFTHERESPONDENTSINEACHCASE,THEADJUSTEDODDSRATIOSPROVIDEVALIDBUTPOTENTIALLYEXAGGERATEDMEASURESOFASSOCIATIONINCOMP
32、ARISONWITHRISKRATIOS,ANDTHEMAGNITUDEOFFINDINGSSHOULDBEINTERPRETEDACCORDINGLYDESPITETHESELIMITATIONS,THISISTHEFIRSTNATIONALSTUDYOFWHICHWEAREAWARETODESCRIBETHEMULTIPLEDIMENSIONSOFUNMETNEEDFORHEALTHCAREAMONGHOMELESSPERSONSOURFINDINGSREINFORCEPRIORRESEARCHONTHEIMPORTANCEOFHEALTHINSURANCEINHOMELESSPOPULA
33、TIONS,ADDTOTHEGROWINGLITERATUREONFOODINSUFFICIENCYINANOVELWAY,EXTENDTHEPRINCIPLEOFCOMPETINGPRIORITIESTOINCLUDEEMPLOYMENT,EXPANDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESEQUELAEOFCHILDHOODOUTOFHOMEPLACEMENTINHOMELESSADULTS,ANDDESCRIBETHECONTRIBUTIONOFLOWVISIONTOPOORHEALTHCAREACCESSINTHESETTINGOFHOMELESSNESSCONCLUSIONSWEFOU
34、NDHIGHRATESOFUNMETNEEDFORHEALTHCARESERVICESINTHISNATIONALSTUDYOFHOMELESSADULTCLINICUSERSUNMETNEEDSWEREMOSTCONSISTENTLYRELATEDTOBEINGUNINSURED,BUTOTHERFACTORSAPPEAREDIMPORTANTASWELL,INCLUDINGOUTOFHOMEPLACEMENTASAMINOR,FOODINSUFFICIENCY,EMPLOYMENT,ANDVISIONIMPAIRMENTASCURRENTLYSTRUCTURED,EMPLOYERBASED
35、HEALTHINSURANCEFAILSTOREACHTHEMAJORITYOFHOMELESSINDIVIDUALSWHOWORK,HIGHLIGHTINGTHENEEDFORANALTERNATIVESOURCEOFAFFORDABLEHEALTHCOVERAGEGIVENTHEDEFICITOFEMERGENCYFOODSUPPLIES,PROVISIONOFADEQUATEFOODSERVICESTOTHEPOORSHOULDCONTINUETOBEAPUBLICHEALTHPRIORITYINADDRESSINGTHEROOTCAUSESOFHOMELESSNESS,THECHILD
36、WELFARESYSTEMPROVIDESANIMPORTANTSAFETYNETFORATRISKYOUTH,BUTFURTHERATTENTIONTOLIFESKILLPREPARATIONANDCOMMUNITYTRANSITIONMAYBEREQUIREDTOENSUREBETTEROUTCOMESINTHISPOPULATIONFROMAPRACTICEPERSPECTIVE,HEALTHSERVICESCOMPATIBLEWITHWORKSCHEDULESANDDELIVEREDINAFLEXIBLEFORMATWILLBEREQUIREDTOBESTSERVEHOMELESSPE
37、OPLEWHORELYONEMPLOYMENTASASOURCEOFINCOMEFINALLY,INMOVINGTOWARDAMORECOMPREHENSIVEMODELOFHEALTHCAREFORHOMELESSINDIVIDUALS,INCORPORATINGVISIONSCREENINGANDSERVICESMAYALLEVIATETHEBURDENOFTHISIMPAIRMENT,ENHANCEFUNCTIONALITY,ANDIMPROVEACCESSTOOTHERDIMENSIONSOFCARE译文对于未满足的医疗需求的无家可归人员的一项全国性调查根据经验,美国每年大约230至3
38、50万的人无家可归。无家可归的人的健康问题是广泛的和多方面的,造成过量致命性。急性和慢性疾病发病率很高,在超过总人口的事例也是很多的。超过一半的无家可归的人有精神病史,以及药物和酒精的使用负担。临床意义的牙科问题已经确定了三分之二无家可归中,将近40的功能性视力障碍。无家可归的人也体验穷人获得卫生保健,可预防的条件往往导致延误临床表现,更多地依赖于急诊室和住院治疗比率较高。然而,在某种程度上刚才所说的无家可归的成年人都能够获得全面的卫生保健需求的比率主要是未知之数。现有知识的基础主要是单一城市或单一类型的未满足需求的研究;已充分捕捉到这张难以接触的人口极少数的全国性调查。我们使用了一个独特的无
39、家可归的成年人全国性调查数据,以确定患病率和卫生服务的5种预测未满足的需要,选择反映保健访问多个域。一个未得到满足的医疗保健的需要,可以全面评估,以便更好地了解如何提供照顾这个脆弱的人口政策和实践的决定,无家可归的人。一)方法2003年,我们进行了的健康护理无家可归用户调查,第一次全国代表使用由联邦政府资助的六氯环己烷方案提供临床服务个人进行调查二次分析。该公司通过六氯环己烷方案获批205多700000人,每年在所有50个州,哥伦比亚特区和波多黎各。六氯环己烷用户的调查由研究三角研究所(RTI)国际与卫生资源和服务主管局初级卫生保健合作。(二)参与者与设置一个三阶段抽样设计被用来进行调查。在地
40、理分层概率比例到大小(聚苯硫醚)技术用于六氯环己烷承批样品30。采访进行了RTI的外地工作人员于79诊所,由获资助的30个运营的网站PPS样本的人。目标人群包括接收来自六氯环己烷提供面对面服务的个人。有资格的个人,如果他们收到了这样的服务至少一次在调查前一年,因为对许多问题的参考时间为12个月。连续参加者选择了33个专营公司的采访目标。在1444年选择的个人,11人其后被发现不合格,和416拒绝或没有完成的调查。已完成的访谈总人数为1017,产生了70的回应率。我们的分析,我们只对966谁是年龄在18岁或以上的受访者。(三)概念框架对于弱势群体的行为模式是为我们的分析概念框架。在此框架内,实现
41、了获得卫生保健,可以作为一种倾向,使功能,需要因素看待。易感因素的影响特点,为寻求医疗保健服务的人的倾向。有利因素是指那些促进或阻碍保健服务和使用。需求因素是卫生条件,一个人很可能需要照顾。(四)结果我们的研究成果是过去5年未实现的措施获得医疗保健服务,为有一个未满足的需要以下服务框架医疗或外科治疗,处方药品,精神健康护理或咨询,眼镜和牙科保健。这些措施都以类似的方式进行评估,与一般问题的措辞如下在过去12个月,在那里的时候,你想要的医疗或手术治疗,但不能从那个时候呢未满足的需求代表获取医疗服务的重要措施,并经常在卫生服务研究结果的变量。(五)讨论无家可归的成年人参加保健报访问多个层面重大障碍
42、。近四分之三的受访者有至少四分之三过去一年未满足的医疗需要,几乎一半的有2个或更多的未满足的需求。未满足的需要,具体服务的价格是6至10倍,比美国一般人口为高。我们的研究结果中出现类似的无家可归的种群系统蒸发散未满足的健康需要事先预期,但直接的比较是由不同的定义和量度方法未满足的需求有限。我们的研究结果可能是无家可归的人未得到满足的医疗需求,考虑到所有与会者都被视为一次在一家诊所前一年至少保守的估计。大部分受访人无医疗保险,而这一因素是独立与医疗或外科治疗,处方药,心理保健,和眼镜,但不是牙齿保健需求未得到满足有关。这种模式的调查结果反映了大多数国家的成年人和加强医疗保险个人资料之前的证据表明
43、,健康保险是一个关键因素获得照顾和安置无家可归者中,既有个人。代表的重大障碍竞争的优先事项,以及照顾。粮食不能自给是与残疾人士使用的医疗或外科护理,处方药物和精神卫生保健。虽然之前的研究联系在一起的医疗和心理疾病的比率较高粮食不能自给,我们的多变量,能够分析表明与该独立是这些合并症未满足的需求显着关系。个人经历粮食不足可分配较低的优先保健指挥对满足基本需要的个人资源的青睐。我们还发现,过去一年就业人数与医疗或外科护理和处方药未满足的需求有关。这一结果证实了临床观察,当就业是在贫穷的设置唯一的收入来源,病人往往优先于保健工作。由于无家可归者从事的工作往往是一天的劳动或在本质上是间歇性的,可能是不
44、可预知的时间和后果的情况下(即,终止或更换)不能接受的。此外,医疗保险待遇往往是不包括在这些低工资的工作。在过去的68,今年工人投保率在我们的研究是超过3倍,是适用于一般人口中的职工。与以往任何一年工作的人,也更有可能是他们比同行是没有保险的失业和就业不足的持续时间增加保险的可能性。公共保险覆盖率均显着下降的受访者更广泛的工作比在非工作者可能反映了历史的残疾程度较轻。这一发现并没有抵消了私人保险的高利率,这些工人非常少了雇主为基础的覆盖面。无家可归的工人会掉在他们的差距,在不符合公共赞助的健康效益却是无法负担私人医疗保险,如果雇主没有提供网络的覆盖范围。外赋予的家庭作为未成年人的位置有一个用于
45、医疗或外科护理和处方药在这个无家可归的成人的研究未满足需要更高的赔率。无家可归,失业,精神疾病,药物滥用,伤害和医疗保险覆盖面不足率很高,其中有个人的寄养历史,我们的研究结果都是,即使这些干扰因素调整后,具有重要意义。对外的家外安置可能与一些贫困保健和获得其他风险因素有关的经验,护理,包括不良的童年经验,监禁率很高,公民没有约定,和穷人的生活技能的准备,在艰难的社会转型造成的。虽然根据1999年寄养独立法增加过渡联邦资金援助,有证据表明,只有60符合条件的培养青少年接受该服务。视力受损是独立相关的精神卫生保健,眼镜和牙齿保健需求未得到满足。虽然与穷人获得眼镜的关系可能是更大的部分解释这种服务的
46、需要,我们假设的视力受损也影响卫生系统的导航能力和取得卫生消息。这种损害可能施加例如精神卫生保健,视力保健,牙科保健,这往往意味着独特的转诊系统和不太熟悉的设施,以获取更多的配套服务带来更多的障碍。(六)限制我们的研究涉及的某些限制。数据分析是跨性质分析,所以因果关系不能明确确定。所有的措施,自报,并可能受到多种偏见,特别是有关敏感问题,诬蔑行为。我们的定义是有史以来收到的情绪或精神问题,定义类似于其他研究无家可归的人所使用的治疗精神疾病。在某种程度上,这个定义确定谁曾经访问个人心理保健,此变量的需求未得到满足的结果可能会偏向空,因此代表了保守的估计效果。这项调查是个人之间,所以这一发现可能无
47、法概括为一个整体,特别是那些谁不使用六氯环己烷服务无家可归的人口。此外,我们的未满足需要的测量结果是基于对一些限制的问题的格式。虽然广泛使用,但无法对需要获得特定类型的服务形式是双管的问题。以更大的护理需要的人肯定是在应对风险增加的问题,与少或根本没有意识到有必要进行比较。我们解决这2种方式的限制。首先,我们调整策略,在我们的模拟需求因素,以确保有效预测并没有增加的需要简单的替代指标。第二,我们进行分组限于在为需要医疗护理,处方药物和精神卫生保健的高风险的分析,发现结果非常相似。最后,是因为这项研究成果比较普遍(其中超过10的受访者发生在每一种情况下),比调整后的胜算协会提供有效的措施,但可能
48、夸大与风险比率的比较,以及对调查结果的大小应该被解释相应地。尽管有这些限制,这是第一个全国性的研究,而我们都知道描述中的卫生保健需求未得到满足无家可归者从多个层面。我们的研究结果加强有关健康保险的重要性无家可归人口以前的研究,增加了对粮食不足生长在一个新的文学方式,扩大竞争优先的原则,包括就业,扩大童年的后遗症外的家的认识安置无家可归的成年人中,描述了低视力健康欠佳,在无家可归者设立护理访问的贡献。(七结论我们发现在这个无家可归的成年用户的全国性研究的临床医疗服务未满足的需求很高。未满足的需求是最常见的是与被投保,但其他因素也出现了重要的,包括外的家作为未成年人,食物不足,就业和视力受损的位置。由于目前的结构,雇主为基础的健康保险未达到谁的工作,突出了一个负担得起的医疗保险的替代来源需要无家可归者占多数。由于紧急粮食供应,提供足够的食物服务贸易逆差为穷人应该继续成为公共卫生的优先事项。在解决无家可归的根本原因,儿童福利制度为高危青少年一个重要的安全网,但进一步重视生活技能的准备和社区转变的过程可能需要确保在这个人口更好的结果。从实践来看,医疗服务兼容的工作日程,并在灵活的格式将被要求提供最好的服务谁的就业依靠一个无家可归的人的收入来源。最后,在走向一个更全面的医疗保健模式,为无家可归的人纳入视力检查和服务可能会减轻这种损害的负担,移动,增强功能,并改善获得其他方面的照顾。