1、（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目CHALLENGESTOACHIEVINGASUCCESSFULTRANSITIONTOALOWCARBONECONOMYINSOUTHAFRICAEXAMPLESFROMPOORURBANCOMMUNITIES出处SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA作者THULINMDLULIENERGYAVAILABILITYACCESSAFFORDABILITYOFALTERNATIVEENERGYSOURCESANDARANGEOFHEALTHIMPACTS,INCLUDINGAIRPOLLUTIONNOTWITHSTANDINGC
2、ALLSFORATRANSITIONTOALOWCARBONECONOMY,THEREHAVEBEENFEW,RECENTASSESSMENTSINSOUTHAFRICAOFTHECOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHSUCHATRANSITION,PARTICULARLYTHESOCIALANDECONOMICCOSTSFORTHEPOORWHOUSEENERGYINAVARIETYOFWAYSINTHISPAPERWEFOCUSONTRYINGTOUNRAVELSOMEOFTHECOMPLEXENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURINCLUDINGUNDERSTANDINGWHATDRIVE
3、SCONSUMERSINRESOURCEPOORAREASTOCHOOSEANDUSEPERSISTENTLYRISKYENERGYOPTIONSANALYSISOFQUALITATIVEDATAINTWOTOWNSHIPAREAS,DOORNKOPANDKWAGUQA,SHOWSTHATTOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDS,WHETHERELECTRIFIEDORNOT,CONTINUETOBURNCOALINBOTHSTUDYAREAS,ANESTIMATED80OFELECTRIFIEDHOUSEHOLDSBURNCOALFORSPACEHEATINGANDCOOKINGANDALSOM
4、AKEUSEOFMULTIPLEFUELSOURCESFORARANGEOFACTIVITIESALTHOUGHTHEMAJOROBSTACLESPREVENTINGPEOPLEFROMDISCONTINUINGDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONAREPOVERTY,THEREADYAVAILABILITYANDSOCIALACCEPTABILITYOFCOALTOGETHERWITHOTHERSOCIALCUSTOMSCANNOTBEUNDERRATEDTHISPAPERTHEREFOREHIGHLIGHTSSOMEOFTHEPERSISTENTCHALLENGESASSOCIAT
5、EDWITHSUSTAINABLEENERGYTRANSITIONSINSOUTHAFRICAINCLUDINGIMPLICATIONSFORIMPROVEDMITIGATIONANDADAPTATIONFORTHEENERGYSECTORINWIDERCLIMATECHANGEEFFORTSKEYWORDSDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONENERGYUSEPATTERNSINTRODUCTIONCLIMATECHANGEPOSESMANYCHALLENGESTOAVARIETYOFSECTORSSUCHASWATER,ENERGY,ANDAGRICULTUREIPCC2007IN
6、AFRICAANDTHESOUTHERNAFRICANREGION,INCLUDINGISSUESRELATEDTOADAPTATIONANDMITIGATIONIPCC2007WHEREASSIGNIFICANTATTENTIONISFOCUSSEDONMITIGATION,PARTICULARLYTHOSEEFFORTSLINKEDTOENERGYPRODUCTION,RELATIVELYFEWASSESSMENTSINTHEENERGYSECTORFOCUSONADAPTATIONISSUESANDONWHATMAYBETERMEDTHESOFTERSIDEOFENERGYUSEANDU
7、PTAKEEGIMPROVEDUNDERSTANDINGOFBOTHTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALCOSTSUNDERPINNINGENERGYUSEADAPTATION,FOREXAMPLE,ISBEINGPROMOTEDASAWAYTOREDUCETHEVULNERABILITYOFBOTHNATURALANDHUMANSYSTEMSTOEXPECTEDCLIMATECHANGEEFFECTSIPCC2007ANDCANINCLUDEANTICIPATORY,REACTIVE,PRIVATE,PUBLICANDPLANNEDADAPTATIONMOREOVER,MOREATTEN
8、TIONISREQUIREDONTRYINGTOIDENTIFYANDUNDERSTANDSOMEOFTHEBARRIERSTOBETTERANDMOREEFFECTIVEENERGYFUELUSAGEINSOUTHERNAFRICAFEWINSOUTHAFRICA,FOREXAMPLE,HAVEUNDERTAKENANASSESSMENTOFBEHAVIOURALFACTORSTHATMAYEXPLAINPERSISTENT,COMPLEXENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURSPARTICULARLYFORTHOSEALREADYFACINGSEVEREENERGYCONSTRAINTSEG
9、THEPOORSOMEARGUETHATAFOCUSONLYONTHEHARDISSUESMAYINDEEDLEADTOABIASTHATRESULTSINIMPLEMENTATIONMEASURESTHATCENTREONSTRUCTURALMEASURESWITHTHE“NEGLECTOFPOTENTIALLYCRITICALSOFTMEASURESNEEDEDTOFACILITATEADAPTATION”ANDOTHEREFFORTSEGBEHAVIOURALANDPOLICYMEASURESAGRAWALAANDFANKHAUSER2008,3SOUTHAFRICASECONOMYIS
10、ENERGYINTENSIVEWINKLER2006SEVERALMONTHSAFTERTHERESEARCHFORTHISPAPERWASUNDERTAKEN,FOREXAMPLE,COUNTRYWIDEROLLINGENERGYBLACKOUTSOCCURREDEGINTHEEARLYMONTHSOF2008,PROFILINGENERGYASADEVELOPMENTCONCERNINTHECOUNTRYFACEDWITHTHECOMBINEDCHALLENGESOFCLIMATECHANGEANDENERGY,THEGOVERNMENTOFSOUTHAFRICAHASPROPOSEDSE
11、VERALSTRATEGIESINCLUDINGALTERNATIVEENERGYSOURCESTOREDUCETHEHEAVYDEPENDENCEONDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONBRITTON1998HOETS1998SURRIDGE2004WINKLERANDMARQUARD2009MORERECENTLY,THEFOCUSHASALSOEXPANDEDTOINCLUDEENERGYRESOURCEISSUES,DEVELOPMENTCONCERNSANDENERGYANDCLIMATECHANGETHEMESUNFCCC2000EGTHELONGTERMMITIGATIO
12、NSCENARIOS,LTMS1WINKLER2009WINKLERANDMARQUARD2009THENATIONALCLIMATECHANGERESPONSESTRATEGYEFFORTSDEAT2004BANDTHENATIONALENERGYEFFICIENCYACCORDSTILES2006ANDNATIONALCOMMUNICATIONASSESSMENTSASPARTOFTHEUNITEDNATIONSFRAMEWORKCONVENTIONONCLIMATECHANGEDEAT2004ATHECARBONDISCLOSUREPROJECTINSOUTHAFRICA,WHEREBY
13、SOMEOFTHETOPJOHANNESBURGSTOCKEXCHANGECOMPANIESDISCLOSETHEIRCARBONREDUCTIONEFFORTSANDSTRATEGIES,HASFOREXAMPLE,ALSOSEENTHEINCREASEDENGAGEMENTOFTHEBUSINESSCOMMUNITYINCLIMATECHANGEEGCDP2007AND2008THEFOCUSANDEFFORTSINCARBONTRADINGANDTHESEARCHFORCARBONASSETSTHUSHASMANYENGAGINGINAVARIETYOFENERGYENDEAVOURSI
14、NSOUTHAFRICADESPITETHISACTIVITY,WEARGUEINTHISPAPER,THATFEWEFFORTSTOUNDERSTANDTHEIMPLICATIONOFSUCHENDEAVOURS,INCLUDINGESTIMATIONSOFTHECOSTSBOTHFINANCIALANDSOCIAL,PARTICULARLYATTHELOCALLEVEL,HAVEBEENUNDERTAKENARGUABLYWHERETHERUBBERHITSTHEROADWINKLER2009INANATTEMPTTOADDRESSSOMEOFTHESECONCERNS,WEUSETHEC
15、ONCEPTOFTHEENERGYLADDERTOEXAMINEENERGYUSAGEINTWOTOWNSHIPSSETTINGSINSOUTHAFRICA,NAMELYDOORNKOPANDKWAGUQATHISINVESTIGATIONSHOWS,ANDCONFIRMSEARLIERINVESTIGATIONSOFTHISTYPEVANHORENETAL1993MASERAETAL2000WINKLERETAL2000,THATTOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDS,WHETHERELECTRIFIEDORNOT,STILLCONTINUETOBURNCOALWETHENBEGINTOEXP
16、LOREWHYTHISBEHAVIOURPERSISTSBYIDENTIFYINGSOMEOFTHECHALLENGESANDCONSTRAINTSFACINGENERGYUSERSTHISLOCALCOMPARATIVESTUDYTHUSEXPANDSONEARLIERWORKOFTHISNATUREINCLUDINGOVERVIEWSOFTHESOCIALDIMENSIONSIMPACTINGONENERGYUSEEGWINKLER2009SUCHADETAILEDASSESSMENT,WEARGUE,WHENCOUPLEDTOARANGEOFOTHERMACROECONOMICCHALL
17、ENGES,MAYINDEEDPROVIDEADDITIONALNUANCESTOWHATISALREADYACOMPLICATEDSETOFISSUESFACINGANYENGAGEDINTHESEARCHFORTRANSITIONSTOALOWENERGYECONOMYWIDER,MACROISSUES,WHILECRITICAL,ARENOTEXAMINEDHEREEGWHATTYPESOFENERGYTRANSITIONANDPATHWAYSMAYBESTSUITETHECOUNTRYSOMEOFTHISISEXPLOREDMOREBROADLYBYFISCHERKOWALSKIAND
18、HABERL2007ANDFORSOUTHAFRICABYWINKLERANDMARQUARD2009ANDALSOINTHELTMSWHILETHEFIELDRESEARCHISNOWABITDATED,WEBELIEVETHATTHEBROADOUTCOMESOFTHESTUDYHIGHLIGHTPERSISTENTISSUESTHATMERITFURTHERATTENTIONBEYONDPOLLUTIONANDCARBONESTIMATIONSCONCEPTSONENERGYUSEATTHEHOUSEHOLDLEVELSEVERALINTERNATIONALANDLOCALASSESSM
19、ENTSHAVEHIGHLIGHTEDCRITICALPOLLUTIONCONCERNSASSOCIATEDWITHDOMESTICENERGYUSETHENATIONALRESEARCHDEFENCECOUNCILNRDCNRDC2004ANDWORLDHEALTHORGANISATIONWHOWHO2004,2005,FOREXAMPLE,HAVEESTABLISHEDALINKBETWEENAIRPOLLUTION,HUMANHEALTHANDTHEENVIRONMENTWITHPOLLUTEDAIRPOSINGSIGNIFICANTHEALTHRISKSTOUSERSBURNETT19
20、97DOPPEGIETERETAL1998METZNER2003INDOORSMOKERELEASEDFROMTHECOMBUSTIONOFSOLIDFUELS,SUCHASCOAL,CONTAINSARANGEOFHEALTHDAMAGINGPOLLUTANTSTHATAREABLETOPENETRATEDEEPINTOTHELUNGSROLLINETAL2004WHO2005INDOORAIRPOLLUTIONISAPARTICULARPROBLEMMAINLYINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWHEREHUGEPROPORTIONSOFTHEPOPULATIONRELYONSOL
21、IDFUELSASPRIMARYSOURCESOFENERGYBRUCE2002SMITH2002WHO2005NOTWITHSTANDINGTHESEHEALTHCONCERNSPERSISTENTUSAGEOFCOALASADOMESTICENERGYSOURCECONTINUESSPALDINGFECHER2005INSOUTHERNAFRICA,MORESPECIFICALLYINSOUTHAFRICA,AIRPOLLUTIONANDITSCONSEQUENCESHAVEALSOBEENAKEYFOCUS,WITHNUMEROUSVALUABLEREGIONALAIRPOLLUTION
22、ASSESSMENTSUNDERTAKENEGTERBLANCHEETAL1994SWAPETAL2003INSOUTHAFRICA,THECOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUELSCOALANDPETROLEUMCONTRIBUTESSIGNIFICANTLYTOTHEHIGHLEVELSOFAIRPOLLUTIONINTHECOUNTRYANDTHEREGIONSCORGIEETAL2003ACOALCOMPRISESAROUND70OFSOUTHAFRICASPRIMARYENERGYWINKLERANDMARQUARD2009OFSOUTHAFRICASCOALPRODUCTION
23、,HOWEVER,ANESTIMATED2GOESTODOMESTICHEATINGANDCOOKINGQASEETAL2000DESPITETHISLOWVALUE,PERSISTENTUSAGEINDENSELYPOPULATEDAREAS,AGGRAVATEDBYATMOSPHERICCONDITIONS,REMAINSACONCERNINTHETOWNSHIPS,DOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONREMAINSASIGNIFICANTSOURCEOFBOTHINDOORANDAMBIENTAIRPOLLUTIONANNEGARNANDSITHOLE1997ANNEGARNET
24、AL1998BARNES2005WHO2005OFGREATERIMPORTANCE,ISTHEFACTTHATSUCHCOMBUSTIONAFFECTSTHEHEALTHOFEXPOSEDPOPULATIONSSCORGIEETAL2001THEREAREFEW,RECENT,PLACEBASEDASSESSMENTSOFWHYSUCHENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURSPERSISTVARIOUSCONCEPTSOFENERGYUSEAREEXPLOREDINANATTEMPTTOFRAMEANDHELPASSESSTHEFINDINGSNOTEDHEREWHILETHEFINDINGS
25、ARENOTNECESSARILYNEW,THEYUNDERSCORETHEPERSISTENCEOFENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURSDESPITESIGNIFICANTEFFORTSTOTRANSITIONTOALTERNATIVEENERGYSCENARIOSHOUSEHOLDENERGYISDEFINEDASENERGYCONSUMEDBYPEOPLEINTHEIRHOMESFORCOOKING,SPACEANDWATERHEATING,LIGHTINGANDRECREATIONALACTIVITIESTERBLANCHEETAL1994ANENERGYLADDERFIG1HASB
26、EENTYPICALLYUSEDTOEXPLAINTHETYPEOFENERGYUSEDASBOTHLEVELSOFPROSPERITYANDCOSTBENEFITSINCLUDINGCLEANLINESSINCREASEHOUSEHOLDENERGYSOURCESTHATARELOWONTHEENERGYLADDERAREAVAILABLEATALOWCOSTBUTAREALSOUSUALLYLOWINCOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYANDCAUSEHIGHADVERSEIMPACTSTERBLANCHEETAL1995ABRIEFREVIEWOFTHEENERGYCONTEXTIN
27、SOUTHAFRICAIN2004,70OFSOUTHAFRICASPRIMARYENERGYWASESTIMATEDTOBEDERIVEDFROMCOALWINKLERANDMARQUARD2009WITHAPPROXIMATELY92OFELECTRICITYPOWERGENERATIONCOMINGFROMCOALFIREDPOWERSTATIONSDME2003,2004WINKLERANDMARQUARD2009DOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONHASALSOHADDEEPHISTORICALROOTSINSOUTHAFRICATHATCANBETRACEDBACKTOTH
28、EAPARTHEIDERACHARACTERISEDBYINEQUITABLEDISTRIBUTIONOFRESOURCESINCLUDINGENERGYANC1994ERC2004SEVERALBACKLOGSINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFSERVICES,SUCHASELECTRICITYPROVISION,INTHEBLACKURBANAREASTOWNSHIPSOCCURREDSCORGIEETAL2003BCOAL,BEINGACHEAPSOURCEOFENERGY,BECAMETHEPREDOMINANTENERGYSOURCEUSEDINTOWNSHIPSHOETS199
29、4WHO2004AFTER1994,THEGOVERNMENTSETOUTTOREDUCETHISINEQUITABLEDISTRIBUTIONOFENERGYTHROUGHWHATISTERMEDTHEENERGISATIONPROGRAMMEINTHEWHITEPAPERONENERGYANDOTHERRELATEDPOLICIESBEKKERETAL2008DME1998,2003FORAGOODREVIEWSEEALSOWINKLER2009THOUGHSOUTHAFRICACANBOASTOFSUCCESSSTORIESOFELECTRIFICATIONINAFRICA,WITHRE
30、CORDSOF80ELECTRIFICATIONINSOMEURBANAREASSPALDINGFECHER2002,PEOPLECONTINUETOUSETRADITIONALFUELSSUCHASCOALINTHEIRHOUSEHOLDSBORCHERSETAL2001MALZBENDERANDKAMOTO2005GAUNT2005SOMESTUDIESHAVELINKEDTHISTOMICROANDMACROECONOMICISSUESOFPERSISTENTPOVERTYANDUNEMPLOYMENTINTHECOUNTRYINCLUDINGFACTORSGOVERNINGDIFFER
31、ENTIALACCESSTOENERGYEGTHEROLEOFGENDERANDENERGYACCESSANDUSE,ANNECKE1999DESPITENATIONALELECTRIFICATIONEFFORTSTHEUSEOFCOALISSTILLPREVALENTINTOWNSHIPSHOETS1998SCORGIEETAL2001FORDETAILSOFTHESCALEOFELECTRIFICATIONSEESPALDINGFECHERANDMATIBE2003ANDWINKLERANDMARQUARD2009SOMEEARLYQUALITATIVESTUDIESOFTHEIMPACT
32、SOFELECTRIFICATIONHAVEBEENUNDERTAKENTOASSESSWHATHASINDEEDOCCURREDEGANNECKE1999BANKETAL1996ALONGITUDINALSTUDY,FOREXAMPLE,INGAUTENGTRIEDTOASSESSPATTERNSINFUELUSEAFTERELECTRIFICATIONPALMER1999ASHIFTINFUELUSEFROMFUELTOGREATERUSEOFELECTRICITYWASFOUNDNOTTOBEIMMEDIATE,TAKINGINSOMECASESFIVEYEARSTOCOMPLETESP
33、ALDINGFECHERANDMATIBE2003SIMILARLY,OTHERSTUDIESHAVEALSOSHOWNTHATCOALCOMBUSTIONPERSISTSAFTERTHEELECTRIFICATIONOFHOUSEHOLDSHOETS1998QASEETAL2000MDLULIETAL2003THEQUESTIONTHATARISESTHENISWHYDOESDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONPERSISTASADOMINANTENERGYSOURCETERBLANCHEETAL1993NOTETHATTHEPERSISTENCEOFDOMESTICCOALCOMB
34、USTIONISDUETOALACKOFRESOURCESTOCREATEANINFRASTRUCTUREFORACOMPLETETRANSITIONTOELECTRICITYANDTHELACKOFMONEYTOMAINTAINTHESYSTEMOTHERSSUGGESTTHATDOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONPERSISTSBECAUSETOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDSDONOTHAVEELECTRICAPPLIANCESHOETS1998WHILESOMEHAVEATTEMPTEDTOSHOWTHATELECTRICITYISTOOEXPENSIVEFORTOWNSHIP
35、HOUSEHOLDSWINKLERETAL2000,2009SCORGIEETAL2001WITHSOMESTUDIESLINKINGPERSISTENCEOFCOALUSETOPOVERTYANNECKE1999GIVENTHISARRAYOFPOSSIBLEEXPLANATIONSOFFUELUSAGEARENEWEDEFFORTTOEXPLOREANDBETTERUNDERSTANDCOMPLEX,ENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURS,INTWOTOWNSHIPAREASWASUNDERTAKENWITHTHEAIMOFPROVIDINGSOMEUPDATEDEVIDENCEONENE
36、RGYBEHAVIOURINTOWNSHIPAREASENERGYUSAGEINTOWNSHIPSINSOUTHAFRICATWOTOWNSHIPSLOCATEDINTHEGAUTENGANDMPUMALANGAPROVINCES,SOUTHAFRICA,WERESELECTEDFOREXAMINATIONTHESEAREBOTHREPRESENTATIVEOFHIGHCOALUSEAREASINTHECOUNTRYSPALDINGFECHER2005THESETOWNSHIPSARELOCATEDINSOWETODOORNKOPANDWITBANKKWAGUQAANDAREALSOREPRE
37、SENTATIVEOFRESIDENTSINTWOLARGEURBANAREASTHATALTHOUGHPOOR,ARENONETHELESSLOCATEDINWIDER,MIDDLEINCOMESETTINGSASHIGHLIGHTEDABOVE,OTHERSTUDIESPERTAININGTODOMESTICCOALCOMBUSTIONHAVEALSOBEENCONDUCTEDINSIMILARSETTINGSTHUSPROVIDINGSOMEBASELINESFORINVESTIGATIONANNEGARNANDSITHOLE1997ANNEGARNETAL1998SCORGIEETAL
38、2003AVARIOUSFACTORSSHAPINGBOTHACCESSANDUSEOFENERGYINTHETWOTOWNSHIPSWEREPROBEDINCLUDINGPOSSIBLEECONOMICREASONSEXPLAININGPREFERREDCOALUSAGEPREFERREDUSEOFENERGYSOURCEEGSINGLESOURCE,SUCHASCOAL,VERSUSMULTIPLEENERGYSOURCESTHEROLEOFACCESSANDLOCATIONEGPROXIMITYTOCOALFIELDS,COALTRADERSTHEROLEOFPERCEPTIONS,IN
39、CLUDINGAWARENESSOFTHEHEALTHIMPLICATIONSCOUPLEDTOTHEUSEOFCERTAINENERGYSOURCESANDOTHERINFLUENCESONENERGYUSEEGSOCIALFACTORSCONCLUSIONINTHISPAPERWEHAVETRIEDTOUPDATESOMEOFTHEEXISTINGASSESSMENTSONENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURBYUNDERTAKINGSURVEYSFOCUSSINGONTWOTOWNSHIPAREASINSOUTHAFRICATHENEEDFORTHESEUPDATESWASDRIVEN,
40、INPART,BYTHEEMERGINGCLIMATECHANGECONCERNSTHATHAVELARGELYBEENFOCUSSEDONMITIGATIONISSUESANDLONGTERMENERGYMITIGATIONSCENARIOSFEW,HOWEVER,HAVETRIEDTOEXTENDTHEEARLIERWORKONHOUSEHOLDSANDENERGYDEMANDINSOUTHAFRICABYEXAMININGENERGYUSAGEINVERYCHANGING,DEVELOPMENTANDECONOMICCONTEXTSTHISPAPERTHUSBEGINSTOFURTHER
41、HIGHLIGHTANUMBEROFWHATMAYBETERMEDDEVELOPMENTALISSUESTHATTENDTOBEHIDDENBYADISCOURSETHATISUSUALLYCASTPREDOMINANTLYINPOLLUTIONAND/ORINMITIGATIONSTUDIESANUMBEROFENERGYPRACTICESTHUSEMERGE,SOMENOTTHATNEW,BUTNONETHELESSCONFIRMEARLIERASSESSMENTSFIRST,ENERGYSOURCESOFCHOICEARENOTALWAYSACCESSIBLEEITHERBECAUSET
42、HEYAREUNAVAILABLEORPEOPLECANNOTAFFORDTHEMMEHLWANAANDQASE1996ELECTRICITYISINACCESSIBLETOTOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDSWHOCANNOTAFFORDTOUSEITANDTOTHOSETHATARENOTYETELECTRIFIEDINTHISSTUDY,ELECTRICITYWASFOUNDTOBEUNDERUTILISEDINMANYTOWNSHIPHOUSEHOLDSBECAUSEITISTOOEXPENSIVEFORPEOPLETOENJOYITSBENEFITSSINCETOWNSHIPSARE
43、REGARDEDASLOWINCOMEORPOORAREASMEHLWANAANDQASE1996SCORGIEETAL2001SPALDINGFECHER2005INEARLIERASSESSMENTSTHEREWASLACKOFEXTENSIVEELECTRICITYSUPPLYINTOWNSHIPAREASANDFEWCASESTHATCOULDSHOWWHETHERPEOPLEWEREBEGINNINGTOCHANGETHEIRWAYSOFHEATINGANDCOOKINGTERBLANCHEETAL1994DURINGTHECOURSEOFTHISSTUDY,MOSTHOUSEHOL
44、DSINPOORERRESIDENTIALAREASALREADYHADELECTRICAPPLIANCESTHECOSTOFENABLINGSUSTAINABLEUSEOFTHEAPPLIANCES,HOWEVER,WASTOOPROHIBITIVEHOUSEHOLDSDIDNOTUSETHEAPPLIANCESBECAUSEOFLOWINCOMESANDTHEINABILITYTOPAYFORSERVICESMEHLWANAANDQASE1996STATEDTHATPEOPLESUSEOFAPPLIANCESDEPENDSONWHETHERTHEYCANAFFORDTOBUYTHEM,OR
45、ATLEASTTOBUYTHEFUELSTHEYREQUIREMOSTHOUSEHOLDSCOULDAFFORDTOBUYTHEAPPLIANCESBUTCOULDNOTAFFORDTOPURCHASETHEELECTRICITYUNITSTOBEABLETOSUSTAINABLYUSETHEMSECOND,SIMPLENOTIONSOFENERGYUSEEGENERGYLADDERS,WHILEINITIALLYUSEFULREQUIREMORENUANCEDINFORMATIONANDASSESSMENTENERGYUSEBEHAVIOURSARENOTSTATICANDCANNOTBEF
46、RAMEDONLYACCORDINGTOINCOMELEVELSASOTHERSHAVENOTED,ALINEARTRANSITIONOFUSEOFFUELISNOTACOMMONANDUNIVERSALEXPLANATIONFORENERGYUSEBEHAVIOUREGTERBLANCHEETAL1994BRUCE2002THISSTUDYTHEREFORECONCURSWITHACALLFORANEXPANDEDUSEOFTHECONCEPTOFTHEENERGYLADDER,ACKNOWLEDGINGITSLIMITATIONSINTHISSTUDY,LOCALRESIDENTSWERE
47、MOREATTACHEDTOWHATTHEENERGYSOURCESPROVIDEDRATHERTHANTOTHEENERGYSOURCESTHEMSELVESTHEIMPORTANCEOFANENERGYSOURCEWAS,THEREFORE,LINKEDTOTHEPERCEIVEDGREATNESSOFTHEENERGYNEEDENERGYBEHAVIORISALSOSHOWNHERETOBEMADEEVENMORECOMPLEXBYTHEOBSERVATIONOFVARIOUSSOCIALANDCULTURALFACTORSTHEROLEOFSOCIALNETWORKSANDOTHERS
48、OCIALPRACTICESAPPEARTOBEINFLUENCINGENERGYUSEANDCLEARLYREQUIREMOREDETAILEDASSESSMENTTOMAKEAMOREPERSUASIVECASEFINALLY,THISSTUDYILLUSTRATESTHATMOREEFFECTIVEWAYSOFCAPTURINGTHEDYNAMICCOMPLEXITYOFENERGYUSEBEHAVIORARENEEDEDPARTICULARLYFORTHOSETHATEMERGEINTHEINTERSECTIONBETWEENDEVELOPMENT,CLIMATECHANGEMITIG
49、ATIONANDADAPTATIONANDPOVERTYALLEVIATION译文对南非低碳经济成功转型的挑战贫穷的都市社区摘要南非面临着一些发展挑战，包括气候变化。能源的使用已经被迫成为发展的新挑战（当做暖气来源的廉价煤被用来通路及其他可能能源的来源，但是对人类健康造成冲击，包括空气污染）。对低碳经济的成功转型，目前全世界还很少。最近，南非的关于联合费用的经济评估就进行了这样的转型，特别是在利用很多方法进行能源利用的贫穷社区。本文致力于提出一些能源使用方式，包括促使消费者在资源匮乏区域如何进行能源的选择和使用。在两个小镇区域DOORNKOP和KWAGUQA在用电还是继续烧煤方面进行了定性的数据分析，80左右的家庭选择使用煤炭进行家庭供暖和烹调，其他活动使用多种燃料来源。虽然国内煤炭贫瘠，但是煤炭的备用性和社会可接受性与其他能源一起不能被低估。因此，本文突出强调在气候变化上足以支撑南非的能源使用的转型，以缓和和改进能源部门对于能源的适应。关键词国内煤炭燃烧能源使用方式一、介绍在非洲大部分南部地区，气候变化使得许多部门面临挑战，例如水利、能源、农业等，以及一系列联系的问题。然而，其中重大的问题却没有受到极大关注，尤其是那些链接能源生产的行业，那些相对较少的能量评估领域是气候适应性问题和被称为“能源消耗和吸收的温柔一面”（如双方的经济和社会
