1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目RURALNONFARMINCOMEINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES出处ZHONGGUOSHEHUIKEXUE,1999,NO2作者TOMREARDON译文INTRODUCTIONTHETRADITIONALIMAGEOFFARMHOUSEHOLDSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHASBEENTHATTHEYFOCUSALMOSTEXCLUSIVELYONFARMINGANDUNDERTAKELITTLERURALNONFARMRNFACTIVITY1THISIMAGEPERSISTSANDISWIDESPREADEVENTODAYPOLICY
2、DEBATESTILLTENDSTOEQUATEFARMINCOMEWITHRURALINCOMES,ANDRURAL/URBANRELATIONSWITHFARM/NONFARMRELATIONSINDUSTRYMINISTRIESHAVETHUSFOCUSEDONURBANINDUSTRYANDMINISTRIESOFAGRICULTUREONFARMING,ANDTHEREHASBEENATENDENCYEVENAMONGAGRICULTURISTSANDTHOSEINTERESTEDINRURALDEVELOPMENTTONEGLECTTHERNFSECTORNEVERTHELESS,
3、THEREISMOUNTINGEVIDENCETHATRNFINCOMEIEINCOMEDERIVEDINTHISSECTORFROMWAGEPAYINGACTIVITIESANDSELFEMPLOYMENTINCOMMERCE,MANUFACTURINGANDOTHERSERVICESISANIMPORTANTRESOURCEFORFARMANDOTHERRURALHOUSEHOLDS,INCLUDINGTHELANDLESSPOORASWELLASRURALTOWNRESIDENTSALTHOUGHTHISSOURCEACCOUNTSFORONLYPARTOFTOTALOFFFARMINC
4、OMEWHICHALSOINCLUDESFARMWAGESANDMIGRATIONEARNINGS,THISCHAPTERFOCUSESONRNFINCOMESOASTOENABLEACLOSEREXAMINATIONOFWHATCANBEDONEWITHINRURALAREASTHEMSELVESTOINCREASEOVERALLECONOMICACTIVITYANDEMPLOYMENTTHEREARESEVERALREASONSWHYTHEPROMOTIONOFRNFACTIVITYCANBEOFGREATINTERESTTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRYPOLICYMAKERSFIR
5、ST,THEEVIDENCESHOWSTHATRNFINCOMEISANIMPORTANTFACTORINHOUSEHOLDECONOMIESANDTHEREFOREALSOINFOODSECURITY,SINCEITALLOWSGREATERACCESSTOFOODTHISSOURCEOFINCOMEMAYALSOPREVENTRAPIDOREXCESSIVEURBANIZATIONASWELLASNATURALRESOURCEDEGRADATIONTHROUGHOVEREXPLOITATIONSECOND,INTHEFACEOFCREDITCONSTRAINTS,RNFACTIVITYAF
6、FECTSTHEPERFORMANCEOFAGRICULTUREBYPROVIDINGFARMERSWITHCASHTOINVESTINPRODUCTIVITYENHANCINGINPUTSFURTHERMORE,DEVELOPMENTOFRNFACTIVITYINTHEFOODSYSTEMINCLUDINGAGROPROCESSING,DISTRIBUTIONANDTHEPROVISIONOFFARMINPUTSMAYINCREASETHEPROFITABILITYOFFARMINGBYINCREASINGTHEAVAILABILITYOFINPUTSANDIMPROVINGACCESSTO
7、MARKETOUTLETSINTURN,BETTERPERFORMANCEOFTHEFOODSYSTEMINCREASESRURALINCOMESANDLOWERSURBANFOODPRICESTHIRD,THENATUREANDPERFORMANCEOFAGRICULTURE,THEMSELVESAFFECTEDBYAGRICULTURALPOLICIES,CANHAVEIMPORTANTEFFECTSONTHEDYNAMISMOFTHERNFSECTORTOTHEEXTENTTHATTHELATTERISLINKEDTOAGRICULTURETHISSECTORGROWSFASTESTAN
8、DMOSTEQUITABLYWHEREAGRICULTUREISDYNAMICWHEREFARMOUTPUTISAVAILABLEFORPROCESSINGANDDISTRIBUTION,WHERETHEREAREINPUTSTOBESOLDANDEQUIPMENTREPAIREDANDWHEREFARMCASHINCOMESARESPENTONLOCALGOODSANDSERVICESINTHELIGHTOFTHESEFACTORS,THEPRESENTREVIEWPURSUESTWOMAINPURPOSESITSEEKSTOSENSITIZEGOVERNMENTS,DONORSANDDEV
9、ELOPMENTAGENCIESTOTHEISSUEOFRNFACTIVITYANDITSIMPORTANCEFORAGRICULTURALANDRURALDEVELOPMENTASWELLASPOVERTYALLEVIATIONAND,WITHAVIEWTOFURTHERINGTHEHARMONIOUSGROWTHOFBOTHTHEFARMANDRNFSECTORS,ITCITESBROADIMPLICATIONSTHATRNFACTIVITYMAYHAVEFORAGRICULTURALPOLICYANDFORPOLICYANDINSTITUTIONALCOORDINATIONREASONS
10、FORHOUSEHOLDPARTICIPATIONINRNFACTIVITIESDECISIONSMADEBYRURALHOUSEHOLDSCONCERNINGTHEFORMANDEXTENTOFTHEIRINVOLVEMENTINRNFACTIVITIESEITHERSTARTINGENTERPRISESORENTERINGTHEWAGELABOURMARKETGENERALLYDEPENDONTWOMAINFACTORSTHEINCENTIVESOFFERED,SUCHASTHERELATIVEPROFITABILITYANDRISKOFFARMANDRNFACTIVITIESTHEHOU
11、SEHOLDSCAPACITYDETERMINEDBYEDUCATION,INCOMEANDASSETSANDACCESSTOCREDIT,ETCTOUNDERTAKESUCHACTIVITIESHOUSEHOLDSAREMOTIVATEDTOUNDERTAKERNFACTIVITYBYEITHER“PULL“OR“PUSH“FACTORSINTHECASEOFENTERPRISESSETUPBYHOUSEHOLDS,THECHOICEOFTECHNOLOGIESANDPRODUCTSWILLLIKEWISEBEDETERMINEDBYSIMILARCONDITIONSWHENOPTINGTO
12、UNDERTAKERNFACTIVITIES,FARMHOUSEHOLDS2MAYBEMOTIVATEDBY“PULL“FACTORS,SUCHASBETTERRETURNSINTHENONFARMSECTORRELATIVETOTHEFARMSECTORAND“PUSH“FACTORS,3WHICHINCLUDEINPARTICULARANINADEQUATEFARMOUTPUT,RESULTINGEITHERFROMTEMPORARYEVENTSEGADROUGHTORLONGERTERMPROBLEMSEGLANDCONSTRAINTSANABSENCEOFORINCOMPLETECRO
13、PINSURANCEANDCONSUMPTIONCREDITMARKETSTOUSEASEXPOSTMEASURESFORHARVESTSHORTFALLSTHERISKSOFFARMING,WHICHINDUCEHOUSEHOLDSTOMANAGEINCOMEANDCONSUMPTIONUNCERTAINTIESBYDIVERSIFYINGANDUNDERTAKINGACTIVITIESWITHRETURNSTHATHAVEALOWORNEGATIVECORRELATIONWITHTHOSEOFFARMINGANABSENCEORFAILUREOFFARMINPUTMARKETSORINPU
14、TCREDITMARKETS,COMPELLINGHOUSEHOLDSTOPAYFORFARMINPUTSWITHTHEIROWNCASHRESOURCESFACTORSCONDITIONINGINCENTIVESANDCAPACITYFORRNFACTIVITIESINCENTIVESANDCAPACITYFORUNDERTAKINGNONFARMACTIVITIESMAYDIVERGETHUS,POORFARMERSMAYVERYWELLHAVESTRONGINCENTIVESTOPARTICIPATEINRNFACTIVITIESWHILELACKINGTHECAPACITYTODOSO
15、BECAUSEOFVARIOUSCONSTRAINTSHOUSEHOLDWEALTHANDAGROCLIMATICZONE4INCENTIVESTOPARTICIPATEINRNFACTIVITIESDIFFERACCORDINGTOHOUSEHOLDSWEALTHPOORERHOUSEHOLDSARELESSABLETOTOLERATEORCOPEWITHNEGATIVESHOCKSTOTHEIRINCOMEANDARETHUSMOREAVERSETOTHISTYPEOFRISKTHEYARETHEREFOREMORELIKELYTODIVERSIFYINFAVOUROFLESSRISKYI
16、NCOMESOURCESANDACTIVITIESMOREOVER,THEAGROCLIMATICCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEZONEFAVOURABLEORUNFAVOURABLE,MOREORLESSVARIABLEWILLINFLUENCEFARMHOUSEHOLDSRISKMOTIVEFORINCOMEDIVERSIFICATIONINTONONFARMACTIVITIESHOUSEHOLDSINZONESWITHAHIGHRISKAGRICULTUREWOULDBEMORE“PUSHED“TODIVERSIFYINTORNFACTIVITIESALARGERSHAREOF
17、SUCHACTIVITYWOULDBEUNDERTAKENMERELYTOCOPEEXPOSTWITHSHOCKSTOFARMINCOMESUCHASFROMDROUGHT,ALTHOUGHONEWOULDEXPECTDIVERSIFICATIONOFINCOMEALSOIN“NORMAL“YEARSEGNONDROUGHTYEARSSOASTOACCUMULATERESOURCESWEALTHWITHWHICHTOOVERCOMENEGATIVESHOCKSBYCONTRAST,HOUSEHOLDSINZONESWHEREAGRICULTUREISLESSRISKYMIGHTPARTICIP
18、ATEINRNFACTIVITIESMAINLYFORTHEHIGHERRETURNSTHEYGIVEORINORDERTOALLEVIATECASHANDCREDITCONSTRAINTSEVENIFTHEINCENTIVESTODIVERSIFYFORPUSHORPULLREASONSAREHIGH,WHETHERTHEHOUSEHOLDWILLREACTTOTHESEINCENTIVESDEPENDSONITSCAPACITYTODOSOINTHEABSENCEOFWELLFUNCTIONINGCREDITANDINSURANCEMARKETSWHICHISFREQUENT,IFNOTT
19、HERULE,INRURALAREASOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,THECAPACITYTOINVESTINADIVERSIFIEDSETOFACTIVITIESINCREASESWITHHOUSEHOLDWEALTHIFDIVERSIFICATIONISCOSTLYIEIFANACTIVITYHASHIGHENTRYBARRIERSAFACTTHATEMPIRICALEVIDENCETENDSTOSUPPORTANDINITIALLYRISKY,WEALTHYHOUSEHOLDSAREINAMOREFAVOURABLEPOSITIONTODIVERSIFYINTORNFACT
20、IVITIESSINCETHEYCANUSETHEIRWEALTHFORSELFFINANCINGANDASABUFFERAGAINSTNEGATIVEINCOMESHOCKSPROFITABILITYOFRURALNONFARMACTIVITIESANUMBEROFEXOGENOUSFACTORSAFFECTTHEPROFITABILITYANDRISKOFFARMANDRURALNONFARMACTIVITIESANDTHUSTHEMIXOFTHETWOTYPESOFACTIVITYUNDERTAKENBYAHOUSEHOLDTHEPROFITABILITYOFAGIVENRNFACTIV
21、ITYISDETERMINEDBYTHEPRICEOFTHEPRODUCTPRODUCEDORTHEWAGERECEIVEDINTHESECTORANDBYTHEPRICESOFTHEARRAYOFINPUTSUSEDINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSOREMPLOYMENTINGENERAL,BOTHPRODUCTANDINPUTPRICESFORRNFACTIVITIESWILLBEINFLUENCEDBYTHETRANSMISSIONOFEFFECTSOFMACROECONOMICANDSECTORALPOLICIESSUCHASDEVALUATIONOFTHECURRENCY
22、,CHANGESINTHEINTERESTRATEANDCHANGESINTARIFFSONIMPORTEDFINALANDCAPITALGOODSASWELLASBYFACTORSINFLUENCINGTRANSPORTANDOTHERTRANSACTIONCOSTSSUCHFACTORSALSOINCLUDETHECONDITIONOFSOFTINFRASTRUCTUREEGEXTENSION,MARKETINFORMATIONANDEDUCATIONANDHARDINFRASTRUCTUREEGROADSANDTELEPHONELINESINRESPONSETOTHESECONDITIO
23、NS,PRIVATEFIRMSCANLOWERTRANSACTIONCOSTSTHROUGHCONTRACTSANDOTHERCOORDINATIONMECHANISMSSOASTOINCREASEINTERACTIONAMONGBUSINESSESACROSSSECTORSORSUBSECTORSANDTHUSSTRENGTHENINTERSECTORALANDINTRASECTORALLINKAGESTHECAPACITYOFLOCALFACTORMARKETSTOPROVIDEAPPROPRIATEPRODUCTIVEINPUTSANDFINANCIALCAPITALFORRNFACTI
24、VITIESWILLINFLUENCETHEPREVAILINGINPUTPRICESFOREXAMPLE,IFTHELOCALLABOURMARKETHASANINSUFFICIENTNUMBEROFSKILLEDWORKERS,THESKILLEDWAGERATETOBEPAIDBYRNFENTREPRENEURSWILLBEDRIVENUPIFTHEREALESTATEMARKETINARURALTOWNISCONSTRAINEDBYBUILDINGREGULATIONS,PURCHASEPRICESANDRENTALRATESFORWORKSHOPSPACEMAYALSOBEFORCE
25、DUPWARDSDEVELOPMENTPOLICIESANDPROGRAMMESDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSDESERVEASPECIALMENTIONASANINSTRUMENTOFDEVELOPMENTPOLICY,THESEPROJECTSCONSTITUTEANIMPORTANTSETOFDETERMINANTSOFINCENTIVESANDCAPACITYFORRURALHOUSEHOLDSTOPARTICIPATEINRNFACTIVITIESINASENSE,ADEVELOPMENTPROJECTISAMINIPACKAGEOFPUBLICPOLICIESANDINVE
26、STMENTSTHATAPPLYTOARESTRICTEDSETOFACTIVITIESINSPACEANDTIMEANDAFFECTALIMITEDNUMBEROFPARTICIPANTSATYPICALEXAMPLEFROMTHERNFSECTORWOULDBEADAIRYPROJECT,COORDINATEDBYANNGOORTHEGOVERNMENTANDINVOLVINGTHEPROVISIONOFTRAINERSANDEQUIPMENTTODEVELOPASMALLSCALEDAIRYACTIVITYWITHASELECTEDSETOFRURALHOUSEHOLDSANIMMEDI
27、ATEAIMWOULDBETOFACILITATEMILKMARKETINGWITHPROJECTVEHICLESANDDONOREXPERTISETHISFORMOFSUPPORTINFACTCONSTITUTESABOUNDEDSUBSIDYPOLICYFORINPUTSEQUIPMENT,TRAININGSERVICESANDMARKETFACILITIESTARGETEDATAGIVENRNFSUBSECTOR,GROUPOFACTORSANDTIMEHORIZONLINKAGESBETWEENFARMANDNONFARMACTIVITIESTHECONCEPTOFFARM/NONFA
28、RMLINKAGESISMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDTODESCRIBETHERELATIONBETWEENTHEFARMANDNONFARMSECTORSTHESESECTORSCANBELINKEDDIRECTLYVIAPRODUCTIONLINKAGES,INWHICHCASETHELINKAGEOCCURSEITHER“UPSTREAM“OR“DOWNSTREAM“WHENGROWTHINTHEFARMSECTORINDUCESTHENONFARMSECTORTOINCREASEITSACTIVITIESBYINVESTINGINPRODUCTIVITYORADDITIONALCA
29、PACITYFORSUPPLYINGINPUTSANDSERVICESTOTHEFORMER,THELINKAGEISUPSTREAMITISDOWNSTREAMANDISOFTENREFERREDTOASAVALUEADDEDACTIVITYINCASESWHERETHENONFARMSECTORISINDUCEDTOINVESTINCAPACITYTOSUPPLYAGROPROCESSINGANDDISTRIBUTIONSERVICES,USINGFARMPRODUCTSASINPUTSTHEFARMANDNONFARMSECTORSCANBELINKEDDIRECTLYVIAPRODUC
30、TIONLINKAGES,WHICHOCCUREITHERUPSTREAMORDOWNSTREAMINDIRECTEXPENDITURELINKAGES,ONTHEOTHERHAND,OCCURWHENINCOMESGENERATEDINONEOFTHETWOSECTORSARESPENTONTHEOUTPUTOFTHEOTHERFINALLY,THEREMAYBEINVESTMENTLINKAGESBETWEENTHETWOSECTORS,INWHICHCASEPROFITSGENERATEDINONEAREINVESTEDINTHEOTHERRNFPRODUCTIONLINKAGESWIT
31、HLOCALAGRICULTURETAKEPLACETHROUGHSALEOFINPUTSTOANDPURCHASEOFOUTPUTFROMTHEFARMSECTOR,WITHTHEAGRICULTURALOUTPUTBEINGUSEDASANINPUTFORRNFACTIVITIESSUCHASAGROPROCESSINGANDDISTRIBUTIONHENCE,THETYPEOFLOCALAGRICULTUREWILLPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINDETERMININGTHEINCENTIVESFORTHESEKINDSOFRNFACTIVITY,ASITSCHARACTERI
32、STICSWILLAFFECTTHEPROFITABILITYOFRNFPRODUCTSANDSERVICESASWELLASTHEMARKETOUTLETSFORTHEMONTHESIDEOFFARMIMPLEMENTS,FOREXAMPLE,THEAVERAGEFARMSIZEDETERMINESWHETHERTHEREISAPROFITABLEMARKETFORTRACTORSINADDITIONTOHANDTOOLSONTHEFARMOUTPUTSIDE,THECOMPOSITION,TIMINGANDQUALITYOFOUTPUTPRODUCEDBYLOCALFARMSCANINFL
33、UENCETHEPROFITABILITYANDOPTIMALPLANTSIZEOFAGROPROCESSINGINDUSTRIESTHETYPEOFTECHNOLOGYUSEDINCATTLEFARMINGAFFECTSANIMALHEALTHANDMILKPRODUCTIVITYWHICH,INTURN,AFFECTSTHEPROFITABILITYOFNONFARMACTIVITIESSUCHASCHEESEPRODUCTIONANDMILKPASTEURIZINGTHEREAREEXPENDITURELINKAGESBETWEENRNFANDFARMACTIVITIESINTHATIN
34、COMEGENERATEDFROMFARMACTIVITIESISSPENTONTHEOUTPUTOFNONFARMENTERPRISESANDVICEVERSATHEREFORE,THEPROFITABILITYANDMARKETOUTLETFORTHESEAREDETERMINEDBYLOCALINCOMESLEVELANDDISTRIBUTIONANDTASTESSMALLHOLDERS,THEPOOR,AREMORELIKELYTOSPENDONLOCALGOODSANDSERVICESINTHERNFSECTOR,WHILERICHERHOUSEHOLDSWOULDTENDTOSPE
35、NDONITEMSFROMTHEMODERNMANUFACTURINGSECTORLOCATEDINCITIES,ORONIMPORTSTHEIMPLICATIONOFTHISISTHATTECHNICALCHANGEINAGRICULTURETHATBENEFITSSMALLHOLDERSWILLHAVEAGREATERIMPACTONTHELOCALECONOMYVIAEXPENDITURELINKAGESTHANWOULDTECHNICALCHANGETHATBENEFITSLARGELANDHOLDERSWHERETHEREARECONSTRAINTSONACCESSTOCREDIT,
36、INVESTMENTLINKAGESBETWEENRNFACTIVITIESANDTHEFARMSECTORMAYALSOBEVERYIMPORTANTINSUCHCIRCUMSTANCES,NONFARMINCOMEMAYBECRUCIALFORAFARMHOUSEHOLDSCAPACITYTOMAKEFARMCAPITALINVESTMENTSANDPURCHASEMODERNINPUTSVICEVERSA,SAVINGSGENERATEDBYFARMACTIVITIESMAYBEATTHEBASISOFINVESTMENTSINNONFARMACTIVITYPATTERNSINRNFAC
37、TIVITYINTERANDINTRAREGIONALDIFFERENCESTHEIMPORTANCEOFRNFACTIVITYCOMPARISONSACROSSDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYREGIONSTABLE11SUMMARIZESDATAONTHESHARESOFNONFARMINCOMEANDEMPLOYMENTINTOTALRURALINCOMEANDEMPLOYMENTDRAWNFROMSTUDIESFROMTHE1970STOTHE1990SINTHETHREEREGIONSTHESOURCESFORTHEDATAUSEDAREPRESENTEDCOUNTRYBYCOUN
38、TRYINAPPENDIXTABLES1AND2AVERAGENONFARMINCOMESHARESAREHIGHERINAFRICA42PERCENTANDLATINAMERICA40PERCENTTHANINASIA32PERCENTEVENCONSIDERINGCAVEATSABOUTDATAQUALITYANDCOVERAGE,THESEFINDINGSAREIMPORTANTANDSURPRISINGFORSEVERALREASONSNONFARMINCOMEISASIGNIFICANTPARTOFTOTALINCOMEAND,HENCE,ISIMPORTANTFORPURCHASI
39、NGPOWERANDFOODSECURITYFIRST,THEYSHOWTHESIGNIFICANTIMPORTANCEOFNONFARMINCOMERELATIVETOTOTALINCOMEINRURALAREAS,ANDHENCEITSIMPORTANCEFORPURCHASINGPOWERANDFOODSECURITYSECOND,ONEWOULDEXPECTTHERELATIVEIMPORTANCEOFNONFARMINCOMETOBEGREATERINREGIONSWITHHIGHERLEVELSOFGNPPERCAPUTINDEED,RICHERREGIONSTENDTOHAVEB
40、ETTERINFRASTRUCTUREANDSTRONGERAGRICULTURALSECTORS,BOTHOFWHICHINDUCERNFDEVELOPMENTHENCE,THEEXPECTEDRANKINGWOULDBELATINAMERICA,ASIA,AFRICAHOWEVER,THEFACTTHATAFRICAISPLACEDFIRSTINTHERANKINGSUGGESTSTHATDIVERSIFICATIONINCENTIVESHAVEANIMPORTANTROLETOPLAYINOTHERWORDS,ALTHOUGHAFRICANHOUSEHOLDSAREPOORERTHANT
41、HOSEINTHEOTHERREGIONS,THEINCENTIVETODIVERSIFYTHEIRINCOMESISSTRONGOWINGTOLOWFARMINCOMES,RISKS,ETCTHISRUNSCOUNTERTOCONVENTIONALWISDOMTHATSEESAFRICANPEASANTSASBEINGLITTLEINCLINEDTOWARDSRURALINCOMEDIVERSIFICATIONSHAREOFNONFARMINCOMEANDEMPLOYMENTINTOTALRURALINCOMEANDEMPLOYMENT1REGIONSANDSUBREGIONSNONFARM
42、INCOMESHARENONFARMEMPLOYMENTSHAREAVERAGEPERCAPUTGNP,1995MEANCOEFFICIENTOFVARIATIONMEANCOEFFICIENTOFVARIATIONAFRICA42045726EASTANDSOUTHERNAFRICA45047932WESTAFRICA36036313ASIA32033440321847EASTASIA35019440292889SOUTHASIA2905243040388LATINAMERICA40020250332499FINALLY,THEVARIABILITYOFNONFARMINCOMESHARES
43、ASMEASUREDBYTHECOEFFICIENTSOFVARIATIONCALCULATEDOVERCOUNTRYAVERAGESISHIGHESTINTHEPOORESTAREAS,IETHEAFRICANSUBREGIONSANDSOUTHASIA,REFLECTINGADIVERSITYOFCONDITIONINGFACTORSSUCHASDEGREEOFAGRICULTURALPERFORMANCE,INFRASTRUCTURE,URBANIZATIONRATES,ETCEVENINSITUATIONSOFGENERALIZEDPOVERTYCONCLUSIONSTHERNFSEC
44、TORISALREADYOFGREATIMPORTANCETORURALECONOMIESFORITSPRODUCTIVEANDEMPLOYMENTEFFECTSITOFFERSSERVICESANDPRODUCTSUPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMFROMAGRICULTUREINTHEOFFFARMCOMPONENTSOFTHEFOODANDFIBRESYSTEM,WHICHARECRITICALTOTHEDYNAMISMOFAGRICULTUREWHILETHEINCOMEITPROVIDESFARMHOUSEHOLDSREPRESENTSASUBSTANTIALANDGROWI
45、NGSHAREOFRURALINCOMES,INCLUDINGTHOSEOFTHERURALPOORTHESESECTORALCONTRIBUTIONSWILLBECOMEINCREASINGLYSIGNIFICANTFORFOODSECURITY,POVERTYALLEVIATIONANDFARMSECTORCOMPETITIVENESSANDPRODUCTIVITYINTHEYEARSTOCOME发展中国家的非农经济概述在发展中国家，传统的家庭农场往往主要从事农业和很小比例的非农业活动。这种现象在如今也是很普遍的。而政府仍然把农场的收入和农村收入趋于等同，农村和城市的关系就是农业和非农业之
46、间的关系。因此产业部门就重点发展农业上存在一个趋势，即使一些对农村发展感兴趣的农民也往往忽视非农部门的发展。然而有越来越多的证据表明，非农业收入（即收入从商业、制造业和服务业中得到的工资报酬）对于农村家庭农场和其他一些贫困的无地农民和城镇居民来说是一笔重要的经济来源。虽然它只占农民总收入的一部分，但可以通过重点研究非农业收入，使我们更精确的认识到应该采取什么样的措施才能在农村地区提高整体经济活动和充分就业。有几个因素可以促进发展中国家的政治决策者对发展非农经济产生兴趣。首先，有证据表明，非农收入对一个家庭来说是一个重要的经济来源，因为它是解决温饱的基础，能使大家过上更好的生活。这一收入来源可以
47、防止快速城市化以及过度开发自然资源导致环境破坏。第二，面对信贷的限制，非农经济收入可以提供农民现金，提高生产力的投入。此外，非农经济活动的发展可以使食品产业（包括农产品加工、流通和农场提供投入）通过提高投入能力和改善市场准入的途径来增加农业的盈利。相反，更好的食品体系可以增加农民的收入和降低城市食品的价格。第三，农业受到自然性质和农业政策的重要影响，但非农产业部门却在某种程度上比农业更具活力。这个部门最具活力，现金收入增长最快又公正，可以从农业生产中的加工和销售，投入装备的修理和产品服务中获取。根据这些因素，本文主要有两个目的一方面是加强各国政府、捐助者和发展机构发展非农经济，改变农村贫困的面
48、貌；另一方面是促进非农行业和农场的和谐发展，并通过非农经济来协调农业政策和政策体制。一、家庭参与非农经济活动的原因决定一个农村家庭参与非农经济活动的形式和强度（无论是进入企业和劳动力市场得到报酬）一般都取决于两个因素刺激供求，例如农场存在相对收益和风险；家庭的能力（取决于对教育，收入和资产以及获得信贷）来开展这种活动。家庭进行非农经济活动的动机并不是“拉动”或“推动”的因素。例如由家庭设立的企业，选择的技术和产品以同样类似的情况来确定。当农场家庭进行非农经济活动可能有两种动机“拉动”的因素，如非农业部门可以拉动农业部门得到更多的回报；“推动”的因素，主要包括四方面一是由于一些不可预见的事情比如
49、干旱或者土地任期问题等导致农产品产量的不足；二是由于一个没有农作物保险或不完整的消费信贷市场，没有任何收获；三是由于农业本来存在风险，这导致家庭收入和消费管理通过多样化的不确定性和开展活动的回报具有负的农业相关性；四是投入信贷或在农业中投入失败，家庭农场不能支付充足的现金资源投入自己的农场。1、发展非农经济活动的制约和激励因素鼓励发展与真正有能力进行非农经济活动存在分歧。所以一些贫穷的农民虽然非常渴望发展非农经济活动，但是由于更种因素的制约心有余而力不足。首先，家庭财富和农业气候区的影响。根据家庭财富的多少，参与非农经济活动的动机也有所不同。较贫困的家庭不太能够忍受和应付他们的收入遭受负面冲击，所以厌恶这种风险类型。他们更有可能赞成来源于低风险的收入。另外，对农业区有利或不利的气候特点会或多或少的影响农场的多样化和非农业收入的风险。参与高风险的农业家庭会更有力地推动非农经济的发展。他们以更大份额的农业收入参与非农经济活动仅仅是为了应付像旱灾这种自然灾害后者为了积累财富来克服负面的冲击，使得农业收入更加多元化。相比之下，那些低风险的家庭农业参与非农经济活动主要是为了能得到较高的回报，或者为了减轻现金和信贷的限制。其次，农村非农经济活动的利润一些外在的因素会影响农场和非农经济活动的盈利和存在一些风险，所以一个农村家庭可以混合这两种类型。非农经济活动的盈利能力取决于
