1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目PORTREGIONALIZATIONTOWARDSANEWPHASEINPORTDEVELOPMENT出处MARITPOLMGMT,JULYSEPTEMBER2005VOL32,NO3作者NOTTEBOOMTHEOERODRIGUEJEANPAUL原文PORTREGIONALIZATIONTOWARDSANEWPHASEINPORTDEVELOPMENTLOGISTICSINTEGRATIONANDNETWORKORIENTATIONINTHEPORTANDMARITIMEINDUSTRYHAVEREDEFINEDTHEFUNCTIONALROLEOFPORTSI
2、NVALUECHAINSANDHAVEGENERATEDNEWPATTERNSOFFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONANDNEWAPPROACHESTOPORTHIERARCHYEXISTINGMODELSONTHESPATIALANDFUNCTIONALEVOLUTIONOFPORTSANDPORTSYSTEMSONLYPARTIALLYFITINTOTHENEWFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONPARADIGMTHISPAPERAIMSTOADDTOEXISTINGLITERATUREBYINTRODUCINGAPORTREGIONALIZATIONPHASEINPORTANDPO
3、RTSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTITISDEMONSTRATEDTHATTHEREGIONALIZATIONPHASEANDASSOCIATEDHINTERLANDCONCEPTSDEMANDNEWAPPROACHESTOPORTGOVERNANCEANDAFUNCTIONALFOCUSTHATGOESBEYONDTHETRADITIONALPORTPERIMETER1INTRODUCTIONINLANDDISTRIBUTIONISBECOMINGAVERYIMPORTANTDIMENSIONOFTHEGLOBALIZATION/MARITIMETRANSPORTATION/FREIGH
4、TDISTRIBUTIONPARADIGMCUSTOMERSARECALCULATINGTHETOTALLOGISTICCOSTOFTRANSPORTINGCONTAINERIZEDGOODS,IMPLYINGTHATCURRENTEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSINLOGISTICS,NAMELYFORCONTAINERTRANSPORTATION,AREDERIVEDFORALARGEPARTFROMINLANDDISTRIBUTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINSINCREASEDTHEPRESSUREONTHEMARITIMEHAUL,
5、ONPORTOPERATIONSAND,LASTBUTNOTLEASTONINLANDFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONINLANDACCESSIBILITYASSUCHHASBECOMEACORNERSTONEINPORTCOMPETITIVENESSTHISCONTRIBUTIONPROVIDESACONCEPTUALAPPROACHTOPORTHINTERLANDRELATIONSHIPSINACHANGINGMARKETENVIRONMENTTHEPAPERAIMSTODISCUSSANDEXTENDEXISTINGMODELSONTHESPATIALANDFUNCTIONALDE
6、VELOPMENTOFINDIVIDUALPORTTERMINALSANDLARGERPORTTERMINALSYSTEMSAREGIONALIZATIONPHASEINPORTANDPORTSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTISINTRODUCEDANDFURTHERSUBSTANTIATEDTHEPAPERFURTHERMOREELABORATESONGOVERNANCEISSUESLINKEDTOTHEREGIONALIZATIONPHASEANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSUSTAINABLEHINTERLANDCONCEPTSTHATADDTOAPORTSCOMPETITIVE
7、POSITION2PORTTERMINALSANDINLANDFREIGHTDISTRIBUTION21PORTDEVELOPMENTONEOFTHEMOSTWIDELYACKNOWLEDGEDCONCEPTUALPERSPECTIVESONPORTDEVELOPMENTISTHEANYPORTMODELDEVELOPEDBYBIRDSTARTINGFROMTHEINITIALPORTSITEWITHSMALLLATERALQUAYSADJACENTTOTHETOWNCENTRE,PORTEXPANSIONISTHEPRODUCTOFEVOLVINGMARITIMETECHNOLOGIESAN
8、DIMPROVEMENTSINCARGOHANDLINGTHREEMAJORSTEPSCANBEIDENTIFIEDINTHEPORTDEVELOPMENTPROCESSIDENTIFIEDBYANYPORTSETTING,EXPANSIONANDSPECIALIZATIONTHETHREEPHASESDEPICTWELLPORTDEVELOPMENTPROCESSES,ESPECIALLYINLARGETRADITIONALPORTSTHEMODELREMAINSAVALIDEXPLANATIONOFPORTDEVELOPMENTHOWEVER,THEMODELHASSOMEWEAKNESS
9、ESINVIEWOFEXPLAININGCONTEMPORARYPORTDEVELOPMENTFIRSTOFALL,ITDOESNOTEXPLAINTHERECENTRISEOFSEAPORTTERMINALSTHATPRIMARILYACTASTRANSHIPMENTHUBSINEXTENSIVEMARITIMEHUBANDSPOKEANDCOLLECTIONANDDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSINCREASEDCARGOAVAILABILITYHASTRIGGEREDCHANGESINVESSELSIZE,LINERSERVICESCHEDULESANDINTHESTRUCTUR
10、EOFLINERSHIPPINGCARRIERSANDALLIANCESHAVERESHAPEDTHEIRLINERSHIPPINGNETWORKSTHROUGHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFNEWTYPESOFENDTOENDSERVICES,ROUNDTHEWORLDSERVICESANDPENDULUMSERVICES,ESPECIALLYONTHEMAINEASTWESTTRADELANESASARESULT,ANEWBREEDOFTERMINALSHASEMERGEDALONGTHEEASTWESTSHIPPINGLANESATUNLIKELYPLACESFARAWAYFROMT
11、HEIMMEDIATEHINTERLANDTHATHISTORICALLYGUIDEDPORTSELECTIONTHESESITESHAVEBEENSELECTEDTOSERVECONTINENTSANDFORTRANSHIPPINGATTHECROSSINGPOINTSOFTRADELANESTHEYRELYHEAVILY,SOMETIMESCOMPLETELY,ONTRAFFICFLOWSTHATAREDISTANTLYGENERATEDBYTHEINTERACTIONOFWIDELYSEPARATEDPLACESANDSTIMULATEDBYTHEPORTSENROUTELOCATION
12、ORINTERMEDIACYTHEMODELOFBIRDDOESNOTPROVIDEABASETOEXPLAINTHEEMERGENCEOFHUBTERMINALSINOFFSHOREORISLANDLOCATIONSWITHLIMITEDORNOLOCALHINTERLANDSSECOND,THEBIRDMODELDOESNOTINCLUDETHEINLANDDIMENSIONASADRIVINGFACTORINPORTDEVELOPMENTDYNAMICSTHISPAPERPROPOSESANEWPHASEOFPORTDEVELOPMENT,WITHSTRONGERLINKSWITHTHE
13、IRHINTERLAND,BUTALSOOFINTERMEDIARY/TRANSSHIPMENTPORTS,WITHSTRONGERLINKSWITHTHEIRFORELANDALTHOUGHTHESETWOFUNCTIONSARENOTMUTUALLYEXCLUSIVE,ITAPPEARSTHATDUETOGEOGRAPHICALCONSIDERATIONS,SUCHASPROXIMITYANDINTERMEDIACYTOPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTION,PORTSARESPECIALIZINGINONEFUNCTIONREGIONALIZATIONEXPANDSTHEHIN
14、TERLANDREACHOFTHEPORTTHROUGHANUMBEROFMARKETSTRATEGIESANDPOLICIESLINKINGITMORECLOSELYTOINLANDFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSTHEPHASEOFREGIONALIZATIONBRINGSTHEPERSPECTIVEOFPORTDEVELOPMENTTOAHIGHERGEOGRAPHICALSCALE,IEBEYONDTHEPORTPERIMETERTHISPOINTWILLBESUBSTANTIATEDFURTHERISTHISPAPER22PORTTERMINALSYSTEMSAN
15、DPORTREGIONALIZATIONTHEPHASEOFPORTREGIONALIZATIONNOTONLYEXPANDSTHEANYPORTMODELOFBIRDITALSOEXTENDSTHEEXISTINGLITERATUREONTHESPATIALDEVELOPMENTOFSEAPORTSYSTEMSINRELATIONTOMARITIMEANDHINTERLANDNETWORKSTHEMODELOFTAAFFEETALSUGGESTSANINCREASINGLEVELOFPORTCONCENTRATIONASCERTAINHINTERLANDROUTESDEVELOPTOAGRE
16、ATEREXTENTTHANOTHERSINASSOCIATIONWITHTHEINCREASEDIMPORTANCEOFPARTICULARURBANCENTERSTHEGEOGRAPHICALSYSTEMWOULDEVOLVEFROMANINITIALPATTERNOFSCATTERED,POORLYCONNECTEDPORTSALONGTHECOASTLINETOAMAINNETWORKCONSISTINGOFCORRIDORSBETWEENGATEWAYPORTSANDMAJORHINTERLANDCENTERSSIMILARLYTOTHEBIRDMODEL,THEMODELSONPO
17、RTSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTUPTONOWADIDNOTEXPLAINTHERECENTRISEOFNEWHUBTERMINALSANDBDIDNOTINCORPORATEINLANDFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSANDTERMINALSASACTIVENODESINSHAPINGLOADCENTREDEVELOPMENTTHISPAPERPROPOSESAREVISEDMODELONPORTSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTFOUNDEDONTWOEXTENSIONS3SUBSTANTIATINGTHEREGIONALIZATIONPHASE31PORTREG
18、IONALIZATIONANDLOGISTICSINTEGRATIONTHETRANSITIONTOWARDSTHEPORTREGIONALIZATIONPHASEISAGRADUALANDMARKETDRIVENPROCESS,IMPOSEDONPORTS,THATMIRRORSTHEINCREASEDFOCUSOFMARKETPLAYERSONLOGISTICSINTEGRATIONTHETENDENCYTOWARDSLOGISTICSINTEGRATIONINTHEPORTANDMARITIMEINDUSTRYANDTHEIMPACTOFCHANGESINLOGISTICSONTHEFU
19、NCTIONALROLEOFPORTSINVALUECHAINSAREWELLDOCUMENTEDINRECENTLITERATUREROBINSONPLACESTHEROLEOFSEAPORTSWITHINANEWPARADIGMOFPORTSASELEMENTSINVALUEDRIVENCHAINSYSTEMSNOTTEBOOMANDWINKELMANSANDHEAVERETALPRIMARILYDISCUSSLOGISTICSINTEGRATIONANDTHECHANGINGROLEOFPORTAUTHORITIESINTHENEWLOGISTICRESTRUCTUREDENVIRONM
20、ENT,WHILEMARTINANDTHOMASADDRESSSTRUCTURALCHANGESINTHECONTAINERTERMINALCOMMUNITYTHELEVELOFFUNCTIONALINTEGRATIONOFLANDDISTRIBUTIONISINCREASINGRAPIDLYMANYDISTRIBUTIONFUNCTIONSTHATUSEDTOBESEPARATEDARENOWCONTROLLEDBYASINGLEENTITYINACONVENTIONALSITUATION,THEMAJORITYOFDISTRIBUTIONACTIVITIESWEREPERFORMEDBYD
21、IFFERENTENTITIESRANGINGFROMMARITIMESHIPPINGLINES,SHIPPINGANDCUSTOMAGENTS,FREIGHTFORWARDERSANDRAILANDTRUCKINGCOMPANIESREGULATIONSWEREOFTENPREVENTINGMULTIMODALOWNERSHIP,LEAVINGTHESYSTEMFRAGMENTEDTHESHIFTFROMONESEGMENTTOTHEOTHERWASCHARACTERIZEDBYADDITIONALCOSTSANDDELAYSEITHERADMINISTRATIVEORPHYSICALNAM
22、ELYINTERMODALWITHANINCREASINGLEVELOFFUNCTIONALINTEGRATIONMANYINTERMEDIATESTEPSINTHETRANSPORTCHAINHAVEBEENREMOVEDMERGERSANDACQUISITIONSHAVEPERMITTEDTHEEMERGENCEOFLARGELOGISTICSOPERATORSTHATCONTROLMANYSEGMENTSOFTHESUPPLYCHAINMEGACARRIERSTECHNOLOGYHASPLAYEDAPARTICULARROLEINTHISPROCESSNAMELYINTERMSOFITI
23、NFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYCONTROLOFTHEPROCESSANDINTERMODALINTEGRATIONCONTROLOFTHEFLOWSLOGISTICSINTEGRATIONTHUSREQUIRESRESPONSESANDTHEFORMULATIONOFSTRATEGIESCONCERNINGINLANDFREIGHTCIRCULATIONTHERESPONSESTOTHESECHALLENGESGOBEYONDTHETRADITIONALPERSPECTIVESCENTEREDONTHEPORTITSELFPORTREGIONALIZATIONTHUSREPRESE
24、NTSTHENEXTSTAGEINPORTDEVELOPMENTIMPOSEDONPORTSBYMARKETDYNAMICS,WHEREEFFICIENCYISDERIVEDWITHHIGHERLEVELSOFINTEGRATIONWITHINLANDFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSCONTAINERIZATION,INTERMODALITYANDICTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYENHANCETHESPATIALANDFUNCTIONALRECONFIGURATIONAMONGLOGISTICSNODESINDISCUSSIN
25、GTHEFUNCTIONALDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPORTOFROTTERDAMINTHENETHERLANDS,VANKLINKUSEDTHETERMBORDERLESSMAINPORTTODESCRIBETHEFUNCTIONALDEVELOPMENTFROMPORTCITYTOPORTNETWORKMANYPORTSAREREACHINGASTAGEOFREGIONALIZATIONINWHICHMARKETFORCESANDPOLITICALINFLUENCESGRADUALLYSHAPEREGIONALLOADCENTERNETWORKSWITHVARYINGDEGREES
26、OFFORMALLINKAGESBETWEENTHENODESOFTHEOBSERVEDNETWORKS32CORRIDORSANDINLANDTERMINALSASCORNERSTONESINPORTREGIONALIZATIONTHECORRIDORISTHEMAINPARADIGMOFINLANDACCESSIBILITYASITISTHROUGHMAJORAXESTHATPORTTERMINALSGAINACCESSTOINLANDDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSSINCELOADING/DISCHARGINGOPERATIONSFORMFUNDAMENTALCOMPONENTS
27、OFINTERMODALTRANSPORTATION,REGIONALIZATIONRELIESINTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTERMINALSACTIVITIESALONGANDATEITHERSIDEOFTHECORRIDORSTHISINVOLVESAHIGHERLEVELOFINTEGRATIONWITHINTERMODALTRANSPORTSYSTEMS,NAMELYWITHONDOCKRAILTRANSHIPMENTFACILITIESANDTHEUSEOFFLUVIALBARGESTHENEWFUNCTIONOFPORTTERMINALSREQUIRESTHEELABORA
28、TIONOFINLANDTERMINALSTOACCOMMODATENEWPORTINLANDLINKAGESTHEIMMENSEPRESSUREONTHECOLLECTIONANDDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSCAUSEDBYCHANGESINTHEHIERARCHYOFPORTSYSTEMSHASALWAYSDEMANDEDANDPROMOTEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINLANDTERMINALSTHESETERMINALSAREESTABLISHEDASPARTOFANEWCONCEPTINFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONANDTHECHANGINGROLEOF
29、THEOCEANCARRIERANDOTHERMARKETPLAYERSINTHEENTIRETRANSPORTJOURNEYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFRAILHUBSANDBARGETERMINALNETWORKSINTHEHINTERLANDISAIMEDATCONTRIBUTINGTOAMODALSHIFTFROMROADTRANSPORTTORAILANDBARGE,ANDASSUCHENHANCESTHEREGIONALIZATIONPHASEINPORTANDPORTSYSTEMDYNAMICSINLANDTERMINALSMIGHTTRANSFERAPARTOFTHECOL
30、LECTIONANDDISTRIBUTIONFUNCTIONINLANDAWAYFROMTHEPORTS,THUSPREVENTINGAFURTHEROVERCROWDINGOFLIMITEDSEAPORTAREAS33THEROLEOFFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSINREGIONALIZATIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINLANDTERMINALSISNOTSUFFICIENTBYITSELFTOENSUREANEFFICIENTPORTREGIONALIZATIONANDINLANDDISTRIBUTIONINFRASTRUCTURESSERVICINGF
31、REIGHTAREREQUIREDATALOCATIONOFCONVERGENCEOFINLANDFREIGHT,AFUNCTIONASSUMEDBYDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSWHEREVASTQUANTITIESOFFREIGHTAREPROCESSEDFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSCOMETOTHEFOREASTURNTABLESFORLOWENDANDHIGHENDVALUEADDINGLOGISTICSSERVICESANDDEVELOPASTRONGORIENTATIONONSHORTTRANSITTIMESLOGISTICSPLATFORMSINC
32、ORPORATEADDITIONALFUNCTIONSSUCHASBACKOFFICEACTIVITIESWHILESETTINGUPTHEIRLOGISTICSPLATFORMS,LOGISTICSSERVICEPROVIDERSFAVORLOCATIONSTHATCOMBINEACENTRALLOCATIONIEPROXIMITYTOTHECONSUMERSMARKETWITHANINTERMODALGATEWAYFUNCTIONSEAPORTSANDSITESALONGHINTERLANDCORRIDORSTYPICALLYMEETTHESEREQUIREMENTS4GOVERNANCE
33、ISSUESINTHEREGIONALIZATIONPHASETHEPORTITSELFISNOTTHECHIEFMOTIVATORFORANDINSTIGATOROFREGIONALIZATIONREGIONALIZATIONRESULTSFROMLOGISTICSDECISIONSANDSUBSEQUENTACTIONSOFSHIPPERSANDTHIRDPARTYLOGISTICSPROVIDERSTHISOBSERVATIONDOES,HOWEVER,NOTIMPLYPORTSSHOULDACTASPASSIVEPLAYERSINTHEREGIONALIZATIONPROCESSTHE
34、REGIONALIZATIONPHASEDEMANDSAPPROPRIATEPORTGOVERNANCESTRUCTURESTOBEINPLACETOFACETHECHALLENGESPOSEDBYCHANGINGPORTHINTERLANDRELATIONSHIPSTHEGOVERNANCEFRAMEWORKSHOULDRECOGNIZETHERIGHTSANDPOTENTIALCONTRIBUTIONOFTHEVARIOUSSTAKEHOLDERSINDEVELOPINGNEWAPPROACHESTOPORTHINTERLANDISSUESTHISSECTIONEXPLORESSOMEOF
35、THEMAINGOVERNANCEISSUESPORTAUTHORITIESANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSFACEINTHETRANSITIONTOWARDSAREGIONALIZATIONPHASE41CHANGINGTHEGEOGRAPHICALSCOPEOFPORTGOVERNANCEINTHEREGIONALIZATIONPHASELOGISTICSCHAINSHAVEBECOMETHERELEVANTSCOPEOFPORTCOMPETITIONTHESUCCESSOFAPORTWILLDEPENDONITSCAPABILITYTOFITINTOTHENETWORKSTHAT
36、SHAPESUPPLYCHAINSINOTHERWORDS,THEPORTCOMMUNITYHASTOFULLYBENEFITFROMSYNERGIESWITHOTHERTRANSPORTNODESANDOTHERPLAYERSWITHINTHENETWORKSOFWHICHTHEYAREPARTTHISSUPPORTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFBROADERREGIONALLOADCENTERNETWORKS,SERVINGLARGELOGISTICSPOLESTHEAVAILABILITYOFPOWERFULINFORMATIONCHANNELSANDSYSTEMSANDTHECAP
37、ABILITYOFHAVINGAKNOWLEDGETRANSFERAMONGCOMPANIESARETWOOFTHEMAINDETERMINANTSFORTHESUCCESSOFLOGISTICSPOLESANDASSOCIATEDREGIONALLOADCENTERNETWORKS42THEROLEOFPORTAUTHORITIESTHEPUBLICSECTORHASREDEFINEDITSROLEINTHEPORTANDSHIPPINGINDUSTRIESTHROUGHPRIVATIZATIONANDCORPORATIZATIONSCHEMESWITHTHEREASSESSMENTOFTH
38、EROLEOFTHEGOVERNMENTMUCHATTENTIONISNOWPAIDTOGOVERNANCEISSUESINPORTSANDSHIPPINGTHEROLEOFSEAPORTAUTHORITIESINGOVERNINGTHEREGIONALIZATIONPHASEWILLSLIGHTLYDIFFERACCORDINGTOTHETYPEOFPORTEXPLOITATION5CONCLUSIONSREGIONALIZATIONREPRESENTSANEWPHASEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPORTSYSTEMS,WHICHHASTRADITIONALLYFOCUSEDONT
39、HEPORTITSELFINTHISPHASE,INLANDDISTRIBUTIONBECOMESOFFOREMOSTIMPORTANCEINPORTCOMPETITION,FAVORINGTHEEMERGENCEOFTRANSPORTCORRIDORSANDLOGISTICSPOLESTHEPORTITSELFISNOTTHECHIEFMOTIVATORFORANDINSTIGATOROFREGIONALIZATIONREGIONALIZATIONRESULTSFROMLOGISTICSDECISIONSANDSUBSEQUENTACTIONSOFSHIPPERSANDTHIRDPARTYL
40、OGISTICSPROVIDERSPORTAUTHORITIESAREINVITEDTOEMBRACEANDENHANCETHEREGIONALIZATIONPROCESSINVIEWOFADDRESSINGCURRENTPORTRELATEDCHALLENGES,MAINLYCONGESTION,GROWINGCOSTS,LIMITEDHANDLINGCAPACITYANDTHEGENERATIONOFADDITIONALTRAFFICWHILEBEINGABLETOANSWERTHEREQUIREMENTSOFMODERNFREIGHTDISTRIBUTIONWITHAMOREEFFICI
41、ENTACCESSTOTHEHINTERLAND,MAINLYTHROUGHMODALSHIFT,PORTCOMPETITIVENESSISTHUSINCREASEDTHISALSOLEADSTOQUESTIONSWITHRESPECTTOTHELIMITSOFPORTREGIONALIZATIONINTERMSOFCAPACITYANDCOSTEFFICIENCYTHESTRATEGICSCOPEOFPORTAUTHORITIESSHOULDGOBEYONDTHATOFATRADITIONALFACILITATORPORTAUTHORITIESCANPLAYANIMPORTANTROLETH
42、ROUGHANACTIVEENGAGEMENTINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINLANDFREIGHTDISTRIBUTION,INFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDINTERMODALITYDIRECTANDINDIRECTFORMSOFNETWORKINGWITHNODESANDMARKETPLAYERSCONSTITUTEPROBABLYTHEMOSTIMPORTANTROLEFORPORTAUTHORITIESINTHEREGIONALIZATIONPHASE,ASGAININGCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEWILLMOREANDMOREBECOMEAMATTERO
43、FGOINGBEYONDTHEPORTBOUNDARIESBOTHINTERMSOFPHYSICALINVESTMENTSANDMANAGERIALCAPABILITIES译文港口区域化港口发展的一个新阶段物流一体化、网络化的发展重新定义了在港口及航运业的价值链中港口功能的作用，并产生了新的货物配送模式和港口层次的新方法。现有的港口和港口系统演化模型空间和功能只是部分适应新的货物配送模式。而本文旨在通过增加现有文献研究港口区域化阶段港口及港口体系的发展。结果表明，这种区域化阶段和相关概念要求新的方法来治理港口及功能集聚，超越了传统的港口界定。1、引言内陆分布正在成为全球化、海上运输、货物配送模
44、式非常重要的一个方面。客户是计算集装箱货物运输物流的成本总额，这意味着当前物流效率的提高即集装箱运输大部分是根据内陆分布的。全球供应链的发展增加了海上运输的压力，对港口业务以及同样重要的内陆货物配送。因此内陆无障碍成为港口竞争力的基石。这方面的贡献是提供了一个港口腹地关系的概念在不断变化的市场环境中。本文旨在讨论和扩展个别港口码头和大型港口码头系统现有模型空间和功能发展。进一步介绍和证明“区域化”在港口和港口系统的发展情况。本文还详细阐述了区域化阶段的治理问题和可持续发展腹地的概念，提升港口竞争水平。2、港口码头和内陆货物配送21港口发展港口发展概念中最普遍承认的观点是BIRD的ANYPORT
45、模型。开始从最初的小侧码头港址毗邻市中心，港口扩展通过改进产品和不断发展海上货物处理技术。而港口发展过程的三个主要步骤可确定为ANYPORT设置、扩张和专业化。这三个阶段描述港口发展过程，特别是在大型的传统港口。该模型也可以合理解释港口发展。然而，该模型在解释现代港口发展时存在一些缺陷。首先，它不能解释新兴海港码头的崛起，主要作为转运中心在航运枢纽及收集和分销网络的作用。增加货物会引起船只体积、班轮服务时间表和班轮运输结构的变化。运输公司和联盟已经通过引进新型的点对点服务、环球服务改造班轮运输网络，特别是在主要的东西方贸易通道。因此,一种新型的方式已经出现在东西航线，远离毗邻的内陆地区引导港口
46、是历史的选择。而这些地方被选为大陆和贸易通道的过境点。它们严重依赖，有时完全靠交通流产生的相互作用产生分离很远的地方刺激了港口的中间位置或中介性。BIRD模型不提供相应解释离岸中心的出现或岛屿位置有限也没涉及内陆腹地。第二，BIRD模型不把内陆腹地作为一个港口发展动态的驱动因素。本文提出了一个港口发展的新阶段,它们不仅与腹地密切联系，而且与沿海地区的中介、转运港口有较强的联系。虽然这两种功能并不是相互排斥的，但由于地理因素，如果与中介性的生产和消费接近，会成为港口专业化的一种功能。区域化扩大了港口的腹地，通过了一系列的市场策略和政策更紧密地连接内陆货物运输配送中心。在区域化阶段使港口发展到了更
47、广阔的地区，扩大规模，即超越了港口的边界。这一点将得到进一步的证实。22港口终端系统和港口区域化港口区域化阶段不仅扩展了BIRD的ANYPORT模型，它还增加了现有文献有关海港系统与腹地的发展。塔夫等人建议该模型增加港口集中水平作为腹地路线发展能够在更大程度上比其他方式增加特色城市中心的重要性。地理位置将逐步从最初分散的、不良港口沿海岸线发展成为主要港口和腹地中心的走廊。类似于BIRD模型，该模型从港口系统发展到现在，一是没有解释最新的枢纽中心的崛起，二是未纳入内陆货物配送中心及塑造负荷中心发展积极节点终端。本文提出了一种新的修正模型建立在港口系统开发的两方面扩展。3、证实区域化阶段31港口区
48、域化和物流一体化港口区域化的过渡阶段是一个渐进的,以市场为导向的过程，港口实行反应市场参与者对物流一体化的日益重视程度。在港口及航运业中物流倾向于一体化，物流变化影响价值链的功能作用在最近的文章中得到证实。罗宾逊认为港口位置的作用成为一个新典范在价值链系统。NOTTEBOOM、WINKELMANS、HEAVER等人主要讨论物流一体化和港口当局不断变化的作用在新的物流结构环境中，而马丁和托马斯认为地址结构变化影响集装箱码头区域。功能一体化会迅速增加土地资源。许多功能曾经是分开的现在集中于一体。在传统的情况下，大多数的分布活动在海上运输、海运、海关当局人员、货运代理、铁路、货运公司不同的实体之间进
49、行。相关规定往往能防止多试联运的所有权，使系统分离。从一个阶段转向另一阶段的特点是额外费用和延期或行政或物理即多式联运的增加。随着越来越多的功能集聚，在运输链中的许多中间步骤已被删除。合并和收购的出现已允许大型物流运营商控制供应链在许多领域中。而技术在信息技术（过程控制）的及联运一体化（流量控制）过程中发挥着特殊的作用。因此物流一体化需要有关反应内陆货物流通战略的制定。对这些挑战作出反应超出了传统观点集中于港口本身。港口区域化因此代表了港口发展的下一阶段（根据市场动态实施），建立效率更高与整合的内陆货物配送系统。集装箱化、多式联运和信息技术信息和通讯技术加强物流节点之间的空间和功能的重新配置。在讨论荷兰鹿特丹港口功能开发时，VANKLINK使用“主要港口无边界”来描述港口城市功能发展到了港口区域化阶段。许多港口有了区域化的市场力量和政治影响，逐渐形成区域负荷中心网络从不同程度有了正式联系在所观察到的范围之内。32走廊和内陆码头是区域化的基础走廊是内陆无障碍的主要模式，因为它是通过主要轴的内陆港口集散和获得分销系统。由于装载/卸货业务是多式联运的基本组成部分，区域化依赖于随着活动及相关走廊的不断改进。这就涉及到一个比多式联运更高的集成水平，即与码头、铁路运转设施和河流驳船的使用。新的港口码头功能要求经营内陆码头，以适应与新的内陆港口的联系。港口系统的分
