1、（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文BEFOREINDUSTRIALPOLICYINAFEDERALSTRUCTURESTATEINDUSTRIALPOLICYINTHEUNITEDSTATESCONSIDERINGSTATEINDUSTRIALPOLICYEFFORTSDIRECTLY,LETMESAYSOMETHINGABOUTTHESCOPEANDLIMITSOFTHENATIONALINITIATIVESTHATCURRENTLYFRAMETHEMIABSTRACTINITIALLYFROMFISCALCONCERNSIE,WHETHERTHEREISANYMONEYTODO
2、THATWHICHISPROPOSEDANDONLYLOOKATCONTENTTHECLINTONIANVIEWOFINDUSTRIALPOLICYTHE“NEWDEMOCRATS“OFTHECLINTONADMINISTRATIONCAMETOPOWERONTHEPROMISEOFDELIVERINGANECONOMICPOLICYDIFFERENTFROMTHE“TAXANDSPENDANDREGULATE“POLICIESALLEGEDOFOLDSTYLEDEMOCRATSWHETHERTHEYCANDELIVERONTHATPROMISEINAWAYTHATPRESERVESDISCE
3、RNIBLEDIFFERENCESBETWEENDEMOCRATICANDREPUBLICANECONOMICPOLICYISANYONESGUESSTHEPURPORTEDDISTINCTIONFROMPASTPOLICIESONWHICHTHISPROMISERESTSGOESSOMETHINGLIKETHISUNDER“OLD“DEMOCRATICVIEWS,DIRECTGOVERNMENTREGULATIONOFPRICESANDOTHERCONDITIONSOFMARKETENTRY,THEUSEOFGOVERNMENTPURCHASINGPOWERTOSUBSIDIZEFAVORE
4、DECONOMICPRACTICES,THEREDISTRIBUTIONOFINCOMEONTHEBASISOFNEEDRATHERTHANCONTRIBUTION,ANDOTHEREFFORTSTOALTERTHETERMSANDCONDITIONSOFECONOMICREWARDWEREACCEPTABLEMEANSOF“PROMOTINGTHEGENERALWELFARE“THE“NEW“DEMOCRATICVIEWHOLDSTHATSUCHPOLICIESAREGENERALLYPOINTLESS,SELFDEFEATING,ORMALIGNTHEYGENERATEEXCESSIVEB
5、UREAUCRACIES,INAPPROPRIATELYSUBSTITUTEGOVERNMENTJUDGMENTFORMARKETJUDGMENT,AREINSUFFICIENTLYATTENTIVETOLABORSUPPLYEFFECTS,OROTHERWISEPRESUMEGREATERGOVERNMENTCAPACITYTOSHAPETHEECONOMYTHANISWARRANTEDOFTHEMANYREASONSOFFEREDFORTHISCHANGEOFVIEW,THEMOSTBASICCONCERNSAFUNDAMENTALCHANGEINTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEUSEC
6、ONOMYITSELFAGENERATIONAGO,THESTORYGOES,THEUSOPERATEDASANESSENTIALLYCLOSEDDOMESTICSYSTEMINTHATCONTEXT,EFFECTIVEGOVERNMENTCONTROLOFTHEDOMESTICECONOMYWASINDEEDPOSSIBLENOW,HOWEVER,THEUSOPERATESINATRULYINTERNATIONALECONOMICSYSTEM,CHARACTERIZEDBYTHERELATIVELYFREEFLOWOFCAPITALANDGOODSACROSSNATIONALBORDERSI
7、NTHISWORLD,GOVERNMENTCANNOLONGERDIRECTLYDETERMINEAFORTIORINOTWITHTHECOMMANDANDCONTROLREGULATIONANDMACROECONOMICPOLICYTOOLSAVAILABLEFROMOLDTHECHARACTEROFPRODUCTIONWITHINITSBORDERS,LARGELYBECAUSETHEVERYNOTIONOFECONOMIC“BORDERS“ISMEANINGLESSTHISVIEW,ITISEMPHASIZED,DOESNOTAMOUNTTOAPRESCRIPTIONFORLAISSEZ
8、FAIRETHECLINTONIANS,LIKETHEDUKAKISITESBEFORETHEM,BELIEVETHATGOVERNMENTHASANIMPORTANTROLETOPLAYINSECURING“GOODJOBSATGOODWAGES“THATROLE,HOWEVER,ISBOTHDIMINISHEDANDCHANGEDBYTHENEWENVIRONMENTINSTEADOFVAINLYTRYINGTOCONSTRAINCAPITALSCHOICESINECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,GOVERNMENTSHOULDUSEITSPOWERTOIMPROVETHEFACTO
9、RSOFPRODUCTIONATCAPITALSDISPOSALITSHOULDINVESTINPHYSICALINFRASTRUCTURE,DIFFUSETECHNOLOGY,ANDIMPROVETHECOUNTRYSHUMANCAPITALBASETHIS,ITISHOPED,WILLMAKEITANATTRACTIVESITEFORINVESTMENTBYFIRMSOFFERINGGOODJOBSINPARTICULAR,THOSEROVINGMULTINATIONALSTHATLOCATETHEIRBESTJOBSINRICHNATIONSEVENASTHEYSOURCEMUCHPRO
10、DUCTIONTOPOORONESANDTHAT,ITISTHOUGHT,ISABOUTASMUCHASITISREASONABLETOHOPEFORCOMPLETINGTHISSTORYISACERTAINDESCRIPTIONOFTHECURRENTCHARACTEROFECONOMICACTIVITYWITHINTHEUSITSELFONTHISDESCRIPTION,UNRELENTINGPRESSURESAGAIN,HEAVILY,INTERNATIONALONESAREFORCINGARESTRUCTURINGOFUSFIRMSAWAYFROMTAYLORISTPRODUCTION
11、ANDTOWARD“HIGHPERFORMANCE“FORMSOFWORKORGANIZATIONENGAGEDIN“QUALITYCOMPETITION“ASUSEDINCONTEMPORARYDEBATES,“HIGHPERFORMANCE“ORGANIZATIONROUGHLYDENOTESTHEMOSTCOMPLETEANDFLEXIBLEDEPLOYMENTOFFIRMRESOURCESTOADVANCECONTINUOUSINNOVATION“QUALITYCOMPETITION“DENOTESAMARKETSTRATEGYEMPHASIZINGNONPRICEPRODUCTORS
12、ERVICEFEATURESVARIETY,CUSTOMIZATION,PERFORMANCE,TIMELINESSINDELIVERY,ATTENDANTSERVICINGOFCUSTOMERSASWELLASCOSTUNDERAREGIMEOFQUALITYCOMPETITION,PRODUCTSANDSERVICESAREESSENTIALLYALLVIEWEDASCAPITALGOODSCUSTOMERSASSESSTHEIRPRICE/PERFORMANCERATIO,RATHERTHANPRICEALONEINAWORLDECONOMYDENSELYPOPULATEDBYCOUNT
13、RIESANDFIRMSPAYINGAFRACTIONOFUSWAGES,SUCHAQUALITYSTRATEGYISESSENTIALTOPRESERVINGLIVINGSTANDARDSAFTERALL,UNLESSCUSTOMERSAREGETTINGAQUALITYPREMIUM,THEYWILLNOTBEWILLINGTOABSORB“PREMIUM“LABORCOSTSBUT,AGAIN,ACCORDINGTOTHECLINTONIANVIEW,FIRMSAREALREADYMOVINGINTHEHIGHPERFORMANCEDIRECTIONAND,ITISASSUMED,PAY
14、INGLABORAPREMIUMASTHEYDOSOTHEREEXISTSAHAPPYCONGRUENCEBETWEENWHATFIRMSFINDTHEYNEEDTODOTOBEPROFITABLEANDWHATTHESOCIETYNEEDSTOSECURETHEGENERALWELFAREGOVERNMENTSROLEINFACILITATINGTHEHIGHPERFORMANCETRANSITIONATHOMEISEQUIVALENTTOWHATISRECOMMENDEDFORMAKINGTHEUSANINTERNATIONALLYATTRACTIVEINVESTMENTSITEEDUCA
15、TION,TECHNOLOGYDIFFUSION,MODERNIZEDINFRASTRUCTUREHIGHPERFORMANCEWORKORGANIZATIONCHARACTERIZEDBYFLEXIBLEAUTOMATION,ONLINEQUALITYCONTROL,MULTISKILLEDWORKGROUPS,FLATTENEDMANAGEMENTHIERARCHIES,INCREASEDCROSSDEPARTMENTCOMMUNICATION,GREATERAUTONOMYFORFRONTLINEPRODUCTIONWORKERSINALLMANNEROFDECISIONSREQUIRE
16、SWORKERSWITHHIGHANDBROADSKILLS,WHICHRECOMMENDSGREATEREFFORTSINEDUCATIONANDTRAININGTOMEETDEMANDFORHIGHPERFORMANCESUPPLIERCHAINS,GOVERNMENTSHOULDHELPDIFFUSETECHNOLOGYBEDIFFUSEDTOTHOSESMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES“FOUNDATIONFIRMS“CURRENTLYFROZENOUTOFCAPITALMARKETSANDTOSATISFYDEMANDFORMODERNLOGISTICS,I
17、TNEEDSTOREVAMPITSROTTINGINFRASTRUCTUREWHATISWRONGWITHTHISPICTUREWHATAREWETOMAKEOFALLTHISASADESCRIPTIONOFTHEWORLD,ANDOFAPPROPRIATEPOLICYWHATIMAKEOFITISTHATITISSERIOUSLYWRONGHEADEDTOBESURE,INTERNATIONALCOMPETITIONISREAL,ANDTHETASKSOFSOCIALMANAGEMENTOFTHEECONOMYHAVEIMPORTANTLYCHANGEDTOBESURE,SOMETHINGL
18、IKE“QUALITYCOMPETITION“ISNECESSARYTODEFENDINGLIVINGSTANDARDSINTHEUNITEDSTATESAND,TOBESURE,INDUSTRIALRESTRUCTURINGOFTHERIGHTSORTWILLREQUIREBETTEREDUCATION,MORETECHNOLOGYDIFFUSION,ANDTHEREPAIRANDMODERNIZATIONOFOURINFRASTRUCTUREBUTTHEWAYINWHICHANYOFTHESETASKSWILLNEEDTOBEDISCHARGED,THEDEGREETOWHICHFIRMS
19、WILLNEEDTOBEPRESSUREDTOACCOMPLISHTHEM,ANDWHETHERTHEIRACCOMPLISHMENTALONEEXHAUSTSTHELISTOFNEEDEDORPOSSIBLEINTERVENTIONSDEPENDSONONESANALYSISOFTHEOPTIONSAVAILABLETOGOVERNMENT,ANDTHEACTUALFACTSOFCURRENTRESTRUCTURINGINTHEUNITEDSTATESANDONBOTHTHESEFRONTSITHINKTHECLINTONIANSAREMISTAKENFORSTARTERS,THEPICTU
20、REOFAMOREORLESSCOMPLETEINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFTHEUSECONOMYISOVERDRAWNTOBELIEVETHECLINTONIANS,THEECONOMYISNOWONEINWHICHALLFACTORSMOVEFREELYACROSSBORDERS,EXCEPTTHOSESUNKINTHEGROUNDORATTACHEDDIRECTLYTOHUMANBEINGSTHEINSTITUTIONALINFRASTRUCTUREOFPRODUCTIONLABORMARKETINSTITUTIONS,PRODUCERASSOCIATIONS,COMMU
21、NITYTIESOFVARIOUSSTRIPESANDKINDSISLARGELYIRRELEVANTTOTHEQUALITYOFPRODUCTIONANDGOVERNMENTHASNOHARDGROUNDONWHICHTOSTANDINIMPOSINGANYSOCIALCONTROLOVERTHEECONOMYTHEREALECONOMY,HOWEVER,ISONEINWHICHMOSTGOODSANDSERVICESARESTILLNOTDIRECTLYEXPOSEDTOINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIONITISONEINWHICHQUALITYCOMPETITIONISCR
22、ITICALLYCONTINGENTONIMMOBILEINSTITUTIONALSUPPORTSPROVIDINGTRAININGANDINTEGRATEDSOCIALSERVICES,FACILITATINGFIRMINNOVATIONANDLEARNING,ENABLINGANDENCOURAGINGPRODUCERSTOLIVEUPTOINTERNATIONALQUALITYSTANDARDS,ATTACHINGTOTHISSUPPORTAVARIETYOFANTECEDENTCONDITIONSONITSRECEIPTANDITISONEINWHICHGOVERNMENTPURCHA
23、SINGPOWERALONEPROVIDESAPOWERFULWEAPONTOSHAPETHEPATHOFDEVELOPMENTTHISREALITYSUGGESTSTHATTHEROOMFORMANEUVERANDGUIDANCEISFARGREATERTHANTHECLINTONIANSWOULDHAVEUSBELIEVEGOVERNMENTNEEDNOTBEENTIRELYTIMIDANDTHEGOVERNMENTHADBETTERNOTBETIMID,SINCETHEPATHOFCURRENTECONOMICRESTRUCTURINGINTHEUSISNOTNEARLYASHAPPYA
24、STHECLINTONIANSLIKETOTHINKMOSTUSFIRMSARENOTRESPONDINGTOCOMPETITIVEPRESSURESBYGOINGTHE“HIGHWAGE,HIGHPERFORMANCE“ROUTE,BUTBYEITHER“SWEATING“LABORUNDERCONDITIONSOFVERYLOWINVESTMENTINTRAININGANDNEWTECHNOLOGY,ORBYADVANCINGASPECIESOF“LEANCOMMODITYPRODUCTION“THATUSESADVANCEDQUALITYANDPRODUCTIONCOSTCUTTINGT
25、ACTICS,BUTDOESNOTSHARETHERESULTINGPRODUCTIVITYGAINSWITHLABORTHISPATTERNOFRESPONSEISWHATEXPLAINSTHELASTTWENTYYEARSOFDATAONWAGEDECLINE,WAGEDEPRESSIONAMONGTHEFASTESTGROWINGSEGMENTSOFTHEECONOMY,ANDTHEWEAKORNEGATIVERELATION,ONAFIRMANDSECTORALBASIS,BETWEENPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHANDWAGESFARFROMAHAPPYCONGRUENCEB
26、ETWEENWHATISNEEDEDFORPROFITABILITYANDWHATISNEEDEDFORGENERALWELFARE,“GOOD“FIRMSARELOSINGOUTTO“BAD“FIRMSPURSUINGTACTICSWHICH,IFGENERALIZED,WILLBEALREADYHAVEBEENDISASTROUSFORLIVINGSTANDARDSWHATTHEUSNEEDSMOSTTODOINTHISCONTEXTISFORECLOSETHELOWWAGEOPTIONONRESTRUCTURINGWITHASTICKOFDIRECTLABORMARKETANDPRODU
27、CTIONREGULATION,ANDACARROTOFGOVERNMENTPURCHASESANDASSISTANCEAWARDEDTHOSEFIRMSMOVINGINTHEDESIREDDIRECTION,ITNEEDSTOPUSHRESTRUCTURINGINADIRECTIONOTHERTHANTHEONEITNOW“NATURALLY“TAKESTHISNEEDNOTINVOLVEGOVERNMENTSUBSTITUTIONOFITSJUDGMENTFORTHATOFFIRMSONHOWRESULTSAREBESTACHIEVEDNORMUSTITTAKETHEFORMOF“PICK
28、INGWINNERSANDLOSERS“BYINDUSTRYGROUPHOWEVER,ITWILLREQUIRESETTINGSOCIALSTANDARDSOFPERFORMANCEFORFIRMSANDUSINGGOVERNMENTPOWERTOENFORCETHEMREGRETTABLY,THISISJUSTWHATTHEADMINISTRATIONAPPEARSUNWILLINGTODOONECONSEQUENCEOFTHISUNWILLINGNESSWILLBEACONTINUATIONOFPRESENTTRENDSTOWARDDECLININGLIVINGSTANDARDSANDIN
29、CREASEDINEQUALITYAMOREIMMEDIATECONSEQUENCEISTHATEVENTHEADMINISTRATIONSNARROWERAGENDAOFINDUSTRYASSISTANCEWILLNOTENJOYBROADBUSINESSSUPPORT,ANDWILLHAVELIMITEDEFFECTTHATAGENDAASSUMESANINDUSTRYDEMANDFORHIGHERQUALITYFACTORSINPARTICULAR,HUMANCAPITALTHATINMOSTCASESDOESNOTEXISTADVANCINGITRISKSHAVINGALLTHEPRO
30、DUCTIONANDLABORMARKETEFFECTSOFPUSHINGONASTRINGHARDBUDGETCONSTRAINTS,ANDHARDLIBERALISMFINALLY,HARDBUDGETCONSTRAINTSANDANEXCEPTIONALLY“LIBERAL“INSTITUTIONALTERRAINCREATEBARRIERSTOEFFECTIVEGOVERNMENTINTERVENTIONEVENOFTHENARROWERKINDFAVOREDBYTHECLINTONIANSTOTAKEONLYONEEXAMPLE,THEADMINISTRATIONHADMADECLE
31、ARITSINTERESTINDEVISINGA“SCHOOLTOWORK“TRANSITIONSYSTEMINTHEUSHEAVILYMODELEDONGERMANAPPRENTICESHIPBUTTHEAMOUNTSOFMONEYBEINGTALKEDABOUTARETRIVIALTOPUTTHISINPERSPECTIVE,GERMANAPPRENTICESEACHCOSTEMPLOYERSABOUT4,500AYEARONAVERAGEINSOMEAREASOFMANUFACTURING,THECOSTSISSEVERALTIMESTHIS,INWHATARETYPICALLYFOUR
32、YEARPROGRAMSOF“DUAL“WORKPLACESCHOOLINSTRUCTIONWEREAGERMANAPPRENTICESHIPSYSTEMEXTENDEDTOTHEUS,WITHTHESIXTYFIVEPERCENTRATEOFCOVERAGEFORTHETOTALHIGHSCHOOLCOHORTCLAIMEDINGERMANY,ITWOULDCOSTUSEMPLOYERSABOUTTHIRTYTWOBILLIONDOLLARSANNUALLYNOONESERIOUSLYBELIEVESTHATANYTHINGAPPROACHINGTHISEFFORTWILLBEMADEINT
33、HEUSANYTIMESOONONBEHALFOFYOUNGFRONTLINEWORKERSEVENIFTHEMONEYWEREAVAILABLE,HOWEVER,AVARIETYOFINSTITUTIONALSUPPORTSONWHICHTHEGERMANSYSTEMRELIESARENOTAVAILABLEHEREINADDITIONTOHIGHSCHOOLSDELIVERINGYOUNGADULTSWITHSOUNDKNOWLEDGETESTEDATNATIONALSTANDARDSSOMETHINGTHATITWOULDBEPOSSIBLETODOSOMETHINGABOUT,ALBE
34、ITALSOCOSTLY,THEGERMANSYSTEMRELIESONSEVERALSUCHINSTITUTIONALSUPPORTSONEISADENSENETWORKOFMOREORLESSOBLIGATORYBUSINESSASSOCIATIONTHISASSURESREQUISITETAKEUPRATESAMONGBUSINESSOFYOUNGAPPRENTICESANDSERVESTOGENERALIZESTANDARDSACROSSFIRMSASECONDISAFAIRLY“PATIENT“RELATIONSHIPBETWEENBANKSANDINDUSTRYTHISENABLE
35、SFIRMSTOINVESTINTHESKILLSOFTHEFUTUREWORKHORSEEVENDURINGRECESSIONATHIRDISANINCREDIBLYHIGHLYREGULATEDYOUTHLABORMARKETTHISMAKESITPOSSIBLETOSETTRAINEEALLOWANCESLOW,WHICHMAKESTRAININGITSELFAFFORDABLETOFIRMSITREQUIRES,HOWEVER,LIMITINGTHEAVAILABILITYOFNONAPPRENTICEEMPLOYMENTAFOURTH,INDISPENSABLEBOTHTOTHEPR
36、OVISIONANDMONITORINGOFTRAINING,ISCOMPETENTANDNEARLYUNIVERSALWORKERREPRESENTATIONINTHEFORMSOFWORKSCOUNCILS,ANDAPOWERFULLABORMOVEMENTABLETOREGULATETRAININGCOMPENSATIONTRADEOFFSANDTOPUSHFORINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGSOCIETYWIDEFIFTHANDFINALLY,ASTHATWHICHAPPRENTICESHIPBOTHFEEDSANDRELIESON,ISANINDUSTRIALCULTUREI
37、NWHICHFIRMSAREALREADYORGANIZEDINWAYSTHATTAKEADVANTAGEOFADVANCEDSKILLSTHISISWHATPULLSTHESTRINGNONEOFTHISISAVAILABLEINTHEUNITEDSTATESALLOFITWOULDBEPOWERFULLYRESISTEDIFANYONETRIEDTOBUILDITANDINNOCASECANITBEBUILTOVERNIGHTTHISLENDSANAIROFUNREALITYTOTHEBOLDCLAIMSBEINGMADEFORYOUTHAPPRENTICESHIP,BUTNOTTHATP
38、ROGRAMALONETHEREARESIMILARBUDGETCONSTRAINTS,ANDSIMILARINSTITUTIONALGAPS,INVIRTUALLYALLTHEPROPOSEDAREASOFCLINTONIANINTERVENTIONANDSOIAMSKEPTICALOFITGOINGVERYFARSOMUCH,HOWEVER,FORTHENATIONALSCENESOURCEROGERS,JOELCANADAUNITEDSTATESLAWJOURNAL,1993,VOL19,P175,9P译文工业政策在一个联邦结构国家产业政策的美国在考虑国家产业政策直接努力,让我谈谈的范围
39、和限制的国家行动,目前框架。我最初抽象的财政问题,比如说,是否有任何金钱,这是建议,只看内容。CLINTONIAN的产业政策的意见新民主“克林顿政府权力的承诺提供经济政策的不同“税和开支和管制”的政策所称的旧型民主。是否能兑现诺言,保留明显分歧民主、共和两党经济政策,是任何人的猜测。据称从过去的政策区别的责任,这一承诺是。根据“老”民主意见,政府直接管理的价格和其他条件的市场准入,使用的政府补贴购买力主张经济做法,重新分配收入的基础上的需要,而不是贡献,和其他努力改变条件的经济奖励手段是可以接受的“促进普遍福利。”“新的“民主种观点认为,这种政策是一般来说毫无意义的,自取灭亡,或诽谤。他们产生
40、过度官僚机构,不适当地替代政府判断市场判断,不够重视劳动供应影响,或以其他方式擅自提高政府的能力,形成经济比是值得的。很多理由这种变化看,最基本的问题的根本变化的结构的美国经济本身。前一代人的故事,美国作为一项基本上是封闭的国内系统。在这方面,政府的有效控制国内经济的确可能的。然而,现在,美国的在一个真正的国际经济体制,其特点是比较资本自由流动和货物跨越国界的。在这个世界上,政府不再直接决定一个更不能与指挥和控制条例和宏观经济政策工具可以从旧的性质,在其境内生产,主要是因为概念的经济“边界”是毫无意义。这一观点,强调,没有一个处方放任。CLINTONIANS的,像DUKAKISITES在他们面
41、前,相信政府有一个重要的作用,确保“好工作好的工资。”这种作用,但是,既减少和改变的新的环境。而不是徒劳地试图抑制资本的选择,经济发展,政府应使用其权力,以改善生产要素在资本的处理。应投资于基础设施、传播技术,提高我国的人力资本基础。这一点,是希望,将使它成为有吸引力的投资公司提供良好的工作,特别是,这些巡迴跨国公司,找到他们最好的工作,丰富的国家,他们甚至很多生产来源贫穷国家。它是想,是因为它是合理的希望。完成这个故事是一定说明目前的经济性活动在美国本身。这说明,不懈压力再次重、国际的,迫使调整美国公司从TAYLORIST生产,对“高性能”形式的组织工作进行“质量竞争。”在当代辩论”高性能”
42、组织大约是指最完整的、灵活部署资源,推动公司不断创新。“质量竞争”指市场的战略强调非价格产品或服务功能品种、改造、性能,及时提供,相应服务的客户,以及成本。根据一项制度的质量竞争、产品和服务基本上是所有被认为是资本货物。客户评估其价格/性能比率,而不是价格本身。在世界经济人口稠密的国家和企业支付一部分美国工资,这种质量战略必须维持生活。毕竟,除非客户得到一个质量保费,他们将不愿意承担“补价”劳动成本。但据CLINTONIAN认为,企业已经在高性能方向,是承担支付劳动保费,他们这样做。有一个幸福之间相互协调各公司找到他们要有盈利和他们的社会需要确保一般福利。政府的作用,促进高性能过渡主是相当于什
43、么是建议使美国国际上有吸引力的投资网教育、技术推广、现代化基础设施。高性能工作组织灵活的特点是自动化、在线质量控制、多技术工作组,缩减管理层次,加强跨部门沟通,更大自治权的一线生产工人的所有方式的决定,要求工人和广泛的高技能,建议更大的努力,教育和培训。为满足需求的高性能供应链,政府应帮助传播技术传播对小型和中型企业“基金公司“目前被冻结的资本市场。和满足需求的现代物流,它需要改造其腐烂基础设施。什么是错,这种情况呢我们把这一描述的世界,和适当的政策我做的是,这是严重错误。当然,国际竞争是现实的,和任务的社会管理的经济有重要的是改变。当然,就像“质量竞争”是要维护生活在美国。和肯定,产业结构调
44、整,对将需要更好的教育,更多的技术推广和修复和现代化建设的基础设施。但是,任何这些任务将需要履行的程度,公司将需要完成这些压力,他们的成就和是否单独的废气的需要或可能取决于干预的分析方法,政府和事实目前的调整,在美国。和这两个方面的CLINTONIANS我认为是错误的。首先,情况更不完整的国际化的美国经济透支。相信CLINTONIANS,现在的经济是一个所有因素自由地越过边界,除沉在地下或直接隶属人类体制基础设施的生产劳动力市场机构、生产者协会、社区关系形形色色和种类是无关紧要的质量的生产政府并没有基础,站在施加任何社会控制经济。实际经济,但是,是一个最货物和服务仍不直接面对国际竞争它是一个质
45、量竞争的关键取决于固定体制支持提供培训和综合服务,促进企业创新和学习、支持和鼓励生产商住国际质量标准,把这种支持各种事前条件对其收据它是一个政府采购权力就提供了强大的武器,以确定的发展道路。这一现实表明,空间和指导是远远超过CLINTONIANS希望我们相信政府不应完全却步。政府更好地不怕事,因为目前的道路,经济结构调整的美国几乎是不快乐的CLINTONIANS想。美国最大公司没有反应的竞争压力的“高工资、高性能”路线,但流汗”条件下劳动的很低投资在训练和新的技术,或通过提出一种“精益生产商品“,使用先进的质量和生产削减成本战术,但不同意的生产劳动成果。这一模式的反应是如何解释0的最后一年的数
46、据对工资下降,抑郁症工资增长最快的经济部门,和弱或消极方面,在一个坚定和部门的基础上,在生产力增长和工资。远不是一个快乐之间相互协调需要盈利能力和所需的福利,“良好“公司失去“坏”公司策略,追求,如果普遍,将已经灾难性的生活标准。什么是美国最需要在这方面是排除低工资结构调整方案。用棍子直接劳动力市场和生产管理、胡萝卜、政府采购和援助这些公司颁发的移动方向,它需要推动改革方向以外的其他现在“自然“。这并不涉及政府取代其判决的企业,如何取得最佳结果。也必须采取多种形式的采赢家和输家”的产业群。然而,它将需要设置社会标准的执行情况,对企业和利用政府权力来执行。令人遗憾的是,这正是当局似乎不愿意这样做
47、。一个结果,这不愿意将继续下降趋势目前生活标准和更大的不平等。一个更直接的后果是,即使是政府的窄议程的行业援助将不会得到广泛业务支持,并将有限的影响。议程,承担一个行业的高质量需求因素,尤其是人力资本,在大多数情况下并不存在。推进它可能在所有的生产和劳动市场的影响,推动一个字符串。硬预算限制,和硬自由主义最后,硬预算限制和一个特别“自由”体制地形障碍创造有效的政府干预甚至缩小种CLINTONIANS青睐的。只需一个例子,政府已明确其利益制订“学校工作”的过渡系统在美国重仿照德国学徒。但金额正在说的是微不足道。把这一角度来看,德国学徒雇主对每个费用4500元的年平均在一些地区的制造业的费用是这几
48、次,这是一般程序0年的“双重”工作场所学校教学。德国是学徒制度扩大到美国,在00覆盖率高的总称学校群在德国花费美国雇主00元。有一个严重认为,近乎这项工作将在美国很快可以随时代的年轻一线工人。即使有的钱,但是,各种体制支持,它的德国的制度都不能用。此外,高中与青年人提供良好的知识测试标准东西,它将有可能做些事情,尽管还昂贵、德国制度要依靠几个这种体制支持。一是密集的网络较强制商业协会。这保证必要TAKEUP率年轻学徒业务一概而论,是标准的公司。第二是一个比较“病人”银行之间的关系和工业。这使公司投资的技术用于未来即使在经济衰退。第三是个非常高度管制青年劳动力市场。这使它能够确定实习津贴低,使培
49、训公司本身负担得起。它要求,但是,限制提供非学徒就业。第四,两个不可或缺的规定和监测的培训,是近普遍主管和工人代表形式的工程议会,和一个强大劳动运动能调节训练赔偿取舍和推动产业升级全社会。第五和最后,为两个学徒饲料和依赖,是一个工业文化企业已经有组织的方式,利用先进的技能。这是拿字符串。但这是美国。将有力地抵制如果有人试图建立。在任何情况下可以一夕建成。这使得的空气的大胆提出索赔的青年学徒,而不仅仅是程序。也有类似预算限制,类似的体制方面的差距,在几乎所有领域建议CLINTONIAN干预。,所以我怀疑它很远。很多,但是,为国家现场。出处罗杰斯,约尔。加拿大美国法律期刊,1993年,19卷,175页第9段
