1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目CLUSTERSANDCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEIMPLICATIONSFORINDUSTRIALPOLICY出处INTERAMERICANDEVELOPMENTBANK作者ANDRSRODRGUEZCLAREABSTRACTINDUSTRIALAGGLOMERATIONSOR“CLUSTERS”ARISEINTHEPRESENCEOFINDUSTRYSPECIFICANDLOCALEXTERNALITIES,ALSOCALLEDMARSHALLIANEXTERNALITIESTHESTANDARDARGUMENTISTHATSUCHEXTERNALI
2、TIESMAYJUSTIFYAPOLICYOFINFANTINDUSTRYPROTECTIONTOALLOWANDENCOURAGECLUSTERSTOEMERGETHISPAPEREXPLORESTHATARGUMENTANDSHOWSTHATDIFFERENTPOLICYIMPLICATIONSEMERGEUNDERAMOREREALISTICMODELINGOFCLUSTERSINPARTICULAR,RATHERTHANDISTORTINGPRICESTOPROMOTECLUSTERSIN“ADVANCED”SECTORSTHATMAYEXHIBITSTRONGCLUSTERINGPO
3、SSIBILITIES,COUNTRIESSHOULDFOCUSINSTEADONPROMOTINGCLUSTERINGINCURRENTSECTORSTHATHAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHESTRONGESTCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEIMPORTSUBSTITUTIONISNOTAPROPERWAYTOACHIEVESUCHAGOALINTRODUCTIONTHEREISALONGTRADITIONAMONGBOTHACADEMICSANDDEVELOPMENTPRACTITIONERSTHATASSOCIATESECONOMICDEVELOPMENTWITHTHEREA
4、LIZATIONOFAGGLOMERATIONECONOMIESINPOLICYCIRCLES,THISISEVIDENTINTHEFOCUSON“CLUSTERS”ASANIMPORTANTCONCEPTINUNDERSTANDINGGROWTHANDINTHINKINGABOUTDEVELOPMENTPOLICYPORTER,1990CLUSTERSARISEINTHEPRESENCEOF“MARSHALLIANEXTERNALITIES,”ACCORDINGTOWHICHFIRMSBENEFITFROMTHEPRODUCTIONANDINNOVATIONACTIVITIESOFNEIGH
5、BORINGFIRMSINTHESAMEANDRELATEDINDUSTRIESTHEREISABUNDANTEVIDENCETHATSUCHEXTERNALITIESEXISTANDLEADTOINDUSTRYLEVELAGGLOMERATIONROSENTHALANDSTRANGE,2003BUTWHATISTHEAPPROPRIATEPOLICYINTHEPRESENCEOFMARSHALLIANEXTERNALITIESMEFROMACLASSICALOPTIMALPOLICYPERSPECTIVE,THECORRECTAPPROACHWOULDBETOPROVIDEAPRODUCTI
6、ONSUBSIDYTOFIRMSGENERATINGME,WITHTHESUBSIDYCALIBRATEDTOMATCHTHESTRENGTHOFTHEEXTERNALITYTHEPROBLEM,OFCOURSE,ISTHATTHISPLACESVERYSTRINGENTINFORMATIONREQUIREMENTSONPOLICYTHEGENERALIMPRESSIONISTHAT“ADVANCED”OR“TECHNOLOGYINTENSIVE”SECTORSARETHEONESWHEREMEARESTRONGEST,ANDRECENTEMPIRICALEVIDENCEAPPEARSTOBE
7、CONSISTENTWITHTHISIMPRESSIONDOESTHISVALIDATETHECOMMONSUGGESTIONTHATCOUNTRIESSHOULDPROMOTEDEVELOPMENTOFTECHNOLOGICALLYADVANCEDSECTORS,PERHAPSTHROUGHIMPORTSUBSTITUTIONINTHISPAPERIWILLARGUETHATIMPORTSUBSTITUTIONORANYPOLICYTHATDISTORTSPRICESSOASTOPUSHRESOURCESTOWARDS“ADVANCED”INDUSTRIESISNOTANAPPROPRIAT
8、EWAYTODEALWITHMEINTHECONTEXTOFSMALLDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHEREARETWOREASONSFORTHISFIRST,BECAUSEMEARENOTANINTRINSICCHARACTERISTICOFANINDUSTRYTHESAMEINDUSTRYCOULDGENERATEMEINONEPLACEANDNOTTHEOTHER,INONESTAGEOFITSEVOLUTIONANDNOTANOTHERAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHISISFOUNDINTHEEXPERIENCEOFMANYCOUNTRIESTHATFOLLOWEDIMPO
9、RTSUBSTITUTIONSTRATEGIESANDSUCCEEDEDINDEVELOPINGNEWINDUSTRIALSECTORS,BUTFAILEDTOGENERATECLUSTERINGANDBENEFITFROMMEINTHESEINDUSTRIESSOMETHINGSIMILARHAPPENSWHENPOORCOUNTRIESSUCCEEDINCOURTINGHIGHTECHMULTINATIONALSONLYTOFINDTHATTHEYFAILTOGENERATESIGNIFICANTSPILLOVERSONCEINSTALLEDTHESECONDREASONWHYIMPORT
10、SUBSTITUTIONISNOTNECESSARILYAPPROPRIATEINTHEPRESENCEOFMEISTHATIFANINDUSTRYGENERATESSTRONGERME,THENITISLIKELYTHATSOMEADVANCEDCOUNTRYISALREADYBENEFITINGFROMTHEHIGHERPRODUCTIVITYTHATCOMESFROMCLUSTERINGINTHISSECTORINTERNATIONALPRICESWOULDTHENBELOWERANDNULLIFYTHESTRONGERBENEFITSOFCLUSTERINGTHECONSEQUENCE
11、OFTHISLASTPOINTISTHATTHESTRENGTHOFMEDOESNOTMATTERINCHOOSINGWHICHCLUSTERSTOPROMOTERATHER,WHATMATTERSISPLAINOLDCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEIFONETAKESMEANDCLUSTERSSERIOUSLY,THECORRECTPOLICYISTOPROMOTECLUSTERINGINEXISTINGSECTORSTOSHOWTHESERESULTSINTHESIMPLESTMANNER,ISTARTINTHENEXTSECTIONWITHAREVIEWOFTHESTANDARD
12、MODELOFASMALLOPENECONOMYWHEREONEOFTHESECTORSEXHIBITSMETHISMODELHASBEENUSEDTOMOTIVATETHEUSEOFIMPORTSUBSTITUTIONISASADEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYIDERIVETHESTANDARDRESULTTHATISMAKESSENSEONLYIFTHEECONOMYHASACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTHESECTORTHATHASMEIF“ADVANCED”SECTORSARETHEONESEXHIBITINGME,THENTHISALREADYSUGGESTST
13、HATISISNOTAREASONABLEPOLICYFORPOORCOUNTRIES,WHICHARENOTLIKELYTOHAVEACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTHESESECTORSMOREIMPORTANTLY,IFASARGUEDABOVEMEARENOTINTRINSICTOPARTICULARSECTORS,BUTRATHERARISEFROMTHEPARTICULARWAYINWHICHPRODUCTIONISORGANIZED,THENTHESTANDARDMODELISNOTAPPROPRIATEINSECTION3IDEVELOPANALTERNATIVE
14、MODEL,WHEREALLSECTORSAREAMENABLETOEXPERIENCINGMEALTHOUGHTHEINTENSITYOFTHESEEXTERNALITIESMAYVARYACROSSSECTORSBUTTHISDEPENDSONTHEMODEOFPRODUCTIONTHUS,INSTEADOFASSUMINGTHATEXTERNALITIESAREASSOCIATEDWITHCERTAININDUSTRIES,IPOSTULATETHATEXTERNALITIESARERELATEDTOTHETECHNOLOGYWITHWHICHGOODSAREPRODUCEDTHISCA
15、PTURESTHEIDEATHATWHATMATTERSISNOT“WHATYOUPRODUCE,BUTHOW”PORTER,1998DEFERRANTIETAL,2001IWILLDISCUSSSEVERALIMPLICATIONSOFTHISMODEL,ANDINPARTICULARSHOWTHATTHEBESTPOLICYWOULDBETOPROMOTECLUSTERINGINTHESECTORWHERETHECOUNTRYHASACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE,ANDNOTINTHESECTORTHATENJOYSTHESTRONGESTPOSSIBLEMEONEDRAWBA
16、CKOFBOTHTHESTANDARDMODELANDTHISALTERNATIVEMODELISTHATTHEYINCORPORATEONLYSTATICEXTERNALITIES,WHEREASTHEEMPIRICALLITERATUREREVEALSTHATDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESEG,EXTERNALLEARNINGBYDOINGAREEQUALLYIFNOTMOREIMPORTANTMOREOVER,SINCEDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESARESTRONGLYASSOCIATEDWITHKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSROSENTHALANDSTRA
17、NGE,2003,THENITISVERYLIKELYTHATTHEYAREACCOMPANIEDBYINTERNATIONALSPILLOVERS,SOMETHINGLEFTOUTOFMOSTMODELSTHESTATICNATUREOFTHEMODELSTHUSMAKESTHEMDIFFICULTTORELATETOTHERECENTLITERATUREONENDOGENOUSGROWTHINSECTION4ISHOWASIMPLEWAYINWHICHTHEMODELPRESENTEDINSECTION3CANBEGENERALIZEDTOINCORPORATEDYNAMICEXTERNA
18、LITIESANDINTERNATIONALSPILLOVERS,ANDSHOWHOWTHEINCOMEGAPBETWEENNORTHANDSOUTHISRELATEDTOCLUSTERINGDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESANDINTERNATIONALSPILLOVERSINCONTRASTTOTHEMODELSEXPLOREDABOVE,WHICHFOCUSEXCLUSIVELYONSTATICEXTERNALITIES,THEEMPIRICALLITERATUREREVEALSTHATDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESPLAYAVERYIMPORTANTROLEININD
19、USTRIALAGGLOMERATIONMOREOVER,GIVENTHATKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSARETHEMAINMECHANISMTHROUGHWHICHTHESEDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESOPERATE,ITISLIKELYTHATTHEYAREACCOMPANIEDBYINTERNATIONALSPILLOVERSALTHOUGHTHEREGIONWHERETHEKNOWLEDGEORIGINATESISLIKELYTOBENEFITMOREANDSOONER,OTHERREGIONSARELIKELYTOBENEFITASWELLFROMSPILLOV
20、ERSTHISSECTIONPRESENTSAVERYSIMPLEWAYTOINTRODUCEDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESANDINTERNATIONALKNOWLEDGESPILLOVERSINTOTHEMODELDEVELOPEDABOVETHEPOLICYIMPLICATIONSDISCUSSEDARENOTAFFECTEDTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSECTIONISTOADDREALISMTOTHECLUSTERBASEDMODELANDALLOWFORASHARPERCOMPARISONBETWEENTHISMODELANDTHERECENTENDOGENOUSGR
21、OWTHLITERATURETHEMODELISSIMILARTOTHEONEPRESENTEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTION,ALTHOUGHNOWITISASSUMEDTHATPRODUCTIONWITHTHEMODERNTECHNOLOGYGENERATESBOTHDYNAMICASWELLASSTATICEXTERNALITIESTOINTRODUCEDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESANDINTERNATIONALSPILLOVERS,IALLOWFORANADDITIONALPRODUCTIVITYVARIABLE,AJIT,THATINCREASESWITHTIM
22、ETHANKSTOEXTERNALINDUSTRYSPECIFICLEARNINGBYDOINGANDINTERNATIONALSPILLOVERSLABORPRODUCTIVITYACROSSSECTORSANDTECHNOLOGIESISJUSTASABOVE,EXCEPTTHATNOWITISALSOMULTIPLIEDBYTHISVARIABLEAJITLETUSFOCUSONTHEEQUILIBRIUMWHERETHESOUTHISSPECIALIZEDINGOOD1WITHNOCLUSTERASINMANYRECENTMODELSOFGROWTHPARENTEANDPRESCOTT
23、,1994KLENOWANDRODRGUEZCLARE,2004,BOTHNORTHANDSOUTHGROWATTHESAMERATE,SOTHEREISNOCONVERGENCEINCONTRASTTOMANYOFTHESEMODELS,HOWEVER,ITISNOTNECESSARYFORSOUTHTOINCREASEITSINVESTMENTINTECHNOLOGYADOPTIONTOCATCHUPWITHTHENORTHCONVERGENCEWOULDOCCURIFSOUTHMANAGEDTODEVELOPACLUSTER,SOTHATITTOOCOULDGENERATEBOTHSTA
24、TICANDDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESTOSUMMARIZE,THEINSIGHTSGAINEDWITHTHESTATICMODELREMAINVALIDWHENWEMOVETOAMOREREALISTICSETTINGWITHDYNAMICEXTERNALITIESANDINTERNATIONALSPILLOVERSCOUNTRIESWITHNOCLUSTERSSUFFERFROMTHELACKOFBOTHSTATICANDDYNAMICEXTERNALITIES,ALTHOUGHTHEINCOMEGAPISBOUNDEDTHANKSTOINTERNATIONALSPILLOV
25、ERSTHEREAREMULTIPLEEQUILIBRIA,ANDTHEEQUILIBRIUMWITHTHEHIGHESTINCOMEINSOUTHISTHEONEWHERETHEREISCLUSTERINGINTHESECTORWHEREITSCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEISSTRONGESTPOLICYSHOULDFOCUSONPROMOTINGCLUSTERINGINTHISSECTORANDAVOIDPRICEDISTORTIONSDISCUSSIONTHEREARESEVERALADDITIONALPOLICYIMPLICATIONSOFTHISMODELTHATIWIS
26、HTOHIGHLIGHTANDDISCUSSTHEFIRSTISTHATPROTECTIONINNOWAYMAKESITMORELIKELYTHATACLUSTERWILLFORM,SINCETHEGOODCANBEPRODUCEDWITHOUTACLUSTERCONSIDERANINITIALSITUATIONWHERESOUTHISCOMPLETELYSPECIALIZEDINSECTOR1WITHNOCLUSTERIMPOSINGAPOLICYOFIMPORTSUBSTITUTIONISWOULDINCREASETHEDOMESTICPRICESOFGOODANDATSOMEPOINTS
27、OUTHWOULDSTARTPRODUCINGSOMEOFTHISGOODBUTITCOULDPRODUCEITWITHOUTACLUSTER,JUSTASITPRODUCESGOOD1WITHOUTACLUSTERTHEREISNOREASONWHYISWOULDLEADTOCLUSTERINGINOTHERWORDS,ONCEWEACCEPTTHATPRODUCTIONINTHEADVANCEDSECTORCANTAKEPLACEUSINGBACKWARDTECHNOLOGIESORMODESOFPRODUCTION,THENITBECOMESCLEARTHATISDOESNOTNECES
28、SARILYLEADTOEXTERNALITIESANDCLUSTERINGISCOULDSIMPLYPUSHRESOURCESTOWARDSWHATAREREGARDEDINRICHCOUNTRIESASADVANCEDSECTORS,BUTTHATONCEINLDCSCOULDBEORGANIZEDINWAYSTHATDONOTGENERATEANYEXTERNALITIESTHISREASONINGHASBROADERIMPLICATIONSNOTONLYIS,BUTANYPOLICYEVENEXPORTPROMOTIONTHATDISTORTSPRICESSOASTOPUSHRESOU
29、RCESINTOADVANCEDSECTORSWOULDHAVETHESAMEPROBLEMINSTEADOFPOLICIESTOREALLOCATERESOURCESACROSSSECTORS,ITWOULDBEBETTERTOIMPLEMENTPOLICIESTOPROMOTECLUSTERINGINSECTORSTHATALREADYSHOWCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHISIMPLIESTHAT,ASGENERALLYACCEPTEDBYPROPONENTSOFCLUSTERBASEDPOLICIES,GOVERNMENTSSHOULDNOTTRYTOCREATECLUS
30、TERSFROMSCRATCHANADDITIONALIMPLICATIONISTHATPROMOTINGACLUSTERISNOTNECESSARILYWELFAREENHANCING,SINCEITCOULDBEACLUSTERWITHOUTACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETOSEETHIS,IMAGINETHATTHESOUTHHASNOCLUSTERSTHISIMMEDIATELYIMPLIESTHATITISSPECIALIZEDINSECTORIMAGINEFURTHERTHATTHEGOVERNMENTTRIESTOPROMOTEACLUSTERINSECTORTODO
31、SO,ITWOULDHAVETODISTORTPRICES,BECAUSESINCECONDITIONISNOTSATISFIEDBYASSUMPTION1CLUSTERINGINSECTORISNOTANEQUILIBRIUMWITHUNDISTORTEDPRICESBUTIFITDOESTHIS,THENWELFAREWOULDDECREASEALTERNATIVELY,IFCONDITIONISSATISFIED,THENTHEREISANEQUILIBRIUMWITHFULLSPECIALIZATIONINSECTORWITHACLUSTER,ANDITISCONCEIVABLETHA
32、TTHEGOVERNMENTCOULDINDUCETHEECONOMYTOSWITCHTOTHISSUPERIOREQUILIBRIUMSTILL,THISEQUILIBRIUMISINFERIORTOTHEONEWITHCOMPLETESPECIALIZATIONANDCLUSTERINGINSECTORONETOSUMMARIZE,WHENTHEREARERICARDIANDIFFERENCESMOREGENERALLY,COMPARATIVEADVANTAGECOMINGFROMSOURCESDIFFERENTTHANCLUSTERING,PROMOTINGTHECREATIONOFAC
33、LUSTERFROMSCRATCHMAYBEINFERIORTOTHESTATUSQUO,ANDISALWAYSDOMINATEDBYPROMOTIONOFACLUSTERINSECTORSWHERETHEECONOMYISALREADYSHOWINGCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEFINALLY,THEMODELSHOWSTHATITISNOTTHECASETHATGOVERNMENTSSHOULDFAVORCLUSTERINGININDUSTRIESWITHSTRONGEREXTERNALITIESASEXPLAINEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTION,THISISBECA
34、USESUCHSTRONGEREXTERNALITIESLEADTOHIGHERPRODUCTIVITYANDHENCELOWERINTERNATIONALPRICESTHUS,FOREXAMPLE,IFWEIMAGINETHATHIGHERINDEXEDGOODSARE“MOREADVANCED”ANDTHATMOREADVANCEDGOODSHAVESTRONGEREXTERNALITIES,THENACOMMONPRESUMPTIONHEREWOULDBETHATPOLICYSHOULDTARGETMOREADVANCEDSECTORS,TOBENEFITFROMSTRONGERCLUS
35、TERINGTHEMODELPRESENTEDHERESHOWSTHATTHISPRESUMPTIONISNOTCORRECTINSTEAD,THEAPPROPRIATEPOLICYISTOPROMOTECLUSTERINGINTHESECTORTHATHASTHESTRONGESTCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHUS,INDUSTRIALPOLICYISNOTABOUT“CREATINGCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE,”BUTABOUTACHIEVINGTHEHIGHPRODUCTIVITYTHATCOMESFROMACLUSTERINTHESECTORWHEREITH
36、ASACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE译文集群和比较优势产业政策的启示摘要产业聚集区或“集群”出现于特定行业和地方也叫马歇尔的外部性的存在外部性。标准论据是,这种外部性可以证明一个婴儿产业保护政策,允许和鼓励集群出现。本文探讨的论点,并表明,不同政策的影响下,更逼真的模拟集群出现。特别是,而不是扭曲的价格,以促进“先进”部门,可能表现出强烈的聚类簇的可能性。各国应着重于促进在已经证明了目前最强的比较优势行业的集群。进口替代不是实现这一目标的适当方式。简介在很长的传统中,既有学者和发展工作者将聚集经济与实现经济发展联系在一起。在政策界,这是明显的重点在“集群”作为一个重要的概念理解增长和
37、发展思路政策(波特,1990)。集群出现在“马歇尔外部因素”的存在,根据该公司受惠于邻近企业的生产和创新的相同和相关产业的活动。有大量证据表明,这种外部性存在,导致产业集聚(ROSENTHALANDSTRANGE,2003)。但什么是在马歇尔外部性中存在适当的政策从经典最优政策的角度来看,正确的做法是提供给公司的生产补贴的产生,要匹配的外部力量校准的资助。这个问题当然是,这对政策信息的要求非常严格。总的印象是,“先进”或“技术密集”的行业是那些在我认为最强的,和最近的经验证据似乎与这种印象相一致。这是否验证了共同建议,各国应促进或许可以通过技术先进的进口替代产业的发展在本文中,我会认为,进口替
38、代政策,扭曲或任何价格,以推动对“先进”的工业资源,对于小的发展中国家而言是不恰当的方式。有两个原因。首先,是因为我不要一个一个行业的本质特征在同一行业可能我在一个地方,而不是其他,生成及其演化的一个阶段,并不是另一个。一个很好的例子是在许多国家的经验之后进口替代战略和发展新的工业部门成功,但未能产生聚集并受益于这些行业。将发生类似情况,贫穷国家成功地追求高科技跨国公司,发现他们无法生成大量溢出一次安装时。第二个原因是替代进口不一定在我面前适当的是,如果一个行业产生较强的企业,那么它很可能是一些先进国家已经从更高的生产力,来自于这一部门中的聚类。然后将国际价格降低,抵销了较强的集群优势。其结果
39、也是最后一点ME的力量并不重要,集群在选择中提升。相反,重要的是老式的比较优势。如果一个人把ME和集群严重化,正确的政策是促进现有行业集群。显示在最简单的方式处理这些结果,我开始在下一节有一个小型的开放型经济的标准模型的部门审核时,展品一个ME。该模型已用于激励的进口替代(IS)的使用作为发展战略。推导出的结果是使标准才有意义,如果经济在业界是有ME的比较优势。如果“高级”部门是那些展示了ME,这已表明,这不是一个贫穷国家,这是不太可能在这些领域具有比较优势的合理的政策。更重要的是,如果作为如上所述,ME心里不是固有的特定部门,而是产生于特定的方式,组织生产,然后在标准模型是不合适的。在第3节
40、我开发一个替代模式,其中所有部门都服从ME的经历(虽然这些外部因素可能会有所不同强度的跨部门),但是这取决于生产方式。因此,假设外部不是与特定行业相关,本人推断是外部都涉及到与该货物的生产技术。抓住了这个想法,重要的不是“你生产什么,而是如何”(波特,1998)。我将讨论该模型的几个问题,并特别表明,最好的政策是促进该行业在该国的聚类具有比较优势,而不是在业界是最强烈的ME的享受。无论是一个标准模型或这种替代模式的缺点是,他们只包括静态外部,而实证文献显示,动态外部同样不是更重要的。此外,由于动态外部性紧密联系在一起的知识外溢,那么很可能他们是伴随着国际外溢,大多数型号被排除在外。模型的静态性
41、质从而使他们难以涉及内生增长的最新文献。在第4节我展示一个简单的方式,在第3节提出的模型可以推广到包括外部因素和国际外溢动态,并展示如何南北之间的收入差距与集群的关系。动态外部性与国际外溢相对于上述的模式探索,这完全集中于静态的外部,实证文献显示,动态外部产业集聚发挥了非常重要的作用。此外,由于知识溢出的主要机制,通过这些动态的外部操作,很可能他们是由国际外溢陪同。尽管该地区在知识起源很可能受益更多更快,其他地区有可能从中受益外溢以及。本节提出了一个非常简单的方法来开发上述引入动态模型的外部因素和国际知识外溢。讨论的政策含义是不受影响的,在本节的目的是添加到群集的现实主义为基础的模式,并允许该
42、模型之间的内生增长和使最近的文献比较清晰。该模型是类似上一节介绍了一个,虽然现在我们假设,随着现代技术的生产同时生成动态以及静态的外部因素。为了引进外部的动态和国际溢出效应,我允许额外的生产力变量,随时间推移,外部的行业做具体的学习提高和国际外溢。各部门和劳动生产率的技术,就像上面,但现在它也是由这个变量的乘积。让我们着眼于在南方是在没有良好的专业集群平衡。正如许多最新型号的增长,北方和南方以同样的速度增长,所以没有收敛。相反,这些模型很多,但是,它没有必要为南方辩解,以增加其在技术通过投资赶上北方。收敛会发生,如果南方设法建立一个集群,那么,它也可能会产生静态和动态的外部因素。总之,见解与静
43、态模型仍然有效,当我们获得移动到一个具有动态外部性和外溢更现实的国际环境。没有联网的国家遭受的静态和动态的外部缺乏,虽然收入差距是有限的感谢国际外溢。有多重均衡,以及与南方收入最高的地方是一个平衡中有比较优势的行业,它是最强的集群。政策应着眼于促进本部门集群和避免价格扭曲。讨论在这几个模式中,我想强调和讨论其他政策的影响。第一,在没有保护办法下,使之更可能会形成一个集群,因为没有可产生良好的集群。考虑初始情况下在南方是完全没有专门的部门一组。征收进口替代(IS)的好政策会增加国内价格,在某些时候南将开始生产这种好一些。但它可能没有一个群集中生产,不只是因为它产生一个集群。没有理由为什么会导致集
44、群换句话说,一旦我们接受了先进的生产部门可以进行使用落后的技术或生产方式,然后它变得清楚,这并不一定会导致外部性和集群。IS可以简单地把资源视为对什么是富裕国家的先进部门,但是,一旦在最不发达国家可以组织方式,不产生任何外部因素。这个道理有更广泛的影响。不仅是IS,任何政策(甚至出口促进)都可以扭曲价格,以推入先进部门的资源将有同样的问题。重新分配的政策,而是跨部门的资源,这将是更好地执行政策,以促进行业的比较优势已经显示群集。这意味着,作为一般的集群为基础的政策的支持者所接受,政府不应该从头开始创建集群。另外一个含义是,促进集群不一定福利提高,因为它可能将是一个没有比较优势的集群。看到这一点
45、,像南方世界有没有集群。这立即意味着它是在专门的部门。想象进一步指出,政府试图以促进行业集群。为此,它会扭曲价格,因为既然不是由假设条件是在部门聚类满足,就不是一个具有不失真均衡价格。但如果这样做,那么福利会减少。另外,如果条件满足,则是一个在与集群部门充分专业化的平衡,这是可以想象的,政府可以诱导经济切换到这种优越的平衡。不过,这种平衡是不亚于一个完整的专业化和行业之一聚类。总之,当有李嘉图差异(更普遍,比较优势来自于不同来源的聚类),促进从头开始创建群集可能不如现状。并始终占主导地位的推广部门的一个集群里,经济已经显示出比较优势。最后,该模型表明,情况并非如此,各国政府应支持在产业集群具有较强的外部性。正如上节所述,这是因为这种强烈的外部性导致更高的生产率,从而降低国际价格。因此,举例来说,如果我们想象越来越高的索引货物更“先进”,而更先进的产品具有较强的外部性。然后,一个共同的假设在这里将是更先进的政策应针对行业,并受益于强大集群。这里提出的模型表明,这种假设是不正确的。相反,适当的政策是促进在该领域具有强大的比较优势集群。因此,产业政策是不是“创造比较优势”,但从该部门在拥有相对优势的集群来看,可以实现高生产率。