1、外文题目TOWARDALOWCARBONECONOMYMUNICIPALFINANCINGFORENERGYEFFICIENCYANDSOLARPOWER出处ENVIRONMENTMAGAZINE作者MERRIANCFULLER,STEPHENCOMPAGNIPORTIS,ANDDANIELMKAMMENTHEECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTALNEEDTOTRANSITIONTOALOWCARBONECONOMYISNOWATTHEFOREFRONTOFENERGYSCIENCE,ENGINEERING,ANDPOLICYDISCUSSIONSINTHEUNITEDSTATESA
2、NDINTERNATIONALLYFORMERVICEPRESIDENTALGOREHASCALLEDFORACARBONFREEELECTRICITYSUPPLYINTHEUNITEDSTATESBY2018,1ANDINCALIFORNIA,JAPAN,ANDTHEUNITEDKINGDOM,AGROWINGLISTOFMUNICIPALITIESHAVELEGISLATED7080PERCENTORHIGHERREDUCTIONSINTHEIRGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSOVERTHENEXTFOURTOFIVEDECADESTHESECUTSARECONSISTENTW
3、ITHTHERECOMMENDATIONSOFTHEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATECHANGEIPCCTHUSFARMUCHOFTHEEFFORTHASBEENFOCUSEDONTECHNOLOGYANDPOLICYSOLUTIONS,WITHVERYLITTLEATTENTIONGIVENTOHOWTHISCHANGECANBEENABLEDTHROUGHCREATIVEFINANCINGACRITICALARENAFORTHISTRANSFORMATIONISINBUILDINGS,WHICHACCOUNTFORMORETHAN70PERCENTOFTHEE
4、LECTRICITYUSE2ANDALMOST40PERCENTOFGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONS3INTHEUNITEDSTATESMANYOFTHEMORESTRINGENTLAWSTOREDUCEENERGYUSEINBUILDINGS,SUCHASTITLE24INCALIFORNIA,4TARGETNEWBUILDINGSHOWEVER,BECAUSEBUILDINGSHAVEMANYDECADELIFETIMES,ITMAYBEVIRTUALLYIMPOSSIBLETOREDUCEGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSTOTHELEVELSDESCRIBEDBY
5、THELOWERRISKSCENARIOSOFTHEIPCC5ANDADOPTEDBYLOCALMUNICIPALITIES,6STATES,7ANDNATIONS8WITHOUTATARGETEDEFFORTTOREDUCEENERGYDEMANDINEXISTINGHOMESANDCOMMERCIALSPACESTHISMEANSTHATRETROFITEFFORTS,SUCHASIMPROVINGENERGYEFFICIENCYANDADDINGSOLARPHOTOVOLTAICSPVANDSOLARTHERMALSYSTEMSTOBUILDINGS,NEEDTOEXPANDDRAMAT
6、ICALLYMANYBARRIERSEXISTTOREDUCINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDINCREASINGTHEUSEOFRENEWABLEENERGYONEISHIGHFIRSTCOSTUPFRONTCOST,WHICHISBOTHAPSYCHOLOGICALANDFINANCIALBARRIERFORMANYPEOPLEOURRESEARCHGROUPFROMTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,HASWORKEDWITHANUMBEROFCITIES,INITIALLYBERKELEYTOADDRESSTHISBARRIERBYMAKI
7、NGFINANCINGFORSOLARPOWERINSTALLATIONSANDENERGYEFFICIENCYRETROFITSMOREAPPEALINGANDACCESSIBLETOPROPERTYOWNERSURGENCYAROUNDTHENEEDTOCUTEMISSIONSHASINSPIREDCITIESTOAPPLYOLDTOOLS,SUCHASMUNICIPALFINANCING,TOTHENEWPROBLEMOFREDUCINGTHEAMOUNTOFCARBONINTHEENERGYSUPPLYCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGMECHANISMSLIK
8、ETHECITYOFBERKELEYSPROGRAMBERKELEYFIRSTFINANCINGINITIATIVEFORRENEWABLEANDSOLARTECHNOLOGYHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOHELPCATALYZETHETRANSITIONTOAMORESUSTAINABLEUSEOFENERGYANDALSODELIVERBENEFITSBEYONDEMISSIONSREDUCTIONS,INCLUDINGANEWSOURCEOFJOBGROWTH,REDUCEDSTRAINONTHEELECTRICPOWERSYSTEM,ANDMORECOMFORTABLEANDWE
9、LLMAINTAINEDBUILDINGSHOWDOTHESEINITIATIVESWORK,ANDWHATMIGHTTHEFINANCIALIMPACTBEONPARTICIPANTSATTHESTATEANDNATIONALLEVELSBARRIERSTOREDUCINGENERGYDEMANDOVERTHELAST30YEARS,ACONTENTIOUSDEBATEHASCONTINUEDOVERWHYCONSUMERSANDBUSINESSESCHOOSEORFOREGOENERGYEFFICIENTPRODUCTSANDPRACTICES,ANDWHATROLEPUBLICANDEN
10、ABLINGPROGRAMSFINANCINGANDOTHERSHOULDPLAYININFLUENCINGTHESEDECISIONSRESEARCHERSHAVEOFTENTRIEDTOEXPLAINCONSUMEREFFICIENCYRELATEDDECISIONSUSINGALIFECYCLECOSTANALYSIS,WHICHLOOKSATTHEUPFRONTCOSTSOFADOPTIONVERSUSTHEENERGYSAVINGSOVERTIMEMANYPUBLICPOLICYEFFORTSSTARTWITHTHEPREMISETHATREGULATIONSSHOULDONLYPR
11、OMOTEOPTIONSTHATGIVECONSUMERSAPOSITIVENETPRESENTVALUEFORTHELIFECYCLECOST,USINGADISCOUNTRATEFORFUTURESAVINGSOF58PERCENTTHENETPRESENTVALUEISTHEFUTUREDISCOUNTEDBENEFITSMINUSTHEINITIALINVESTMENTAPPLIANCESTANDARDSWERECREATEDUSINGTHISFRAMEWORKWITHTHEINTENTIONOFREMOVINGTHELEASTEFFICIENTAPPLIANCESFROMTHEMAR
12、KETWHILEKEEPINGTHEFINANCIALBURDENTOAMINIMUMTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENAMARKETRATEOFRETURNANDTHEIMPLICITDISCOUNTRATESOBSERVEDINCONSUMERCHOICEWASLABELEDTHEENERGYEFFICIENCYGAP,ANDMUCHEFFORTHASBEENDEVOTEDTOCLOSINGTHISGAPTHROUGHINCENTIVESANDPOLICIESTOADDRESSPERCEIVEDBARRIERSTHESESAMEBARRIERSALSOAFFECTTHEDECISIO
13、NTOINSTALLSOLARPOWERSYSTEMSCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGBERKELEYFIRSTISANEXAMPLEOFCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGINDEVELOPMENTBYTHECITYOFBERKELEYTHATWILLPROVIDETHEUPFRONTFUNDSFORRESIDENTIALANDCOMMERCIALPROPERTYOWNERSTOINSTALLELECTRICANDTHERMALSOLARSYSTEMSANDMAKEENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSTOTHEIRBUILD
14、INGSBERKELEYHASCOMMITTEDTOPROVIDEFUNDINGFORTHEPROGRAMTHROUGHTHEISSUANCEOFASPECIALTAXBONDTHATISREPAIDSEMIANNUALLYOVER20YEARSTHROUGHSPECIALTAXESCOLLECTEDONONLYTHEPROPERTYTAXBILLSOFPARTICIPATINGPROPERTYOWNERSTHEFINANCINGMECHANISMISBASEDONCALIFORNIASMELLOROOSFINANCINGLAWANDDOESNOTREQUIREACITYSUBSIDYOREX
15、POSURETOTHECITYSGENERALFUND14ASOFSUMMER2008,THECITYHADRECEIVEDMORETHAN1,300INQUIRIESFROMMUNICIPALITIESAROUNDTHEWORLDASKINGHOWTHISPROGRAMWILLBEIMPLEMENTEDTOPARTICIPATEINACLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGPROGRAM,ARESIDENTIALORCOMMERCIALPROPERTYOWNERSELECTSACONTRACTORANDIDENTIFIESTHEIRCHOICEOFSOLARANDENERG
16、YEFFICIENCYUPGRADESTHATFITWITHINTHESCOPEOFTHEPROGRAM,ASDEFINEDBYTHEMUNICIPALITYAPROJECTMIGHTINCLUDEASOLARPVARRAYORASOLARTHERMALSYSTEMANDIMPROVEMENTSTOTHEENERGYEFFICIENCYOFABUILDING,SUCHASADDINGINSULATIONANDNEWDUCTS,SEALINGBUILDINGSHELLLEAKS,ANDREPLACINGAFURNACEORAIRCONDITIONINGUNITIMPROVEMENTSTOARES
17、IDENTIALPROPERTYCOULDCOST4,00020,000ORMORETHEPROPERTYOWNERSUBMITSANAPPLICATIONTOTHEMUNICIPALITY,WHOSESTAFFREVIEWSTHESCOPEOFWORKANDCHECKSTHATTHEYHAVEACLEARPROPERTYTITLEAFTERTHEMUNICIPALITYAPPROVESTHEAPPLICATION,THEWORKISCOMPLETED,ALIENISPLACEDONTHEPROPERTY,ANDACHECKISISSUEDTOTHEPROPERTYOWNERASPECIALT
18、AXISADDEDTOFUTUREPROPERTYBILLSIFTHEPROPERTYISSOLDBEFORETHEENDOFTHE20YEARREPAYMENTPERIOD,THENEWOWNERPAYSTHEREMAININGSPECIALTAXESASPARTOFTHEIRPROPERTYSANNUALTAXBILLTHEINTERESTCOMPONENTOFTHESPECIALTAXPAYMENTSWILLBETAXDEDUCTIBLE,SIMILARTOAHOMEEQUITYLINEORHOMEMORTGAGETHESPECIALTAXBONDISBACKEDBYTHELIENSON
19、PARTICIPATINGPROPERTYOWNERSHOMESTHISPROGRAMHASTHEPOTENTIALTOBEIMPLEMENTEDINMUNICIPALITIESACROSSTHECOUNTRYLAWSINMANYSTATESALREADYENABLEASIMILARFINANCINGMECHANISM,ANDOTHERSTATESAREPURSUINGLEGISLATIONTOENABLETHEUSEOFCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGFOREXAMPLE,STATEHOUSEBILL081350,PASSEDBYTHECOLORADOLEGISLA
20、TUREANDSIGNEDINTOLAWIN2008,ALLOWSLOCALGOVERNMENTSTOFINANCEIMPROVEMENTSWITHAREPAYMENTOVER20YEARSTHROUGHSPECIALASSESSMENTSCOLLECTEDTHROUGHTHEPROPERTYTAXSYSTEMTHISLAWALLOWSLOCALGOVERNMENTSTOPROACTIVELYPROVIDEAMECHANISMFORPROPERTYOWNERSTODECREASETHEIRUSEOFFOSSILFUELSFORHEATINGANDELECTRICITY,PROVIDINGAPU
21、BLICBENEFITINNOVEMBER2008,BOULDERUSEDTHISAUTHORITYTOPASSMEASURE1A,WHICHALLOWSTHECOUNTYTOISSUEUPTO40MILLIONINSPECIALASSESSMENTBONDSTOFINANCECLEANENERGYIMPROVEMENTSSIMILARLEGISLATIONHASBEENENACTEDINCALIFORNIAANDISPROPOSEDINOTHERSTATESTHESEEARLYPROGRAMSHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDTHROUGHCITY,COUNTY,ANDSTATELEVE
22、LINITIATIVESTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTCOULDSUPPORTSUCHPROGRAMSBYPROVIDINGCAPITALORBYASSISTINGMUNICIPALITIESINAGGREGATINGBONDSSOTHATLARGERBONDSCANBEISSUEDATALOWERCOSTFINANCIALMODELINGANALYSISTOASSESSTHEIMPACTOFCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGONRESIDENTIALCUSTOMERS,OURRESEARCHTEAMATTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BE
23、RKELEY,CREATEDAMODELTOCOMPARETHENETPRESENTVALUEOFANNUALCASHFLOWSOVER25YEARSFORASYSTEMLIKEBERKELEYFIRSTUSINGANAVERAGECALIFORNIAHOMEANDTHREEUSCASESWITHHIGH,LOW,ANDAVERAGEENERGYPRICESSEETABLE1FORMODELASSUMPTIONSTABLE1MODELASSUMPTIONSFINANCINGTERMSINTERESTRATEOF7PERCENTWITHATERMOF20YEARSENERGYCONSUMPTIO
24、NFORTHECALIFORNIACASE,CONSUMPTIONNUMBERSAREBASEDON2006ENERGYINFORMATIONADMINISTRATIONEIAFIGURES,ANANNUALCONSUMPTIONOF7,080KILOWATTHOURSKWH,AND476THERMSOFNATURALGASPERHOMETHE2KWSYSTEMUSEDINTHISMODELCOVERSAPPROXIMATELY40PERCENTOFTHEHOMESELECTRICITYUSEFORTHEUSCASES,CONSUMPTIONNUMBERSAREBASEDON2006EIAFI
25、GURES,ANANNUALCONSUMPTIONOF11,035KWHAND678THERMSOFNATURALGASPERHOMETHE2KWSYSTEMUSEDINTHISMODELCOVERSAPPROXIMATELY25PERCENTOFTHEHOMESELECTRICITYUSEALTHOUGHSOMEUSHOMESUSEHEATINGOIL,WOOD,ORELECTRICITYFORHEATING,NATURALGASUSEISASSUMEDBECAUSETHEMAJORITYOFUSHOMESUSEITFUTUREENERGYPRICESTHEBASECASEUSESTHEEI
26、AANNUALENERGYOUTLOOK2008FORECAST,WHICHPREDICTSFLATREALPRICESFORELECTRICITYANDGASTHROUGH2030ANDANAVERAGERATEOFINFLATIONOF2PERCENTINADDITION,CASESAREMODELEDWITHANNUAL2PERCENTAND4PERCENTREALINCREASESINENERGYPRICESELECTRICITYPRICESTHECALIFORNIACASEELECTRICITYPRICESAREBASEDONTHEPACIFICGASTHISISJUSTAROUGH
27、ESTIMATEOFAVERAGEPOTENTIALFORSAVINGSENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSWITHMUCHGREATERPAYBACKSTHATARENOTINCLUDEDINTHEANALYSISINCLUDELOWERINGTHERMOSTATS,REPLACINGLIGHTBULBS,ANDINSTALLINGMOREEFFICIENTAPPLIANCESSOLARPVSYSTEM2KWSOLARPHOTOVOLTAICPVSYSTEMWITHANINSTALLEDCOSTOF8/WATTSOLARPRODUCTIONANNUALPVSYSTEMPR
28、ODUCTIONOF1,400KWH/YEARPERINSTALLEDKWFORCALIFORNIABASEDONTHEPVWATTESTIMATEFORSACRAMENTO,CALIFORNIA,AND1,300KWH/YEARPERINSTALLEDKWFORTHEUSCASESBASEDONTHEPVWATTESTIMATEFORTOPEKA,KANSASTHISISACAPACITYFACTOROF1516PERCENTSOLARPERFORMANCEPVSYSTEMLIFEOF25YEARS,WITHAPERFORMANCEDEGRADATIONOF1PERCENT/YEARINVE
29、RTERINVERTERREPLACEMENTINYEAR12FORAPPROXIMATELY1,200REBATESSOLARREBATEOF190/WATTWITHAPERFORMANCEBASEDCONVERSIONFACTOROF81PERCENTFORCALIFORNIATHECONVERSIONFACTOR,WHICHESTIMATESTHEACTUALPRODUCTIONOFANINSTALLEDSYSTEM,ISBASEDONTHEAVERAGEACTUALCONVERSIONFACTORSAPPLIEDTOPVSYSTEMSIN2007FORTHECALIFORNIASOLA
30、RINITIATIVEREBATEPROGRAMNOREBATEISINCLUDEDFORTHEUSCASESFEDERALINCOMETAXCREDITITCFORSOLARITCOF30PERCENTOFNETSYSTEMCOSTSWITHNOMAXIMUMDUETORECENTFEDERALLEGISLATIONHR1424TAXESMARGINALBLENDEDFEDERALANDSTATEINCOMETAXRATEOF365PERCENTDISCOUNTRATE6PERCENTCARBONPRICECARBONPAYMENTOF30/TONCO2PAIDUPFRONTFORTHELI
31、FEOFTHEIMPROVEMENTSINCASESWHERENOTEDNOTEAVERSIONOFTHECALCULATORUSEDFORTHEMODELSISMAINTAINEDONLINEFORPUBLICUSEATHTTP/RAELBERKELEYEDU/BERKELEYFIRST/CALCULATORASSHOWNINTABLE2ONTHISPAGE,THEENERGYEFFICIENCYMEASURESALONEALWAYSHAVEAPOSITIVENETPRESENTVALUETHESOLARONLYCASEISPOSITIVEWHENENERGYPRICESINCREASE4P
32、ERCENTANNUALLYOVERTHEEIAFORECAST,ANANNUALPRICEINCREASEOFABOUT6PERCENTINNOMINALTERMSTHECOMBINATIONOFENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSANDSOLARINSTALLATIONSISPOSITIVEONLYINTHE4PERCENTCASE,ANDTHECASEWITHA30PAYMENTPERTONOFABATEDCO2ISPOSITIVEONLYINTHE2PERCENTAND4PERCENTSCENARIOSTHESENUMBERSARESENSITIVETOTHECOS
33、TOFSOLARINSTALLATIONSANDCHANGESINELECTRICITYANDGASPRICESTABLE2NETPRESENTVALUEFORAVERAGECALIFONIAHOMEPROJECTTYPEANNUALENERGYPRICEESCALATIONEIAFORECASTINFLATIONONLY24SOLARINSTALLATIONONLY2,6901,49287ENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTONLY1851,0172,120SOLARINSTALLATIONANDENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENT2,8128521,73
34、8SOLAR1,8181422,732INSTALLATION,ENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENT,AND30/TONCARBONDIOXIDENOTEEIAENERGYINFORMATIONADMINISTRATIONPARENTHESESINDICATENEGATIVENETPRESENTVALUE,BASECASEHIGHLIGHTEDTHEMODELALSOASSESSESTHENETPRESENTVALUEFORHOUSEHOLDSONANATIONALLEVELBECAUSEENERGYPRICESCANVARYWIDELY,FORINSTANCE,BETWEE
35、NNORTHDAKOTAANDMASSACHUSETTS,THREECASESAREMODELEDAUSAVERAGECASE,AHIGHENERGYPRICECASE,ANDALOWENERGYPRICECASEAGAIN,SEETABLE1FORMODELASSUMPTIONSTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHETHREEUSCASESSHOWHOWHIGHERENERGYPRICESMAKESOLARINSTALLATIONSANDENERGYEFFICIENCYRETROFITSSIGNIFICANTLYMOREFINANCIALLYREWARDINGHOWEVER,THE
36、SOLARONLYOPTIONHASANEGATIVENETPRESENTVALUEFORALLOFTHECASESBECAUSEELECTRICITYPRICESARESTILLBELOWTHELEVELIZEDCOSTOFSOLARPOWERTHESOLARANDENERGYEFFICIENCYCOMBINATIONBECOMESPOSITIVEONLYINTHE2PERCENTAND4PERCENTSCENARIOSFORTHEHIGHPRICEUSCASEWITHACO2PRICEOF30PERTON,THEHIGHPRICEUSCASEISPOSITIVEINALLPRICINGSC
37、ENARIOSIMPLICATIONSFORBERKELEYFIRSTITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATBERKELEYSAVERAGEENERGYUSEISLOWCOMPAREDTOSTATEANDNATIONALAVERAGES,LARGELYBECAUSEOFBERKELEYSMILDCLIMATE,WHICHREQUIRESLITTLEORNOAIRCONDITIONINGBERKELEYHOMESALSOTENDTOBESMALLERTHANNEWERHOMESINTHESTATEANDBERKELEYRESIDENTSTENDTOBEMORECONSCIOUSABOUT
38、ENERGYCONSUMPTIONTHISMEANSTHATTHEAVERAGEBERKELEYRESIDENTPAYSFORONLYASMALLFRACTIONOFTHEIRENERGYATRATESHIGHERTHAN13CENTSPERKWHTIER2FIGURE3ONPAGE30GRAPHSBERKELEYELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONINSUMMERANDWINTERANDSHOWSHOWMANYHOMESPAYTHETIER3RATEOF23CENTSPERKWH,WHICHISTHEFIRSTRATETIERTHATISHIGHERTHANTHELEVELIZEDP
39、ERKWHCOSTOFSOLARPOWERAFTERSTATEANDFEDERALSUBSIDIESTHEIMPLICATIONISTHATTHISFINANCINGPROGRAMWILLPRODUCEEVENBETTERRETURNSINOTHERPARTSOFTHESTATE,SUCHASTHECENTRALVALLEY,LOSANGELES,ANDSANDIEGO,WHICHHAVEHIGHEROVERALLENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDPRODUCEMOREELECTRICITYPERSOLARPANELBECAUSEOFBETTERSOLARRESOURCESMUNICIP
40、ALFINANCINGVERSUSOTHERFINANCINGOPTIONSHOMEOWNERSANDBUSINESSESTRADITIONALLYHAVERELIEDONSEVERALOPTIONSTOFINANCEIMPROVEMENTSTOTHEIRHOMESANDOFFICESTHESEINCLUDEPAYINGFORTHEIMPROVEMENTSUPFRONT,REFINANCINGTHEIRMORTGAGESORSECURINGHOMEEQUITYLINESOFCREDIT,ANDTAKINGOUTPERSONALLOANSHOWDOESCLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFI
41、NANCINGCOMPARETOANSWERTHISQUESTION,ITISHELPFULTOLOOKATTHENETPRESENTVALUEOFASOLARANDENERGYEFFICIENCYPROJECTINCALIFORNIABASEDONHOWITISFINANCEDFOURALTERNATIVESARECOMPAREDINTABLE6BELOWNOFINANCING,CASHPAIDUPFRONTA20YEARFIXEDMORTGAGEREFINANCEAT7PERCENTA15YEARHOMEEQUITYLINEAT85PERCENTANDA5YEARUNSECUREDPERS
42、ONALLOANAT13PERCENTINTERESTNOTTAXDEDUCTIBLECOMPAREDWITHUPFRONTCASHORA5YEARLOAN,CLEANENERGYMUNICIPALFINANCINGISSUPERIORBECAUSEITGIVESTHEPARTICIPANTTHETAXADVANTAGEOFDEDUCTINGTHEINTERESTPAYMENTSITISALSOPREFERABLETOA15YEAREQUITYLINEBECAUSEOFITSLOWERINTERESTRATETHECLOSESTCOMPETITORTOMUNICIPALFINANCINGIST
43、HE20YEARMORTGAGEREFINANCE,WHICHHASTHESAMETERMANDSIMILARRATEAMORTGAGEREFINANCEMAYBEABETTEROPTIONFORAPROPERTYOWNERIFTHEYHAVEPARTICULARLYGOODCREDITORAREALREADYPLANNINGONREFINANCINGFOROTHERREASONSHOWEVER,ESPECIALLYINTHECURRENTCREDITMARKET,OTHERTRANSACTIONCOSTS,FEES,ANDBARRIERSCOULDMAKEMORTGAGEREFINANCIN
44、GAMOREEXPENSIVEOPTIONTHEMORTGAGEREFINANCEALSOMUSTBEREPAIDUPONSALEOFTHEHOME,SOITDOESNOTHAVETHEBENEFITTHATTHEOUTSTANDINGFINANCINGREPAYMENTSWILLTRANSFERTOTHENEWOWNERCONCLUSIONOFFERINGAFFORDABLEFINANCINGLOWERSTHEBARRIERSFORMANYPROPERTYOWNERSTOINSTALLSOLARPOWERSYSTEMSORMAKEENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSHOW
45、EVER,FINANCINGALONECANNOTMAKEUPFORTHECURRENTHIGHCOSTOFSOLARPVWITHOUTREBATESAPRICEONCO2EMISSIONSTHROUGHATAXORACAPANDTRADESCHEMECHANGESTHEEQUATIONSIGNIFICANTLY,ASSEENINTHECASEOFAUSREGIONWITHHIGHENERGYPRICESMANYSTATESHAVEALREADYENACTEDCLIMATECHANGELEGISLATION,ANDTHISPROGRAMHASNATURALEXTENSIONSTOTHEFEDE
46、RALLEVELTHISMAYPUSHAVERAGEUSELECTRICITYPRICESUPTOWARDTHEHIGHENERGYPRICECASEAND,COMBINEDWITHDECLININGSOLARCOSTS,MAYGREATLYINCREASETHEECONOMICBENEFITSOFSOLARINSTALLATIONSITISALSOIMPORTANTTOEMPHASIZETHATFINANCINGPROGRAMSFORENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTSALREADYMAKEECONOMICSENSE,DEPENDINGONTHEMEASURESIMPLE
47、MENTEDTRANSACTIONCOSTSWILLALSOBEANIMPORTANTFACTORINTHESUCCESSOFVERSIONSOFTHISFINANCINGMODELMUCHOFTHEONUSOFREDUCINGTHISBARRIERFALLSONTHECONTRACTORSANDINSTALLERSWHONEEDTOGETINANDOUTOFAPROPERTYQUICKLYATTIMESCONVENIENTTOTHEOWNERHOWEVER,THEFINANCINGITSELFNEEDSTOBEEASYTOACCESSFORBOTHPROPERTYOWNERSANDCONTR
48、ACTORSTURNAROUNDTIMEFORGETTINGAPPROVEDFORFINANCINGMUSTBEFASTANDPAINLESSFORPROPERTYOWNERSANDPAYMENTMUSTGETTOTHECONTRACTORORINSTALLERQUICKLYSOTHATTHEYDONOTHAVETOCARRYPROJECTCOSTSOTHERFORMSOFFINANCINGARECURRENTLYBEINGUSEDTOFUNDENERGYEFFICIENCYPROJECTS,SUCHASONBILLFINANCING,SPECIALIZEDUNSECUREDBANKLOANS
49、FORSOLARINSTALLATIONSANDENERGYEFFICIENCYRETROFITS,MORTGAGESDESIGNEDTOREWARDINVESTMENTSINENERGYEFFICIENCY,ANDTRADITIONALSOURCESOFFUNDSSUCHASHOMEEQUITYLINES,SECONDMORTGAGES,ANDUNSECUREDPERSONALLOANSBUTITISCLEARTHATEXPERIMENTATIONINTHISAREAISIMPORTANTFORSPEEDINGTHETRANSITIONTOALOWCARBONECONOMYTHEIMPORTANCEOFDEVELOPINGNOVELMECHANISMSOFTHISSORTISCLEARIFWEARETOMEETENERGYSECURITYANDCLIMATEGOALSTHECHALLENGEWILLBEIMPLEMENTINGPROGRAMSINTHISVITALYETUNCERTAINTIMEOFNATIONALANDGLOBALFINANCIALINSTABILITY译文迈向低碳经济市政融资和能源效率经济与环境需要向低碳转型处于美国和国际社会关于能源科学、工程学和政策讨论的最前沿。前副总统戈尔呼吁美国在2018年实现无碳电力供应。在加利福尼亚
