1、毕业论文外文翻译RURALINDUSTRYCLUSTERSRAISELOCALEARNINGSINDUSTRYCLUSTERSHAVEBECOMEAPOPULARSTRATEGYFORRURALECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,YETTHEIRBENEFITSTOTHELOCALAREASHAVENOTBEENFULLYEXAMINEDLABORISEXPECTEDTOBEMOREPRODUCTIVEWITHINCLUSTERS,WHICHSHOULDTRANSLATEINTOHIGHERWAGESOURANALYSISCONFIRMSTHIS,SHOWINGTHATWORKERSEAR
2、NINGSINRURALINDUSTRYCLUSTERSAREABOUT13PERCENTHIGHERTHANTHOSEOFCOMPARABLEWORKERSOUTSIDECLUSTERSTHEWAGEBOOSTISSIMILARFORWORKERSREGARDLESSOFAGEOREDUCATIONLEVELTHEPOORPERFORMANCEOFTHERURALECONOMYINTHE1980SLEDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTEXPERTSTOSEARCHFORNEWWAYSTOSTIMULATELOCALGROWTHONEPROMISINGAVENUEFORDEVELOPME
3、NTWASTOENCOURAGETHELOCATIONANDEXPANSIONOFBUSINESSESTABLISHMENTSTHATARELINKEDBYTHEIRINTERDEPENDENCEASCUSTOMERANDSUPPLIER,ORBYTHEIRUSEOFCOMMONLOCALRESOURCESSUCHSPATIALCONCENTRATIONSOFACTIVITY,ORINDUSTRYCLUSTERS,WEREEXPECTEDTORAISEPRODUCTIVITYFORALLESTABLISHMENTSINTHECLUSTER,THUSENCOURAGINGOTHERFIRMSTO
4、LOCATETHERE,ANDRAISINGLOCALINCOMETHEIDEATHATSPATIALCLUSTERINGCANRAISETHEPRODUCTIVITYOFESTABLISHMENTSISHARDLYNEW,HAVINGITSANTECEDENTSINECONOMICWRITINGSOVERACENTURYAGONOTSURPRISINGLY,CLUSTERSHAVETRADITIONALLYBEENEQUATEDWITHCITIES,ASCITIESAREBYNATURERELATIVELYLARGECLUSTERSOFECONOMICACTIVITYYETCLUSTERSC
5、ANALSOBENEFITRURALECONOMIESALTHOUGHPROSPECTSFORTHERURALECONOMYASAWHOLEHAVEIMPROVEDSIGNIFICANTLYSINCETHE1980S,COMPETITIONFORNEWFIRMSAMONGMANYLOCALAREASREMAINSKEENTHEINDUSTRYCLUSTERAPPEARSTOBEADURABLECOMPONENTINTHEDEVELOPMENTSPECIALISTSARSENALSOMEOFTHELOCALAREABENEFITSFROMINDUSTRYCLUSTERSHAVEBEENMEASU
6、RED,BUTTHEPOTENTIALEFFECTOFRAISINGWORKERSEARNINGSHASGONERELATIVELYUNEXAMINEDINTHISARTICLE,WEREPORTFINDINGSFROMANANALYSISOFMANUFACTURINGESTABLISHMENTSSHOWINGTHATWORKERSINRURALINDUSTRYCLUSTERSEARNABOUT13PERCENTMORE,ONAVERAGE,THANOTHERRURALWORKERSWITHTHESAMEEDUCATIONANDEXPERIENCETHEBOOSTFROMCLUSTEREMPL
7、OYMENTAPPEARSTOBEABOUTTHESAMEINRURALANDURBANAREAS,ONCEINDUSTRYMIXISTAKENINTOACCOUNTANDALTHOUGHONEMIGHTTHINKTHATTHEBESTEDUCATEDANDMOSTHIGHLYSKILLEDWORKERSSHOULDBENEFITTHEMOST,WEFINDTHATTHEWAGEPREMIUMFROMCLUSTEREMPLOYMENTISABOUTTHESAMEREGARDLESSOFAGEOREDUCATIONLEVELTHISISGOODNEWSFORLESSEDUCATEDANDYOUN
8、GERRURALWORKERSINAPERIODOFRISINGWAGEINEQUALITYINTHEUNITEDSTATESWEWILLFIRSTDESCRIBEINGREATERDETAILWHATINDUSTRYCLUSTERSARE,ANDWHYTHEYAREADESIRABLEDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYNEXT,WEINTRODUCEOURMETHODFORIDENTIFYINGCLUSTERSANDFORMEASURINGTHEIREFFECTSONWORKERSEARNINGSFINALLY,WEPRESENTTHERESULTSOFOURANALYSESOFEARN
9、INGSINBOTHRURALANDURBANLABORMARKETSANDDISCUSSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFOURFINDINGSFORTHESUCCESSOFRURALDEVELOPMENTEFFORTSWHATISANINDUSTRYCLUSTERAVARIETYOFDEFINITIONSFORINDUSTRYCLUSTERSHASBEENUSED,PARTLYBECAUSETHEREARESEVERALKINDSOFCLUSTERINGANDPARTLYBECAUSETHECHARACTERISTICSASSOCIATEDWITHCLUSTERSAREOFTENDIFFI
10、CULTTOMEASUREWEDEFINEINDUSTRYCLUSTERASAGROUPOFESTABLISHMENTSLOCATEDWITHINCLOSEGEOGRAPHICPROXIMITYOFONEANOTHER,WHICHEITHERSHAREACOMMONSETOFINPUTNEEDS,ORRELYONEACHOTHERASSUPPLIERORCUSTOMERCLUSTERSMAYBEASSIMPLEASACOLLECTIONOFMANUFACTURINGPLANTSTHATLOCATEINANAREATOTAKEADVANTAGEOFNATURALRESOURCES,ORTOBEN
11、EARALARGEMARKETORLABORPOOLINTHESECASES,TRANSPORTATIONCOSTSORLABORCOSTSTOTHESEFIRMSWILLBELOWERTHANIFTHEYWERELOCATEDELSEWHEREBUTTHECLASSICINDUSTRYCLUSTERIMPLIESAMORESOPHISTICATEDRELATIONSHIPAMONGESTABLISHMENTSFOREXAMPLE,THEPRODUCTIONOFCOMPUTERCOMPONENTSMAYREQUIREAWIDEVARIETYOFSPECIALIZEDPARTSASTHESPEC
12、IFICATIONSANDCHARACTERISTICSOFITSPRODUCTSCHANGE,THEFACTORYWILLNEEDADIFFERENTSETOFMATERIALINPUTSTHEMOREQUICKLYTHESENEWLYDESIGNEDINPUTSCANBEACQUIRED,THEMOREQUICKLYNEWCOMPONENTSCANBEPRODUCEDANDTHEMORECOMPETITIVETHEFACTORYWILLBEINNATIONALANDINTERNATIONALMARKETSAFACTORYTHATISLOCATEDNEARITSPRINCIPALSUPPLI
13、ERSWILLBEABLETOOBTAINREDESIGNEDPARTSMOREQUICKLY,ASENGINEERSFROMTHECOMPUTERCOMPONENTFACTORYANDTHEINPUTSUPPLIERSWORKCLOSELYTOGETHERONTHENEWDESIGNSASIMILAR,BUTISOLATED,FACTORYWOULDHAVEMUCHMOREDIFFICULTYACQUIRINGINPUTSTOMEETITSCHANGINGNEEDSTHEINCREASEINTHEVARIETYANDAVAILABILITYOFINPUTSANDTHEREDUCTIONINT
14、HEIRCOSTSREFLECTEXTERNALECONOMIESOFSCALEONCEAGROUPOFESTABLISHMENTSBEGINSTORELYONONEANOTHERINTHISMANNER,ANDINPUTCOSTSFALL,THESECLUSTERSATTRACTADDITIONALFIRMS,ANDTHEPROCESSBECOMESSELFSUSTAININGDEFINEDINTHISMANNER,CLUSTERSIMPLYAMIXOFINDUSTRIESLINKEDTOGETHERBOTHGEOGRAPHICALLYANDFUNCTIONALLYANIMPORTANTSU
15、BSETOFCLUSTERS,THOUGH,ISIDENTIFIEDPRIMARILYASACLUSTEROFSIMILARESTABLISHMENTSTHATDRAWUPONCOMMONSUPPLIERSSOMETIMESCALLEDSECTORALCLUSTERSBECAUSETHEYCONSISTMOSTLYOFONEINDUSTRIALSECTOR,THESEGROUPSAREPROBABLYMUCHMORECOMMONINRURALAREASTHANTHEBROADER,MORECOMPLEXTYPEOFCLUSTERSEVERALCLUSTERSOFTHISTYPEHAVEBECO
16、MEWELLKNOWNINTHERURALDEVELOPMENTLITERATURE,INCLUDINGTHECARPETINDUSTRYINNORTHWESTGEORGIA,FURNITUREMANUFACTURINGINTHEPIEDMONTREGIONOFNORTHCAROLINAANDTUPELO,MISSISSIPPI,ANDMANUFACTUREDHOUSINGININDIANATHESIZEOFTHEAREAWITHINACLUSTERDEPENDSONTHETYPEOFCLUSTERUNDERCONSIDERATIONATYPICALASSUMPTIONISTHATSUPPLI
17、ERSANDCUSTOMERSCANCOMMUNICATEWITHEACHOTHERFACETOFACEONAREGULARBASIS,ANDTHATGOODSCANMOVEQUICKLYFROMONETOTHEOTHERONSHORTNOTICESOMECLUSTERSMAYCOVERSEVERALCOUNTIES,ASINTHENORTHCAROLINAFURNITURECLUSTER,WHILEOTHERSCANBECONTAINEDWHOLLYWITHINASINGLETOWN,ASWASTRUEFORMANYYEARSWITHTHECLUSTEROFCARPETMAKINGESTAB
18、LISHMENTSINDALTON,GEORGIAMANUFACTURINGCLUSTERSAREWELLDISTRIBUTEDACROSSRURALAMERICAINTHISARTICLE,WEFOCUSOURATTENTIONONSECTORALCLUSTERSAMONGMANUFACTURINGESTABLISHMENTSSERVICESMAYSOMETIMESFORMCLUSTERSINANDOFTHEMSELVES,ASINTHECLUSTERINGOFTHEINSURANCEINDUSTRYINHARTFORD,CONNECTICUT,ORBANKINGINNEWYORKANDSA
19、NFRANCISCOMOSTSERVICEINDUSTRIES,HOWEVER,SERVEEITHERCONSUMERSDIRECTLYORASINPUTSUPPLIERSTOGOODSPRODUCTIONSERVICECLUSTERSAREALSOLESSCOMMONINRURALAREASANDLESSIMPORTANTTOTHERURALECONOMYOURMETHODFORIDENTIFYINGCLUSTERSFOREACHINDUSTRYSEPARATESCOUNTIESINTOFOURGROUPS1COUNTIESWITHOUTESTABLISHMENTSINAGIVENINDUS
20、TRY,2THOSEWITHNONCLUSTEREDESTABLISHMENTS,3PERIPHERALCOUNTIESOFCLUSTERS,AND4CENTRALCOUNTIESINCLUSTERS,THOSEWITHTHEHIGHESTCONCENTRATIONOFESTABLISHMENTSRELATIVETOTHEIRNEIGHBORSSEE“HOWWEIDENTIFYINDUSTRYCLUSTERS”FORMOREINFORMATIONOURANALYSISOFINDUSTRYCLUSTERSINCLUDESALLCOUNTIESINTHELASTTWOGROUPS,UNLESSOT
21、HERWISENOTEDUSINGACLASSIFICATIONOFINDUSTRIESBASEDONTWODIGITSICCODESWITHSLIGHTALTERATIONS,WEFOUNDTHATALLOFTHE18RESULTINGMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESHAVECLUSTERSTHATINCLUDENONMETROCOUNTIESTHEHEAVIESTINCIDENCEOFRURALCLUSTERINGAPPEARSINTHENORTHWESTINCLUDINGMUCHOFIDAHO,THEINDUSTRIALNORTHEASTANDGREATLAKESREGIO
22、NS,ANDTHESOUTHEASTWITHAFEWEXCEPTIONS,CLUSTERINGISNOTICEABLYABSENTFROMMUCHOFTHEGREATPLAINSANDTHEROCKYMOUNTAINSTATES,ASWELLASSCATTEREDPOCKETSINTHEEASTAREASWITHOUTESTABLISHMENTSARECOMBINEDWITHAREASCONTAININGNONCLUSTEREDESTABLISHMENTSEVERYINDUSTRYHADATLEASTONECLUSTERCENTERINANONMETROCOUNTY,WITHPRINTINGA
23、NDPUBLISHINGHAVINGEXACTLYONENONMETROCENTER,ANDLUMBERANDWOODPRODUCTSHAVINGTHEMOSTAT183ALARGEPROPORTIONOFALLNONMETROCOUNTIESAREINCLUDEDINATLEASTONECLUSTERLUMBERANDWOODPRODUCTCLUSTERSINCLUDE848NONMETROCOUNTIES,FORINSTANCE,ANDOVER300NONMETROCOUNTIESFORMPARTSOFTHESTONE,CLAY,ANDGLASSCLUSTERSTHEIMPORTANCEO
24、FINDUSTRYCLUSTERSINTHERURALECONOMYISALSOEVIDENTBYCOMPARINGTHENUMBEROFESTABLISHMENTSINCLUSTERSWITHTHENUMBEROFCOUNTIESINMOSTMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIES15OFTHE18WESTUDIED,ATLEASTONETHIRDOFESTABLISHMENTSARELOCATEDINCLUSTERS,ANDTHEAVERAGESHAREOFANINDUSTRYSESTABLISHMENTSINCLUSTERSIS48PERCENTYET,CLUSTERSTYPICA
25、LLYCOMPRISEJUST26PERCENTOFTHECOUNTIESWITHESTABLISHMENTSINTHATINDUSTRYTHATIS,ALARGEPROPORTIONOFESTABLISHMENTSARECLUSTERED,BUTTHESECLUSTERSINCLUDEARELATIVELYSMALLPROPORTIONOFCOUNTIESTHISCONTRASTISAMARKOFTHEDEGREEOFGEOGRAPHICCONCENTRATIONPRESENTGEOGRAPHICCONCENTRATIONVARIESBYINDUSTRY,BUTTENDSTOBEUNRELA
26、TEDTOTHEDEGREEOFTECHNOLOGICALADVANCEORDEMANDFORHIGHSKILLLABORTHESERESULTSCHALLENGETHEVIEWTHATCLUSTERSOFINDUSTRIALACTIVITYARESTRICTLYANURBANPHENOMENONTHEMAJORITYOFNATIONALCLUSTEREMPLOYMENTISLOCATEDINMETROCOUNTIES,ASISTRUEFOREMPLOYMENTOVERALLYETINDUSTRYCLUSTERSANDURBANIZATIONARECLEARLYNOTSYNONYMOUSMOR
27、EOVER,THERANGEOFMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESWITHRURALCLUSTERS,ANDTHEIRWIDEGEOGRAPHICCOVERAGE,SUGGESTTHATTHECLUSTERSIDENTIFIEDWITHOURMETHODARENOTMERELYCONCENTRATIONSAROUNDSOURCESOFRAWMATERIALORLOWWAGELABORIFINDEEDRURALCLUSTERSBEHAVEASURBANCLUSTERS,DEPENDENTUPONANDSUSTAININGEXTERNALECONOMIESOFSCALE,THENWEM
28、AYEXPECTSIMILARECONOMICBENEFITSTOFLOWTOTHELOCALRURALECONOMYWHYSHOULDWAGESBEHIGHERININDUSTRYCLUSTERSASWENOTEDEARLIER,FIRMSINCLUSTERSCANLOWERPRODUCTIONCOSTSANDOBTAINACCESSTOSPECIALIZEDGOODSANDSERVICESANOTHERWAYOFSTATINGTHISISTHATOUTPUTWILLBEHIGHERFORAGIVENDOLLARAMOUNTOFINPUTTHATIS,ESTABLISHMENTSWILLBE
29、MOREPRODUCTIVEHIGHERPRODUCTIVITYWILLENCOURAGEADDITIONALPLANTSTOLOCATEINTHECLUSTER,OREXISTINGPLANTSTOEXPAND,THEREBYRAISINGEMPLOYMENTGROWTHINTHEAREAINDUSTRYCLUSTERSMAYINDUCEOTHERPOSITIVECHANGESINTHELOCALECONOMY,INCLUDINGCHANGESINTHELOCALWORKFORCEASTHEDENSITYOFEMPLOYMENTANDTHENUMBEROFEMPLOYERSRISE,THED
30、IVISIONOFLABORANDJOBSPECIALIZATIONINCREASEASWELLMANYJOBSWILLREQUIREMOREADVANCEDORSPECIALIZEDKNOWLEDGEANDMAYBECOMEMORETASKSPECIFICSKILLLEVELS,INTURN,WILLINCREASEAMONGTHELOCALWORKFORCE,ANDMORESPECIALIZEDWORKERSBECOMEMOREPROFICIENTATTHEIRTASKSINADDITION,WORKERSAREMORELIKELYTOFINDAJOBWHOSEREQUIREMENTSMA
31、TCHTHEIRPARTICULARSKILLSANDABILITIESAVERAGEWAGESINTHELOCALLABORMARKETSHOULDRISEBOTHBECAUSEOFHIGHERSKILLLEVELSANDBECAUSETHOSESKILLSAREBEINGPUTTOBETTERUSEALONGWITHINCREASEDSPECIALIZATION,EASEOFINFORMATIONSHARINGALSOCONTRIBUTESTOHIGHERPRODUCTIVITYININDUSTRYCLUSTERSFLOWSOFHIGHVALUEINFORMATIONAMONGENTREP
32、RENEURSANDWORKERSINCLOSEPHYSICALPROXIMITYMAKEGOODJOBSKILLMATCHESEASIERBECAUSEWORKERSAREMOREAWAREOFEMPLOYMENTOPTIONSINFORMATIONSHARING,ESPECIALLYAMONGMORESKILLEDWORKERS,INCREASESTHETRANSFEROFNEWSKILLSANDTECHNIQUESANDLEADSTOFASTERRATESOF“SKILLACCUMULATION”ATLEASTONERECENTSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATTHEFASTERRATE
33、OFHUMANCAPITALGROWTHINAREASOFCONCENTRATEDECONOMICACTIVITYISTHEKEYFACTORINEXPLAININGHIGHERLABORPRODUCTIVITYANDHIGHERWAGESINCLUSTERSGLAESERANDMAR,1994INDUSTRYCLUSTERSRAISELOCALEARNINGSPREVIOUSRESEARCHHASMEASUREDTHEEFFECTSOFECONOMICCONCENTRATIONONRAISINGWAGERATESANDHASTESTEDCOMPETINGHYPOTHESESABOUTWHYH
34、IGHERWAGESAREOBSERVEDRAUCH,1993GLAESERANDMAR,1994WITHOUTEXCEPTION,THESESTUDIESEQUATECITIESWITHSUCHCONCENTRATION,EVENTHOUGHMANYOFTHEPRODUCTIVITYENHANCINGCHARACTERISTICSOFLARGEURBANLABORMARKETSAREPRESENTINSMALLERLABORMARKETSWITHSECTORALCLUSTERSACRITICALDIFFICULTYINMEASURINGTHEIMPACTOFSECTORALCLUSTEREM
35、PLOYMENTONEARNINGSISTHATCLUSTERSAREOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHOTHERCHARACTERISTICSOFTHELOCALAREAIFWESIMPLYCOMPAREWAGESINCLUSTERSTOWAGESINNONCLUSTERS,THEN,WEMAYOVERSTATEORUNDERSTATETHETRUEEFFECTOFSECTORALCLUSTERSPERSEFOREXAMPLE,APORTIONOFTHEHIGHERWAGESOBSERVEDINCITIESCANBEEXPLAINEDBYHIGHERCOSTS,PARTICULARLYL
36、ANDCOSTS,ASSOCIATEDWITHURBANLIVINGSINCEINDUSTRYCLUSTERSARECORRELATEDWITHURBANIZATION,WENEEDTOSEPARATETHEEFFECTSOFEACHONWAGESTOCORRECTLYMEASURETHEEFFECTSOFSECTORALCLUSTERINGESTABLISHMENTSAREALSOLARGER,ONAVERAGE,WHERETHEYARECLUSTERED,ANDWAGERATESAREHIGHERINLARGEPLANTSDUETOHIGHERUNIONIZATIONRATESANDHIG
37、HEROUTPUTPERWORKERSINCEWEWANTTOMEASURETHEIMPACTOFCLUSTEREMPLOYMENTONINDIVIDUALSWAGES,WEALSOWANTTOHOLDCONSTANTTHOSEPERSONALCHARACTERISTICSTHATHELPDETERMINEEARNINGSKEYCHARACTERISTICSINCLUDEEDUCATION,EXPERIENCE,OCCUPATION,HEALTHSTATUS,GENDER,ANDETHNICITYFINALLY,WAGESVARYBYREGION,ANDOURANALYSISACCOUNTSF
38、ORRESIDENCEBYTHEFOURMAJORCENSUSREGIONSSEE“ABOUTTHEDATA”FORTHEWAYWECONSTRUCTEDTHESEVARIABLESINTHEECONOMETRICMODELUSINGORDINARYLEASTSQUARESREGRESSIONANALYSIS,WEESTIMATEDTHEADDITIONALWAGESRECEIVEDBYTHOSEEMPLOYEDINANINDUSTRYCLUSTERCOMPAREDWITHWORKERSWHOWERENOT,HOLDINGALLOTHERCHARACTERISTICSCONSTANTATTHE
39、NATIONALLEVEL,WHENALL18MANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESARECONSIDEREDTOGETHER,THEAVERAGECLUSTEREMPLOYEDWORKEREARNSABOUT7PERCENTMORETHANOTHERCOMPARABLEWORKERS,HOLDINGOTHERFACTORSCONSTANTTHUS,INDEPENDENTOFALLOTHERCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEWORKERANDHISORHERJOB,CLUSTEREMPLOYMENTRAISESWORKEREARNINGSTHEWAGEPREMIUMASSOCIA
40、TEDWITHCLUSTEREMPLOYMENTEXCEEDSEVENTHATOFURBANIZATIONTHEREISMUCHMORETOBELEARNEDABOUTTHEBENEFITSOFINDUSTRYCLUSTERSTHISSTUDYHASSHOWNTHATINDUSTRYCLUSTERS,FARFROMBEINGANEXCLUSIVELYURBANPHENOMENON,EXISTACROSSTHERURALUNITEDSTATES,ANDAREASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERWAGESAFTERACCOUNTINGFORWORKERCHARACTERISTICSANDIND
41、USTRYCOMPOSITIONTHERESULTSPROVIDESUPPORTFORACLUSTERBASEDDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYTHATWILLNOTONLYSUPPORTJOBSBUTJOBSTHATTENDTOPAYHIGHERWAGESTHANINTHEABSENCEOFACLUSTERHOWEVER,THEBENEFITSOFHIGHERWAGESARECONDITIONALONTHESUCCESSOFTHECOMMUNITYINATTRACTINGANDSUSTAININGANINDUSTRYCLUSTERASBARKLEYANDHENRY1997POINTOU
42、T,ACLUSTERBASEDINDUSTRIALSTRATEGY“ISNOTTHEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTSOLUTIONFORALLRURALCOMMUNITIES”INDEED,EVENWHEREACLUSTERBASEDSTRATEGYISAPPROPRIATE,HIGHERWAGESMAYNOTNECESSARILYFOLLOWASWEHAVESHOWN,ONLYAFEWRURALINDUSTRIESACTUALLYEXHIBITHIGHERWAGESINCLUSTERSMOREOVER,RESEARCHHASONLYJUSTBEGUNTOEXAMINETHEFAC
43、TORSTHATLEADTOSUCCESSFULLABORMARKETOUTCOMESWHERECLUSTERSAREPRESENTTHEKEYDETERMINANTSOFACLUSTERSSUCCESSINGENERATINGHIGHEREARNINGSMAYHAVELESSTODOWITHTHEINDUSTRYTHANWITHTHESPECIFICPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYUSED,ORWITHITSABILITYTOATTRACTASTRONGRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTCOMPONENTASWELLASPRODUCTIONTHERESEARCHCOMMUN
44、ITYDOESNTKNOWENOUGHATTHISPOINTTOANSWERTHESEKINDSOFQUESTIONSWITHPRECISIONTHEEARLYRETURNS,HOWEVER,AREPROMISINGENOUGHTOENCOURAGEMUCHCLOSERSCRUTINYOFTHISEMERGINGISSUE译文农村产业集群提高当地收入产业集群对农村经济的发展已成为一种流行的战略，但它们的利益，局部地区没有得到充分的检验。在生产集群内预计将更有生产效率的劳动力，应转化为更高的工资。我们的分析证实了这一点，这表明工人的收入在农村产业集群约高于集群外的工人百分之十三。工人不论年龄或教
45、育水平，工资提高幅度都是类似的。农村经济不佳表现使得在1980年代主导的经济发展专家，寻找新的方法来刺激地方的增长。一个有希望的途径，发展是鼓励商业机构的准确定位和扩大，来联系它们的相互依存的客户和供应商，或由他们使用共同的当地资源。这种空间活动的集中，或产业集群，预计为所有集群内的机构提高生产力，从而鼓励其他企业进入，并提高地方的收入。这一空间集群可以提高场所生产力的想法并不是什么新鲜事，其前身的经济著作也产生于超过一个世纪前。不足为奇的是，集群一向等同于城市，城市的性质就是比较大的集群经济活动。然而，集群也可以使农村经济受益。虽然20世纪80年代以来农村经济作为一个整体，具有显著改善，新的
46、企业的竞争在许多地方仍然热衷。该产业集群似乎在发展专业库中是一个持久的组成部分。一些地方受益于产业集群能够进行测量，但潜在影响是提高工人的收入却相对未经审查的。在本文中，我们从报告调查结果的分析显示以同样的教育和经验，在农村产业集群内制造业的工人收入平均比其他农民工高约为百分之十三上。一旦产业组合的考虑，集群推动就业的水平在农村和城市地区似乎差不多。虽然人们可能认为，最好的教育和最熟练的工人应受益最大，我们发现，在集群内就业的工资溢价是相同的，不论年龄或教育水平。这对教育程度较低和年轻的农村劳动力在一段时间内上升的工资不平等在美国是一个好消息。我们将首先更详细地描述什么是产业集群，为什么他们是
47、一个理想的发展战略。下一步，我们介绍我们的方法来确定集群和衡量其影响工人的收入。最后，列出我们目前的结果，我们分析在农村和城市劳动力市场的收入，并讨论农村努力发展的成功影响。什么是产业集群关于产业集群各种各样的定义都已使用，部分原因是有几种集群，部分原因是集群的相关的特征往往是很难衡量的。我们认为产业集群作为一个设在地理上接近密切彼此，也有共同的投入需要或互相依靠的供应商或顾客的机构的组合。集群可能是一个简单的制造工厂的集合，它们设在一个地区，充分利用自然资源，或靠近一个大市场或劳动力源。在这种情况下，运输成本或劳动成本，这些企业将低于他们位于其他地方。但是，传统的产业集群意味着更复杂的机构间
48、的相互关系。例如，计算机生产的部件可能需要各式各样的专门部分。作为其产品的变化的规范和特点，工厂将需要一套不同的物质投入。更迅速地投入这些新设计才能达到要求，更迅速的新元件产生和更具有竞争力的工厂将出现在国内和国际市场。工厂靠近其主要供应商将使供应商能够更迅速获得重新设计的零件，如来在电脑元件厂和投入供应商的工程师在新设计上会紧密合作。类似的，如果孤立的，工厂将有更多的困难来获得投入，进而满足其不断变化的需求。增加品种和供应的投入，并减少其费用反映了外部规模经济。一旦一组机构开始以这种方式依赖彼此，并减少投入成本，这些集群就会吸引更多的企业，并且这一进程会自我维持。在这一方式定义，集群意味着在
49、地理和功能上有联系的行业组合。一个重要的子群，但主要是确定为一组类似机构，利用共同的供应商。有时也称为部门集群，因为他们组成一个主要工业部门，这些团体在农村地区可能比城市更为常见，并且是更复杂的集群类型。几组这种类型的集群在农村发展的历史中已众所周知的，包括西北格鲁吉亚的地毯业，山前平原地区的北卡罗莱纳州和图珀洛，密西西比的家具制造业和印第安纳州的住房制成品工业。集群的规模是否取决于集群的类型正在审议之中。一个典型的假设是，供应商和客户可以定期地互相面对面沟通，货物可以在短时间内迅速从一个地区向其他地区转移。有些集群可能包括几个县，例如在北卡罗莱纳州的家具集群，而其他可能全在一个单一的城镇，多年后，地毯制造集群基地在格鲁吉亚的道尔顿确实出现了。美国农村的制造业集群和分布在本文中，我们把注意力集中在制造场所之间的部门集群。服务有时也可能会形成集群，如在康涅狄格州哈特福德的保险业集群，或在纽约和旧金山的银行集群。大多数服务行业，消费者可以直接或作为输入的货物生产的供应商。服务集群在农村地区还不太常见，对农村经济也没有太大的作用。我们确定集群的方法是每个地区分为四部分（1）在没有基地的给定行业，（2）非给定行业的聚集场所，（3）周边地区的集群，（4）中央地区的集群，相对于其相邻地区最集中的场所。利用行业分类基于两位数字集成电路守则（略有改动），我们发现，所有的18
