1、毕业论文外文翻译外文题目THEGLOBALIZATIONOFMARKETS出处HARVARDBUINESSREVIEW,MAY/JUNE1983,P92102作者THEODORELEVITT原文THEGLOBALIZATIONOFMARKETSAPOWERFULFORCEDRIVESTHEWORLDTOWARDACONVERGINGCOMMONALITY,ANDTHATFORCEISTECHNOLOGYITHASPROLETARIANIZEDCOMMUNICATION,TRANSPORT,ANDTRAVELITHASMADEISOLATEDPLACESANDIMPOVERISHEDPEOPLE
2、SEAGERFORMODERNITYSALLUREMENTSALMOSTEVERYONEEVERYWHEREWANTSALLTHETHINGSTHEYHAVEHEARDABOUT,SEEN,OREXPERIENCEDVIATHENEWTECHNOLOGIESTHERESULTISANEWCOMMERCIALREALITYTHEEMERGENCEOFGLOBALMARKETSFORSTANDARDIZEDCONSUMERPRODUCTSONAPREVIOUSLYUNIMAGINEDSCALEOFMAGNITUDECORPORATIONSGEAREDTOTHISNEWREALITYBENEFITF
3、ROMENORMOUSECONOMIESOFSCALEINPRODUCTION,DISTRIBUTION,MARKETING,ANDMANAGEMENTBYTRANSLATINGTHESEBENEFITSINTOREDUCEDWORLDPRICES,THEYCANDECIMATECOMPETITORSTHATSTILLLIVEINTHEDISABLINGGRIPOFOLDASSUMPTIONSABOUTHOWTHEWORLDWORKSGONEAREACCUSTOMEDDIFFERENCESINNATIONALORREGIONALPREFERENCEGONEARETHEDAYSWHENACOMP
4、ANYCOULDSELLLASTYEARSMODELORLESSERVERSIONSOFADVANCEDPRODUCTIONINTHELESSDEVELOPEDWORLDANDGONEARETHEDAYSWHENPRICES,MARGINS,ANDPROFITSABROADWEREGENERALLYHIGHERTHANATHOMETHEGLOBALIZATIONOFMARKETSISATHANDWITHTHAT,THEMULTINATIONALCOMMERCIALWORLDNEARSITSEND,ANDSODOESTHEMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONTHEMULTINATIO
5、NALANDTHEGLOBALCORPORATIONARENOTTHESAMETHINGTHEMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONOPERATESINANUMBEROFCOUNTRIES,ANDADJUSTSITSPRODUCTSANDPRACTICESINEACHATHIGHRELATIVECOSTSTHEGLOBALCORPORATIONOPERATESWITHRESOLUTECONSTANCYATLOWRELATIVECOSTASIFTHEENTIREWORLDORMAJORREGIONSOFITWEREASINGLEENTITYITSELLSTHESAMETHINGSINT
6、HESAMEWAYEVERYWHEREWHICHSTRATEGYISBETTERISNOTAMATTEROFOPINIONBUTOFNECESSITYWORLDWIDECOMMUNICATIONSCARRYEVERYWHERETHECONSTANTDRUMBEATOFMODERNPOSSIBILITIESTOLIGHTENANDENHANCEWORK,RAISELIVINGSTANDARDS,DIVERT,ANDENTERTAINTHESAMECOUNTRIESTHATASKTHEWORLDTORECOGNIZEANDRESPECTTHEINDIVIDUALITYOFTHEIRCULTURES
7、INSISTONTHEWHOLESALETRANSFERTOTHEMOFMODERNGOODS,SERVICES,ANDTECHNOLOGIESMODERNITYISNOTJUSTAWISHBUTALSOAWIDESPREADPRACTICEAMONGTHOSEWHOCLING,WITHUNYIELDINGPASSIONORRELIGIOUSFERVOR,TOANCIENTATTITUDESANDHERITAGESWHOCANFORGETTHETELEVISEDSCENESDURINGTHE1979IRANIANUPRISINGSOFYOUNGMENINFASHIONABLEFRENCHCUT
8、TROUSERSANDSILKYBODYSHIRTSTHIRSTINGWITHRAISEDMODERNWEAPONSFORBLOODINTHENAMEOFISLAMICFUNDAMENTALISMINBRAZIL,THOUSANDSSWARMDAILYFROMPREINDUSTRIALBAHIANDARKNESSINTOEXPLODINGCOASTALCITIES,THEREQUICKLYTOINSTALLTELEVISIONSETSINCROWDEDCORRUGATEDHUTSAND,NEXTTOBATTEREDVOLKSWAGENS,MAKESACRIFICIALOFFERINGSOFFR
9、UITANDFRESHKILLEDCHICKENSTOMACUMBANSPIRITSBYCANDLELIGHTDURINGBIAFRASFRATRICIDALWARAGAINSTTHEIBOS,DAILYTELEVISEDREPORTSSHOWEDSOLDIERSCARRYINGBLOODSTAINEDSWORDSANDLISTENINGTOTRANSISTORRADIOSWHILEDRINKINGCOCACOLAINTHEISOLATEDSIBERIANCITYOFKRASNOYARSK,WITHNOPAVEDSTREETSANDCENSOREDNEWS,OCCASIONALWESTERNT
10、RAVELERSARESTEALTHILYPROPOSITIONEDFORCIGARETTES,DIGITALWATCHES,ANDEVENTHECLOTHESOFFTHEIRBACKSTHEORGANIZEDSMUGGLINGOFELECTRONICEQUIPMENT,USEDAUTOMOBILES,WESTERNCLOTHING,COSMETICS,ANDPIRATEDMOVIESINTOPRIMITIVEPLACESEXCEEDSEVENTHETHRIVINGUNDERGROUNDTRADEINMODERNWEAPONSANDTHEIRMILITARYMERCENARIESATHOUSA
11、NDSUGGESTIVEWAYSATTESTTOTHEUNIQUITYOFTHEDESIREFORTHEMOSTADVANCEDTHINGSTHATTHEWORLDMAKESANDSELLSGOODSOFTHEBESTQUALITYANDRELIABILITYATTHELOWESTPRICETHEWORLDSNEEDSANDDESIRESHAVEBEENIRREVOCABLYHOMOGENIZEDTHISMAKESTHEMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONOBSOLETEANDTHEGLOBALCORPORATIONABSOLUTELIVINGININTHEREPUBLICOFTE
12、CHNOLOGYDANIELJBOORSTIN,AUTHOROFTHEMONUMENTALTRILOGYTHEAMERICANS,CHARACTERIZEDOURAGEASDRIVENBY“THEREPUBLICOFTECHNOLOGYWHOSESUPREMELAWISCONVERGENCE,THETENDENCYFOREVERYTHINGTOBECOMEMORELIKEEVERYTHINGELSE“INBUSINESS,THISTRENDHASPUSHEDMARKETSTOWARDGLOBALCOMMONALITYCORPORATIONSSELLSTANDARDIZEDPRODUCTSINT
13、HESAMEWAYEVERYWHEREAUTOS,STEEL,CHEMICALS,PETROLEUM,CEMENT,AGRICULTURALCOMMODITIESANDEQUIPMENT,INDUSTRIALANDCOMMERCIALCONSTRUCTION,BANKINGANDINSURANCESERVICES,COMPUTERS,SEMICONDUCTORS,TRANSPORT,ELECTRONICINSTRUMENTS,PHARMACEUTICALS,ANDTELECOMMUNICATIONS,TOMENTIONSOMEOFTHEOBVIOUSNORISTHESWEEPINGGALEOF
14、GLOBALIZATIONCONFIRMEDTOTHESERAWMATERIALORHIGHTECHPRODUCTS,WHERETHEUNIVERSALLANGUAGEOFCUSTOMERSANDUSERSFACILITATESSTANDARDIZATIONTHETRANSFORMINGWINDSWHIPPEDUPBYTHEPROLETARIANIZATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONANDTRAVELENTEREVERYCREVICEOFLIFECOMMERCIALLY,NOTHINGCONFIRMSTHISASMUCHASTHESUCCESSOFMCDONALDSFROMTHECHAM
15、PSELYSESTOTHEGINZA,OFCOCACOLAINBAHRAINANDPEPSICOLAINMOSCOW,ANDOFROCKMUSIC,GREEKSALAD,HOLLYWOODMOVIES,REVLONCOSMETICS,SONYTELEVISIONS,ANDLEVIJEANSEVERYWHERE“HIGHTOUCH“PRODUCTSAREASUBIQUITOUSASHIGHTECHSTARTINGFROMOPPOSINGSIDES,THEHIGHTECHANDTHEHIGHTOUCHENDSOFTHECOMMERCIALSPECTRUMGRADUALLYCONSUMETHEUND
16、ISTRIBUTEDMIDDLEINTHEIRCOSMOPOLITANORBITNOONEISEXEMPTANDNOTHINGCANSTOPTHEPROCESSEVERYWHEREEVERYTHINGGETSMOREANDMORELIKEEVERYTHINGELSEASTHEWORLDSPREFERENCESTRUCTUREISRELENTLESSLYHOMOGENIZEDCONSIDERTHECASESOFCOCACOLAANDPEPSICOLA,WHICHAREGLOBALLYSTANDARDIZEDPRODUCTSSOLDEVERYWHEREANDWELCOMEDBYEVERYONEBO
17、THSUCCESSFULLYCROSSMULTITUDESOFNATIONAL,REGIONAL,ANDETHNICTASTEBUDSTRAINEDTOAVARIETYOFDEEPLYINGRAINEDLOCALPREFERENCESOFTASTE,FLAVOR,CONSISTENCY,EFFERVESCENCE,ANDAFTERTASTEEVERYWHEREBOTHSELLWELLCIGARETTES,TOO,ESPECIALLYAMERICANMADE,MAKEYEARTOYEARGLOBALINROADSONTERRITORIESPREVIOUSLYHELDINTHEFIRMGRIPOF
18、OTHER,MOSTLYLOCAL,BLENDSTHESEARENOTEXCEPTIONALEXAMPLESINDEEDTHEIRGLOBALREACHWOULDBEEVENGREATERWEREITNOTFORARTIFICIALTRADEBARRIERSTHEYEXEMPLIFYAGENERALDRIFTTOWARDTHEHOMOGENIZATIONOFTHEWORLDANDHOWCOMPANIESDISTRIBUTE,FINANCE,ANDPRICEPRODUCTSNOTHINGISEXEMPTTHEPRODUCTSANDMETHODSOFTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDWORLDPL
19、AYASINGLETUNEFORALLTHEWORLD,ANDALLTHEWORLDEAGERLYDANCESTOITANCIENTDIFFERENCESINNATIONALTASTESORMODESOFDOINGBUSINESSDISAPPEARTHECOMMONALITYOFPREFERENCESLEADSINESCAPABLYTOTHESTANDARDIZATIONOFPRODUCTS,MANUFACTURING,ANDTHEINSTITUTIONSOFTRADEANDCOMMERCESMALLNATIONBASEDMARKETSTRANSMOGRIFYANDEXPANDSUCCESSI
20、NWORLDCOMPETITIONTURNSONEFFICIENCYINPRODUCTION,DISTRIBUTION,MARKETING,ANDMANAGEMENT,ANDINEVITABLYBECOMESFOCUSEDONPRICETHEMOSTEFFECTIVEWORLDCOMPETITORSINCORPORATESUPERIORQUALITYANDRELIABILITYINTOTHEIRCOSTSTRUCTURESTHEYSELLINALLNATIONALMARKETSTHESAMEKINDOFPRODUCTSSOLDATHOMEORINTHEIRLARGESTEXPORTMARKET
21、THEYCOMPETEONTHEBASISOFAPPROPRIATEVALUETHEBESTCOMBINATIONSOFPRICE,QUALITY,RELIABILITY,ANDDELIVERYFORPRODUCTSTHATAREGLOBALLYIDENTICALWITHRESPECTTODESIGN,FUNCTION,ANDEVENFASHIONTHAT,ANDLITTLEELSE,EXPLAINSTHESURGINGSUCCESSOFJAPANESECOMPANIESDEALINGWORLDWIDEINAVASTVARIETYOFPRODUCTSBOTHTANGIBLEPRODUCTSLI
22、KESTEEL,CARS,MOTORCYCLES,HIFIEQUIPMENT,FARMMACHINERY,ROBOTS,MICROPROCESSORS,CARBONFIBERS,ANDNOWEVENTEXTILES,ANDINTANGIBLESLIKEBANKING,SHIPPING,GENERALCONTRACTING,ANDSOONCOMPUTERSOFTWARENORAREHIGHQUALITYANDLOWCOSTOPERATIONSINCOMPATIBLE,ASAHOSTOFCONSULTINGORGANIZATIONSANDDATAENGINEERSARGUEWITHVIGOROUS
23、VACUITYTHEREPORTEDDATAAREINCOMPLETE,WRONGLYANALYZED,ANDCONTRADICTORYTHETRUTHISTHATLOWCOSTOPERATIONSARETHEHALLMARKOFCORPORATECULTURESTHATREQUIREANDPRODUCEQUALITYINALLTHATTHEYDOHIGHQUALITYANDLOWCOSTSARENOTOPPOSINGPOSTURESTHEYARECOMPATIBLE,TWINIDENTITIESOFSUPERIORPRACTICETOSAYTHATJAPANSCOMPANIESARENOTG
24、LOBALBECAUSETHEYEXPORTCARSWITHLEFTSIDEDRIVESTOTHEUNITEDSTATESANDTHEEUROPEANCONTINENT,WHILETHOSEINJAPANHAVERIGHTSIDEDRIVES,ORBECAUSETHEYSELLOFFICEMACHINESTHROUGHDISTRIBUTORSINTHEUNITEDSTATESBUTDIRECTLYATHOME,ORSPEAKPORTUGUESEINBRAZILISTOMISTAKEADIFFERENCEFORADISTINCTIONTHESAMEISTRUEOFSAFEWAYANDSOUTHL
25、ANDRETAILCHAINSOPERATINGEFFECTIVELYINTHEMIDDLEEAST,ANDTONOTONLYNATIVEBUTALSOIMPORTEDPOPULATIONSFROMKOREA,THEPHILIPPINES,PAKISTAN,INDIA,THAILAND,BRITAIN,ANDTHEUNITEDSTATESNATIONALRULESOFTHEROADDIFFER,ANDSODODISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSANDLANGUAGESJAPANSDISTINCTIONISITSUNRELENTINGPUSHFORECONOMYANDVALUEENHANCE
26、MENTTHATTRANSLATESINTOADRIVEFORSTANDARDIZATIONATHIGHQUALITYLEVELSVINDICATIONOFTHEMODELTIFACOMPANYFORCESCOSTSANDPRICESDOWNANDPUSHESQUALITYANDRELIABILITYUPWHILEMAINTAININGREASONABLECONCERNFORSUITABILITYCUSTOMERSWILLPREFERITSWORLDSTANDARDIZEDPRODUCTSTHETHEORYHOLDS,ATTHISSTAGEINTHEEVOLUTIONOFGLOBALIZATI
27、ON,NOMATTERWHATCONVENTIONALMARKETRESEARCHANDEVENCOMMONSENSEMAYSUGGESTABOUTDIFFERENTNATIONALANDREGIONALTASTES,PREFERENCES,NEEDS,ANDINSTITUTIONSTHEJAPANESEHAVEREPEATEDLYVINDICATEDTHISTHEORY,ASDIDHENRYFORDWITHTHEMODELTMOSTIMPORTANT,SOHAVETHEIRIMITATORS,INCLUDINGCOMPANIESFROMSOUTHKOREATELEVISIONSETSANDH
28、EAVYCONSTRUCTION,MALAYSIAPERSONALCALCULATORSANDMICROCOMPUTERS,BRAZILAUTOPARTSANDTOOLS,COLOMBIAAPPAREL,SINGAPOREOPTICALEQUIPMENT,ANDYES,EVENFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESOFFICECOPIERS,COMPUTERS,BICYCLES,CASTINGS,WESTERNEUROPEAUTOMATICWASHINGMACHINES,RUMANIAHOUSEWARES,HUNGARYAPPAREL,YUGOSLAVIAFURNITURE,ANDISRAEL
29、PAGINATIONEQUIPMENTOFCOURSE,LARGECOMPANIESOPERATINGINASINGLENATIONOREVENASINGLECITYDONTSTANDARDIZEEVERYTHINGTHEYMAKE,SELL,ORDOTHEYHAVEPRODUCTLINESINSTEADOFASINGLEPRODUCTVERSION,ANDMULTIPLEDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSTHEREARENEIGHBORHOOD,LOCAL,REGIONAL,ETHNIC,ANDINSTITUTIONALDIFFERENCES,EVENWITHINMETROPOLITA
30、NAREASBUTALTHOUGHCOMPANIESCUSTOMIZEPRODUCTSFORPARTICULARMARKETSEGMENTS,THEYKNOWTHATSUCCESSINAWORLDWITHHOMOGENIZEDDEMANDREQUIRESASEARCHFORSALESOPPORTUNITIESINSIMILARSEGMENTSACROSSTHEGLOBEINORDERTOACHIEVETHEECONOMIESOFSCALENECESSARYTOCOMPETESUCHASEARCHWORKSBECAUSEAMARKETSEGMENTINONECOUNTRYISSELDOMUNIQ
31、UEITHASCLOSECOUSINSEVERYWHEREPRECISELYBECAUSETECHNOLOGYHASHOMOGENIZEDTHEGLOBEEVENSMALLLOCALSEGMENTSHAVETHEIRGLOBALEQUIVALENTSEVERYWHEREANDBECOMESUBJECTTOGLOBALCOMPETITION,ESPECIALLYONPRICETHEGLOBALCOMPETITORWILLSEEKCONSTANTLYTOSTANDARDIZEHISOFFERINGEVERYWHEREHEWILLDIGRESSFROMTHISSTANDARDIZATIONONLYA
32、FTEREXHAUSTINGALLPOSSIBILITIESTORETAINIT,ANDHEWILLPUSHFORREINSTATEMENTOFSTANDARDIZATIONWHENEVERDIGRESSIONANDDIVERGENCEHAVEOCCURREDHEWILLNEVERASSUMETHATTHECUSTOMERISAKINGWHOKNOWSHISOWNWISHESTROUBLEINCREASINGLYSTALKSCOMPANIESTHATLACKCLARIFIEDGLOBALFOCUSANDREMAININATTENTIVETOTHEECONOMICSOFSIMPLICITYAND
33、STANDARDIZATIONTHEMOSTENDANGEREDCOMPANIESINTHERAPIDLYEVOLVINGWORLDTENDTOBETHOSETHATDOMINATERATHERSMALLDOMESTICMARKETSWITHHIGHVALUEADDEDPRODUCTSFORWHICHTHEREARESMALLERMARKETSELSEWHEREWITHTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSPROPORTIONATELYLOW,DISTANTCOMPETITORSWILLENTERTHENOWSHELTEREDMARKETSOFTHOSECOMPANIESWITHGOODSPR
34、ODUCEDMORECHEAPLYUNDERSCALEEFFICIENTCONDITIONSGLOBALCOMPETITIONSPELLSTHEENDOFDOMESTICTERRITORIALITY,NOMATTERHOWDIMINUTIVETHETERRITORYMAYBEWHENTHEGLOBALPRODUCEROFFERSHISLOWERCOSTSINTERNATIONALLY,HISPATRONAGEEXPANDSEXPONENTIALLYHENOTONLYREACHESINTODISTANTMARKETS,BUTALSOATTRACTSCUSTOMERSWHOPREVIOUSLYHE
35、LDTOLOCALPREFERENCESANDNOWCAPITULATETOTHEATTRACTIONSOFLESSERPRICESTHESTRATEGYOFSTANDARDIZATIONNOTONLYRESPONDSTOWORLDWIDEHOMOGENIZEDMARKETSBUTALSOEXPANDSTHOSEMARKETSWITHAGGRESSIVELOWPRICINGTHENEWTECHNOLOGICALJUGGERNAUTTAPSANANCIENTMOTIVATIONTOMAKEONESMONEYGOASFARASPOSSIBLETHISISUNIVERSALNOTSIMPLYAMOT
36、IVATIONBUTACTUALLYANEED译文市场的全球化一种强大的力量推动世界走向一个融合的共性,这力量是科技。它包含了无产阶级通讯,运输,旅游。它使偏僻地区贫困人民走向现代化。几乎每个人都希望他们到处都可以听到,看到或经历科技带来的东西。其结果是一个新的商业现实全球市场的标准化产品的出现规模对消费者来说是难以想象的。公司的正常运作受益于生产、运输、销售产生的巨大的经济效益。换言之,这些致使世界价格下降,他们可以消灭仍然沉浸在关于世界如何运作的昔日设想中的竞争对手。习惯于在国家或区域的喜好差异中穿梭。当一个公司可以卖掉去年的模型或者在欠发达的世界生产较小的先进的版本。那时价格,利润率和利
37、润一般在国外比在国内高。市场的全球化就在眼前。这样一来,跨国商业世界渐入尾声,就像现在的跨国公司。跨国公司和全球公司是不一样的。跨国公司工作在一些国家,并用相对高的成本调整其在每个产品和做法。全球公司用相对低的成本经营,仿佛整个世界(或它的主要地区)是一个单一的实体,它在各地以同样的方式销售。哪个是更好的策略不需要争辩,而是必然的事。全球通信随身携带的现代化,减轻工作压力,提高生活水平,转移和娱乐。那些要求世界承认并尊重他们的文化个性的国家坚持批发现代商品,服务和技术给他们。现代化不只是一个愿望,也是在众人的努力下实现的。谁会忘记电视荧幕上1979年在法国时尚界青年们以伊朗伊斯原教旨主义的名义
38、发起的起义在巴西,成千上万的人经历工业革命,每天在沿海城市发生的爆炸,殴打大众汽车,用水果和新鲜鸡杀牲礼等等。比夫拉企业家们自相残杀的战争,电视每天播报士兵携带染血的剑和晶体管收音机一边听一边喝可口可乐的场景。在俄罗斯西伯利亚城市克拉斯诺亚尔斯克,没有铺设的街道,搜索新闻,发现经常有偷西方旅客香烟,电子手表,甚至脱下他们的衣服。电子设备,西部服装,化妆品,影片,走私盗版在落后地区盛行,甚至有些在现代化武器和军事雇佣兵的眼皮下交易。所有一切都证明了的人们最希望的东西是高质量、可靠性、低价格共同促成的。世界的需要和愿望已不可撤销地同质化。这使得跨国公司过时,而全球公司绝对的盛行。居住在共和国中的技
39、术美国作家丹尼尔J布尔斯廷的不朽三部曲,是我们这个时代的特征好像驱动一切事物一样包括最高法。在生意场上,这一趋势已推向全球市场的共性。公司销售标准化的产品以同样的方式无处不在汽车,钢铁,化工,石油,水泥,农业商品和设备,工业和商业建筑,银行和保险服务,计算机,半导体,运输,电子仪表,医药,电讯设备,更加明显。全球化席卷大风不仅促成这些语言统一的地方的原料或高科技产品。也间接掀起了无产阶级的通讯和旅行日常生活化的狂潮。商业上,没有什么和香榭丽舍大街的麦当劳、巴林的可口可乐和莫斯科的百事可乐一样成功,还有随处可见的摇滚音乐,希腊沙拉,好莱坞电影,露华浓化妆品,索尼电视,和LEVI牛仔裤。“高接触”
40、的产品如高科技无处不在。敌对的高科技和商业频谱的高接触逐渐在未分配利润中消耗完他们的国际化轨道。没有人可以例外,没有什么能阻止。无处不在一切变得越来越相近好像世界被同质化。比较可口可乐和百事可乐,是处处受到大家欢迎的产品。都成功的克服国家,地区和民族众多的味蕾不同的难题创造出和当地人喜好的口味,风味一致的品种。到处都畅销。同样的,香烟,尤其是美国制造的,逐渐占领全球市场。这些都不是特例。(实际上他们的全球影响力不会成为人工贸易壁垒。)他们只是举例说明一般世界和公司怎样分配、金融、和价格的产品的趋势。没有什么是例外的。这些产品和工业化世界的方法,为全世界扮演一个调,和全世界热切舞蹈。古代国家的不
41、同模式的经商方法消失。共同喜好不可避免地驱使产品,制造,贸易和商业机构的标准化。有国际基础的小市场变形扩大。在世界竞争中取胜转向以效益为目的的生产,销售,营销和管理,从而价格上成为重点。最有效的世界竞争对手将卓越的品质和可靠性纳入自己的成本结构。他们在所有国内市场或者在其最大的出口市场上销售同类产品。他们依据价格,质量以及产品设计,功能进行竞争,并以全球一致的方式交付。这一点,几乎没有什么,说明了世界各地多种多样的交易产品在日本企业成功涌动如钢铁,汽车,摩托车,音响设备,农用机械,机器人,微处理器,碳纤维,现在连有形产品纺织,银行,航运,总承包,并很快发展到计算机软件等无形资产。高品质和低成本
42、并不是不兼容的,咨询机构和数据工程师的争论毫无意义。报告的数据往往是不完整的,错误的。事实是,低运营成本是企业的标志。文化需求和生产质量取决于他们的行动。高品质,低费用并非对立的。它们像双胞胎一样兼容。如果说日本的公司不是全球性的,因为它们出口美国和欧洲大陆的左侧驱动车,而在日本自己使用右侧驱动器,或者是因为他们通过出售在美国的分销商办公室机器,而是直接在国内,或者说好比在在巴西说葡萄牙语一样。同时,南国西夫韦零售连锁经营在中东有效,不仅本地,还有韩国,菲律宾,巴基斯坦,印度,泰国,英国和美国。国家规定、销售渠道以及语言不同。日本的特点就是它无情的经济和增值推动。成为一个质量水平的标准。辩护的
43、T型车如果一家公司的成本和价格下降并同时保证质量和可靠性,保持适宜的服务,客户会更喜欢它的产品。该理论认为,在这个全球化的演化阶段,无论是什么传统的市场调查,甚至常识都说明不同的国家和地区有不同的口味,喜好,需求和机构。日本曾多次平反这一理论,比如亨利福特和她的T型车。最重要的是他们的模仿者,其中包括来自韩国(电视机和重型建筑),马来西亚(个人计算机,微型电子计算机),巴西(汽车零部件企业和工具),哥伦比亚(服装),新加坡(光学设备),是的,甚至来自美国(办公复印机,电脑,自行车,铸件),西欧(全自动洗衣机),罗马尼亚(家庭用品),匈牙利(服饰),南斯拉夫(家具)和以色列(分页设备)。当然,在
44、一个国家甚至一个城市经营大公司,不会单一的制造,或者销售。他们有自己的产品线而不是一个单一的产品版本,多种发行渠道。即使在大都市地区,地方,区域,种族和体制存在差异,。但是,虽然公司针对市场定制特定细分的产品,他们知道,在世界上同质化需求的成功需要一个类似的部门寻找销售机会,以便在全球范围内实现规模经济所需的竞争力。这样的搜索工作,因为在一个国家市场是很独特的,它有近亲正是因为技术已经覆盖全球。即使是小地方也有全球等价物,并在全球竞争,特别是在价格上。全球竞争对手将不断寻求规范自己的产品的方法。他会用尽所有的可能偏离这种标准化,复职题外话和分歧时有发生。他决不会认为知道他自己的愿望顾客是国王。麻烦越来越多,缺乏明确的全球关注,并使经济公司保持松散的、简单的和标准化的。在日新月异的世界上最濒危的公司往往是那些比较小的以家庭占主导地位的但高附加值的公司。随着运输成本比例降低,远的竞争对手将进入这些生产规模与效益的条件更便宜公司市场。全球竞争国内属地,无论多小的地区都可以。当全球生产商在国际上提供了较低的成本,他的顾客量就成倍扩大。他不仅进入到遥远的市场,而且还吸引了老客户。标准化的策略不仅响应全球同质化市场,而且还积极扩大与低价格的市场。新的科技巨头水龙头是一个古老的动机尽可能让自己花钱。这是普遍的而不是简单的动机,但实际上是一种需要。