1、毕业论文外文原文外文题目THEDYNAMICSOFURBANAGRICULTUREINHANOI,VIETNAM出处2INSTITUTEOFSCIENCEANDTHEENVIRONMENT,UNIVERSITYOFWORCESTER,UK作者BLEE1,TBINNS1,ANDABDIXON2ABSTRACTINMANYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,URBANAGRICULTUREMAKESASIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONTOTHELIVELIHOODSOFURBANPOPULATIONS,INPROVIDINGFOODSECURITYANDINCOMEGENERATI
2、ONINHANOI,VIETNAMSCAPITALCITY,URBANAGRICULTUREISALONGSTANDINGFEATURE,BUTRAPIDURBANGROWTHISLEADINGTOGREATERCOMPETITIONOVERLANDUSE,SUCHTHATTHISPRACTICEISBEINGINCREASINGLYTHREATENEDBYCONVERSIONTONONAGRICULTURALURBANUSESTHEQUALITYANDSAFETYOFFOODSTUFFSGROWNINURBANAREASISOFGROWINGCONCERNTOBOTHCONSUMERSAND
3、PRODUCERSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYCITIESSUCHASHANOI,WHEREALARGESHAREOFTHECITYSFOODSUPPLYISGROWNWITHINTHEURBANAREAGOVERNMENTSUPPORTHASENCOURAGEDURBANPRODUCERSTOMODERNIZEANDINVESTINSAFERGROWINGPRACTICESHOWEVER,INHANOI,ASINDEEDELSEWHERE,THEREISANURGENTNEEDTORECOGNISETHESIGNIFICANCEOFURBANAGRICULTUREINFUTUREP
4、LANNINGSTRATEGIESDRAWINGUPONRECENTFIELDBASEDRESEARCHINHANOI,WHICHEXAMINEDLOCALACTORSKNOWLEDGEANDPERCEPTIONSOFCHANGESINURBANAGRICULTUREWITHINTHECITY,THEPAPERIDENTIFIESKEYTRENDSANDUNDERLYINGENVIRONMENTALANDSOCIOECONOMICFACTORS,ANDCONSIDERSTHEFUTURESUSTAINABILITYOFTHEPRACTICEKEYWORDSURBANAGRICULTURE,HA
5、NOI,VIETNAM,VEGETABLES,LANDUSECOMPETITIONINTRODUCTIONINRECENTYEARS,CONSIDERABLEINTERESTHASBEENSHOWNINTHEPRACTICEOFURBANAGRICULTUREUAASPOVERTYANDMALNUTRITIONHAVEBECOMEWIDESPREADINTHECITIESOFMANYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWITHINCREASINGNUMBERSOFRURALPOORMIGRATINGTOCITIES,MOREURBANDWELLERSAREBEINGBORNINTOIMPOV
6、ERISHEDFAMILIES,ANDINSOMECASESNOTSOPOORFAMILIESARESLIPPINGBELOWTHEPOVERTYLINEMOUGEOT,1999,MOUGEOTED,2005NUMEROUSSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATUACANPLAYAKEYROLEINPROVIDINGVALUABLEFOODSECURITYANDINCOMEGENERATIONAMONGURBANHOUSEHOLDSTHEURBANPOOR,2005EGZIABHERETAL,1994LYNCHETAL,2001THECONSIDERABLESPATIALANDTEMPORA
7、LVARIABILITYOFUAMAKESTHECONCEPTDIFFICULTTODEFINEPRECISELYTAKENLITERALLY,THEPRACTICEOFUAMEANS“TOESTABLISHANDPERFORMANAGRICULTURALPRACTICEINORNEARANURBANORCITYLIKESETTING”MOUGEOT,2000,P3BUT,ACCORDINGTOMOUGEOT,THISDEFINITIONDOESNOTADEQUATELYENCAPSULATETHEBROADANDCOMPLEXVARIABLESTHATCOMPRISEUA,ANDHESUGG
8、ESTSTHAT“URBANAGRICULTUREISANINDUSTRYLOCATEDWITHININTRAURBANORONTHEFRINGEPERIURBANOFATOWN,ANURBANCENTRE,ACITYORMETROPOLIS,WHICHGROWSORRAISES,PROCESSESANDDISTRIBUTESADIVERSITYOFFOODANDNONFOODPRODUCTS,REUSINGMAINLYHUMANANDMATERIALRESOURCES,INPUTSANDSERVICESFOUNDINANDAROUNDTHATURBANAREA,ANDINTURNSUPPLY
9、INGHUMANANDMATERIALRESOURCES,OUTPUTSANDSERVICESLARGELYTOTHATURBANAREA”MOUGEOT,1999P8THEINTERNATIONALIMPORTANCEOFUAISWELLILLUSTRATEDBYTHEFACTTHATMORETHAN15PERCENTOFALLAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONORIGINATESFROMWITHINMETROPOLITANAREASSMITETAL,1996MOREOVER,LYNCH2002SUGGESTSTHATINSOMECITIES,UAMAYALREADYOCCUPY3
10、5PERCENTOFTHELANDAREA,MAYEMPLOY36PERCENTOFTHEPOPULATION,ANDMAYSUPPLYUPTO50PERCENTOFURBANFRESHVEGETABLESASRAPIDURBANISATIONACROSSTHEDEVELOPINGWORLDINCREASESTHENEEDTOFEEDURBANPOPULATIONS,THEREISEVIDENCETHATUAPLAYSAKEYROLEINTHELIVELIHOODSTRATEGIESOFPOORANDNOTSOPOORHOUSEHOLDSASBINNSANDFEREDAY1996SUGGEST
11、,URBANFARMINGISRESPONSIBLEFORLIFTINGHUNDREDSOFMILLIONSOFPEOPLEOUTOFPOVERTYANDIMPROVINGNUTRITIONANDHEALTHSTANDARDSAROUNDTHEWORLDDESPITETHISGROWINGSIGNIFICANCE,UAREMAINSLARGELYOVERLOOKEDBYURBANPLANNERS,POLICYMAKERS,ADMINISTRATORSANDURBANISATIONTHEORISTSUAINTHEVIETNAMESECAPITALCITYOFHANOIISTHEFOCUSOFTH
12、ISPAPERHANOI,ANDINDEEDVIETNAMASAWHOLE,HAVEEXPERIENCEDCONSIDERABLECHANGEANDDEVELOPMENTINTHELASTTWENTYYEARSHOREN,2005THEFIELDBASEDRESEARCH,WHICHFORMSTHEBASISOFTHISPAPER,HASTHREEKEYOBJECTIVES1TOIDENTIFYSPATIALANDTEMPORALCHANGESINUAINHANOI2TOEXAMINETHEMAINFACTORSAFFECTINGCHANGEINUAINHANOIMUCHHASBEENWRIT
13、TENABOUTTHEVARIOUSWAYSINWHICHUACANCONTRIBUTETOFOODSECURITYANDLIVELIHOODSUSTAINABILITYAMONGTHEWORLDSIMPOVERISHEDURBANPOPULATIONURBANSUBSISTENCEPRODUCTIONCANLEADTOANIMMEDIATEREDUCTIONINHUNGERANDANIMPROVEMENTINNUTRITIONBRYLD,2003INMWANZA,TANZANIA,EVENTHEWEALTHIERHOUSEHOLDHEADSFACEINCOMEINSECURITYANDOFT
14、ENPLANTCROPSTOENSUREFAMILYFOODSECURITYDURINGLEANTIMESFLYNN,2001CRITICALLY,UACANBESEENASAFORMOFEMPOWERMENTFORUNDERPRIVILEGEDPEOPLE,INTHATITAFFORDSPOORPEOPLEANOPPORTUNITYTOINCREASECONTROLOVERTHEIROWNNUTRITIONALINTAKETHISCANBEPARTICULARLYSIGNIFICANTFORWOMEN,WHOMAYHAVETRADITIONALLYBEENEXCLUDEDFROMFOODPR
15、ODUCTIONACTIVITIESTHISISILLUSTRATEDBYASTUDYUNDERTAKENINHARARE,ZIMBABWEMBIBA,2005,WHICHFOUNDTHATWOMENPRODUCED60PERCENTOFURBANFOODPRODUCTION,THEMAJORITYOFWHICHWASCONSUMEDBYHOUSEHOLDMEMBERSBRYLD2003,HOWEVER,SUGGESTSTHATANINCREASEINUAINSOMECITIESMAYHAVEACTUALLYAMPLIFIEDTHEBURDENONWOMEN,INBECOMINGALOWINC
16、OMETRAPTHATIMPRISONSUNSKILLEDWOMENTHEIMPORTANTISSUEOFTHEROLEOFWOMENINUAHASBEENEXPLOREDINCONSIDERABLEDETAILELSEWHEREHOVORKA,DEZEEUWANDNJENGA,EDS,2009AFURTHERPOSITIVEEFFECTOFUAISTHATURBANFOODPRICESGENERALLYDECREASEWHENFOODSUPPLIESINCREASE,THUSRAISINGTHELEVELOFDISPOSABLEINCOMETHATPOORFAMILIESCANSPENDON
17、OTHERNECESSITIES,SUCHASEDUCATIONANDHEALTHCAREURBANAGRICULTURENETWORK,1996INTERMSOFENVIRONMENTALIMPACT,UAFREQUENTLYINCORPORATESPRACTICESWHICHCANLEADTOPRODUCTIVE,REUSABLE,SELFCONTAINEDWASTEANDNUTRIENTCYCLES,CONTRIBUTINGTOWARDSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSAFEANDNONPOLLUTINGENVIRONMENTSALTHOUGHCRITICSOFUACLAIMTHATI
18、TISOFTENACAUSEOFDISEASE,PESTPROBLEMS,NOISE,ANDPOLLUTION,EVIDENCEHASSHOWNTHATWITHPROPERPLANNINGANDMANAGEMENT,UACANACTUALLYBEAVERYEFFECTIVEANDSAFEMEANSOFPRODUCINGFOODLOCKTOZE,2005UACANALSOHAVEANIMPACTONENERGYUSE,WHICHISAMAJORELEMENTINTHEDRIVETOACHIEVINGMORESUSTAINABLECITIESCULTIVATINGPRODUCEINCLOSEPRO
19、XIMITYTOAREASOFCONSUMPTIONCANRESULTINSIGNIFICANTENERGYSAVINGS,BYREDUCINGENERGYEXPENDITUREONREFRIGERATION,TRANSPORTANDSTORAGEFURTHERMORE,WITHMARKETSCLOSEBY,URBANFARMERSCANADJUSTTHEIRPRODUCTIONSTRATEGIESTOMEETCHANGINGMARKETDEMANDSANDTOSUPPLYHIGHVALUEANDPERISHABLEITEMSUACANALSOHAVEAMULTIPLIEREFFECT,ING
20、ENERATINGINDUSTRIALACTIVITYASSOCIATEDWITHAGRICULTURALINPUTS,STORAGE,TRANSPORTATION,MARKETINGANDFOODPROCESSINGINCOUNTRIESTHATEXPORTALARGEPROPORTIONOFTHEIRAGRICULTURALOUTPUTTOEARNFOREIGNEXCHANGE,ITISSUGGESTEDTHATUACANHELPTOFEEDTHECITIES,WHILSTRURALFARMERSCONCENTRATEONEXPORTPRODUCTIONURBANAGRICULTURENE
21、TWORK,1996THEREAREALSOVARIOUSHEALTHCONCERNSASSOCIATEDWITHUA,WHICHISFREQUENTLYAFFECTEDBYUNTREATEDWASTEANDOTHERPOLLUTANTSTHATAREDISCHARGEDDIRECTLYINTOWATERCOURSES,ONTOLAND,ORINTOTHEAIRTHECONTAMINATIONOFSOILSANDWATERCOURSESCANLEADTODANGEROUSLYHIGHHEAVYMETALANDTOXINLEVELSINAGRICULTURALPRODUCEMACONACHIEA
22、NDBINNS2006CONSIDERTHECASEOFKANO,NORTHERNNIGERIA,WHERETHEYIDENTIFIEDASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALANDHEALTHRISKFROMHIGHLEVELSOFTOXINSBEINGDISCHARGEDINTOWATERCOURSESFROMTANNERIESANDFACTORIESSEEALSOBINNSETAL,2003AIRPOLLUTIONALSOHASTHEPOTENTIALTOREDUCEBOTHTHEYIELDANDNUTRITIONALQUALITYOFCROPSINMANYCASES,UAISPRAC
23、TICEDCLOSETOROADS,WHEREEXHAUSTFUMESANDRUNOFFFROMROADSCANCONTAMINATECROPSAGRAWALETAL,2003THISPROBLEMCANBEREDUCEDBYPLANTINGPOLLUTIONRESISTANTPLANTSALONGSIDEROADSANDCLOSETOOTHERAIRPOLLUTANTSOURCESHOWEVER,THEPLANNINGANDINFRASTRUCTURETOMAKETHISHAPPENDOESNOTEXISTINMOSTCOUNTRIESAGRAWALETAL,2003EGZIABHERETA
24、L1994EXPRESSCONCERNTHATDESPITETHECRUCIALROLETHATUAPLAYSINCONTRIBUTINGTOHOUSEHOLDINCOMEANDFOODSECURITY,URBANPLANNERSANDADMINISTRATORSHAVELARGELYIGNOREDUAFURTHERMORE,GOVERNMENTOFFICIALS,CITYPLANNERSANDPOLICYMAKERSFREQUENTLYPERCEIVEUAASAMARGINALACTIVITYTHATDOESNOTBELONGINMODERNCITIESEGZIABHERETAL,1994T
25、HECOMMONPERCEPTIONINMANYAFRICANANDLATINAMERICANCOUNTRIES,ISTHATUAISMARGINAL,TEMPORARYANDARCHAIC,APRACTICEWHICHISACTUALLYHARMFULTOCONSUMERS,FARMERS,THEENVIRONMENT,THEURBANLANDECONOMYANDTHECITYSAPPEARANCEURBANAGRICULTURENETWORK,1996THEREARECASESOFURBANFARMERSCROPSBEINGSLASHEDORBURNEDONTHEORDERSOFTHECI
26、TYAUTHORITIES,WHOCITEISSUESSUCHASNEGATIVEAESTHETICS,ANDRISKOFINCREASEDPOLLUTIONANDILLNESSASREASONSWHYURBANFARMINGSHOULDNOTBETOLERATEDEGZIABHERETAL,1994INLUSAKA,ZAMBIA,FOREXAMPLE,OFFICIALPOLICYUNTILTHE1980SWASANTAGONISTICTOWARDSURBANFARMING,SUCHTHATCITYAUTHORITIESREGULARLYSLASHEDURBANCROPS,APRACTICEW
27、HICHOCCURSINMANYAFRICANCOUNTRIESLYNCHETAL,2001SIMATELEANDBINNS,2008URBANAGRICULTURENETWORK,1996FORTHESEREASONS,UAHASFAILEDTOREACHITSFULLPOTENTIALBECAUSEPEOPLEARECONCERNEDABOUTSECURITYOFTENUREANDTHREATSTOTHEIRGROWINGCROPSWEWILLNOWCONSIDERTHECHANGINGNATUREOFUAINHANOI,VIETNAM,DRAWINGUPONEVIDENCEFROMREC
28、ENTFIELDBASEDRESEARCH3THECASEOFHANOI,VIETNAMHANOI,VIETNAMSCAPITALCITY,ISLOCATEDINTHENORTHOFTHECOUNTRY,APPROXIMATELY300KMSSOUTHOFTHECHINESEBORDERAND150KMSWESTOFTHEVIETNAMESECOASTLINEFIGURE1FIELDACTIONSSCIENCEREPORTTHECITYISONEOFTHEOLDESTCAPITALSINSOUTHEASTASIA,ANDIN2010WILLCELEBRATEITS1000THYEAROFEXI
29、STENCEITSRICH,ANDATTIMESTURBULENT,HISTORYHASSEENANUMBEROFDIFFERENTRULINGDYNASTIESANDMUCHCONFLICTBOUDARELANDKY,2002HANOIWASUNDERCHINESERULEFROMTHE1STCENTURYBCTHROUGHTOTHE10THCENTURYAD,FOLLOWEDBYAPPROXIMATELYEIGHTCENTURIESOFVIETNAMESERULE,WHICHENDEDIN1874WHENTHEFRENCHCAPTUREDTHECITYWHENTHEFRENCHWEREDE
30、FEATEDIN1954,HANOIRETURNEDTOVIETNAMESERULE,BUTSELFRULEWASAGAINTHREATENEDDURINGTHEAMERICANWAR,WHICHWASWAGEDFROM1954UNTILTHEAMERICANSWEREFINALLYDEFEATEDIN1975IN2005,THECITYHADANESTIMATEDPOPULATIONOF31MILLIONPEOPLEPOPULATIONGROWTHOVERTHELAST20YEARSHASBEENSIGNIFICANT,ANDINMIGRATIONFROMRURALAREASISCONTIN
31、UINGTOSWELLTHEBURGEONINGURBANPOPULATION,SUCHTHATBETWEEN19962001,THECITYSPOPULATIONGREWBY32PERCENTVIENETAL,2005THECITYNOWCOVERSANAREAOFOVER900SQUAREKILOMETRES,WITHPOPULATIONDENSITIESINSOMEPARTSREACHING35,000PERSONSPERSQUAREKILOMETREHANOISRAPIDLYINCREASINGPOPULATIONHASGIVENRISETOCONCERNSABOUTTHEPROVIS
32、IONOFFOOD,ANDHOWFOODSECURITYMIGHTBEACHIEVEDINASUSTAINABLEMANNERWITHOUTJEOPARDISINGENVIRONMENTALRESOURCESVANDENBERGETAL,2003THEHANOIGENERALMASTERPLAN,FORMULATEDIN1998,ISINTENDEDTOFACILITATEFURTHERURBANGROWTHBYSUPPORTINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECITYSECONOMY,SUCHTHATITBECOMESCOMPETITIVEWITHOTHERMAJORASIANCIT
33、IESHOREN,20054INVESTIGATINGURBANAGRICULTUREINHANOITOUNDERSTANDTHEPRESENTNATUREOFUAINHANOI,ITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDTHEFORCESTHATHAVESHAPEDITOVERTIMEHANOIHASBEENUNDERCOMMUNISTRULESINCETHEDEFEATOFTHEFRENCHIN1954DURINGTHEAMERICANWAR,FARMERSWEREREQUIREDTOGROWWHATEVERTHEGOVERNMENTDEMANDEDINORDERTOMAINTAI
34、NTHEWAREFFORTAFTERTHEWAR,ANDUNTILTHEDOIMOIRENOVATIONREFORMSOF1986,FARMERSWERETOLDWHATPRODUCETOGROWANDTHEYWORKEDCOLLECTIVELYONGOVERNMENTRUNFARMSTHEDOIMOIREFORMSREPRESENTEDASIGNIFICASHSHIFTINTHEVIETNAMESEGOVERNMENTSTHINKING,ANDINVOLVEDSEVERINGTHELONGSTANDINGRELATIONSHIPWITHTHEUSSRANDDEVELOPINGLINKSWIT
35、HWESTERNCOUNTRIESTHROUGHOPENINGTHECOUNTRYTOFOREIGNINVESTMENTANDPRIVATEOWNERSHIPOTHERNEWPOLICIESINCLUDEDTHEABOLITIONOFPRICESUBSIDIES,THEPRIVATISATIONOFSOMESTATEENTERPRISESANDENCOURAGEMENTGIVENTOTHEGROWTHOFTHEMARKETBASEDECONOMYHOREN,2005THEMOSTNOTABLEEFFECTOFTHEDOIMOIREFORMSONTHEAGRICULTURALSECTORWAST
36、HATPRODUCERSCOULDNOWWORKONTHEIRINDIVIDUALPLOTS,GROWINGCROPSOFTHEIRCHOICEANDSELLINGTHEMWHERETHEYCHOSETHESEPOLICYCHANGESTRANSFORMEDTHENATUREOFUAINHANOI,WITHMANYPEOPLEEXPERIMENTINGWITHDIFFERENTCROPTYPESANDINVESTINGINARANGEOFNEWPRODUCTIONSTRATEGIESVIENETAL,2005THEKEYOBJECTIVESOFTHERESEARCHONWHICHTHISPAP
37、ERISBASED,WERETOIDENTIFYTHERECENTSPATIALANDTEMPORALCHANGESINURBANAGRICULTUREINHANOI,THEFACTORSAFFECTINGTHESECHANGES,ANDTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHESECHANGESFORTHEFUTURESUSTAINABILITYOFURBANAGRICULTUREINTHECITYFIELDBASEDRESEARCHWASUNDERTAKENDURINGANEIGHTWEEKPERIODINJANUARYANDFEBRUARY2006THEFIRSTPARTOFTHEFIEL
38、DWORKINVOLVEDSCOPINGTHEAGRICULTURETHATEXISTSINANDAROUNDTHEURBANAREASOMEFIFTEENSITESWERELOCATEDBYQUESTIONINGKEYINFORMANTSANDRESIDENTS,ANDBYVISITINGDIFFERENTLOCALITIESANDPLOTTINGPRODUCTIONAREASONAMAPTHESEINITIALVISITSSUGGESTEDTHATAREASOFCULTIVATIONWEREAVERYPROMINENTFEATUREOFHANOISURBANSTRUCTUREWITHTHE
39、AIDOFATRANSLATOR,EXPLORATORYDISCUSSIONSWERECONDUCTEDATEACHSITE,SEEKINGTOIDENTIFYFARMERSPERCEPTIONSOFTHEKEYISSUESINFLUENCINGUAFROMTHEINFORMATIONGAINEDTHROUGHSCOPING,THREECONTRASTINGVILLAGES,DEEMEDREPRESENTATIVEOFUAINHANOI,WERESUBSEQUENTLYSELECTEDFORDETAILEDINVESTIGATIONFIGURE2SHOWSTHELOCATIONOFTHETHR
40、EESELECTEDSTUDYSITESINRELATIONTOTHEMAINFEATURESOFHANOISITE1ISQUANGANVILLAGEINTAYHODISTRICTTAYHOISANURBANDISTRICT,ANDQUANGANISSITUATEDATTHECENTREOFATRADITIONALFLOWERGROWINGAREA,WITHAREASOFORNAMENTALPLANTSANDTREESANDONLYASMALLAREAOFVEGETABLECULTIVATIONOFTHETHREESELECTEDSITES,PRODUCTIONINQUANGANHASPROB
41、ABLYBEENAFFECTEDMOSTBYTHEPACEANDEXTENTOFURBANISATION,WITHRESPONDENTSREPORTINGTHATTHEEXTENTOFTHEAGRICULTURALAREAISNOWLESSTHANATHIRDOFWHATITWASFIFTEENYEARSAGOBLEEETALTHEDYNAMICSOFURBANAGRICULTUREINHANOI,VIETNAMFIGURE2HANOI,SHOWINGLOCATIONOFSTUDYSITESKEYURBANAREABOUNDARYLAKESSITE2ISLINHNAMVILLAGEINHOAN
42、GMAIDISTRICTHOANGMAIISANEWURBANDISTRICT,ONLYDESIGNATEDIN2003ASARESULTOFMERGINGANEXISTINGURBANDISTRICTWITHAPORTIONOFARURALDISTRICTLINHNAMISATRADITIONALVEGETABLEGROWINGAREAWHICHHASBENEFITEDFROMGOVERNMENTINITIATIVESANDASSOCIATEDFUNDINGFORSOCALLEDSAFEVEGETABLEGROWINGSAFEARELOCATEDAWAYFROMPOSSIBLESOURCES
43、OFPOLLUTIONANDAREIRRIGATEDONLYWITHCLEANWATERLIMITEDAMOUNTSOFCHEMICALFERTILISERANDPESTICIDEAREAPPLIEDANDCOMPOSTEDANIMALMANUREISUSEDWHEREVERPOSSIBLEINEARLY2006,LINHNAMSAGRICULTURALLANDSEEMEDREASONABLYSECURE,ATLEASTFORTHEFORESEEABLEFUTUREVEVILLAGEINTULIEMDISTRICTWASTHETHIRDSITEEXAMINEDTULIEMISAPERIURBA
44、NDISTRICTTHATISEXPERIENCINGINCREASINGURBANPRESSURE,ANDISEXPECTEDTOBECOMEANURBANDISTRICTWITHINTHENEXTFIVETOTENYEARSINFACT,MOSTOFVEVILLAGESAGRICULTURALLANDISDESIGNATEDTOBEAPPROPRIATEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTFORCONSTRUCTIONPURPOSES,ALTHOUGHTHEREISSOMEUNCERTAINTYABOUTWHENTHISWILLACTUALLYOCCURRICEGROWINGTRADITION
45、ALLYPREDOMINATEDINVEVILLAGE,ALONGWITHSIGNIFICANTAREASOFWATERSPINACHCULTIVATIONIPOMOEAAQUATICAHOWEVER,THESITUATIONHASCHANGEDINTHELAST34YEARS,SUCHTHATMANYFARMERSARENOWGROWINGFLOWERS,ORNAMENTALTREESANDSHRUBSTWENTYONEFARMERSWEREINTERVIEWEDATEACHOFTHETHREESITES,DURINGWHICHTHEYWEREASKEDARANGEOFQUESTIONSRE
46、LATINGTOCHANGESINTHEIRLIVELIHOODS,URBANFARMINGANDMARKETINGPRACTICES,ANDTHEIRRELATIONSHIPSWITHLOCALAUTHORITIESTHROUGHTHEPEOPLESCOMMITTEEINEACHDISTRICT,MEETINGSWEREALSOHELDWITHTHELEADERSOFTHECOOPERATIVESINEACHVILLAGETHESEINDEPTHMEETINGS,WHICHINCLUDEDTHEUSEOFPARTICIPATORYMETHODSSUCHASTIMELINESANDSEASON
47、ALMAPS,EXPLOREDTHEHISTORYANDISSUESSURROUNDINGAGRICULTUREINEACHVILLAGEINADDITIONTODISCUSSIONSWITHFARMERSANDCOOPERATIVELEADERSINTHETHREEVILLAGES,DISCUSSIONSWEREALSOHELDWITHANADDITIONALTWENTYTHREEKEYINFORMANTS,INCLUDINGACADEMICS,NGOWORKERS,ANDTHOSEWORKINGINGOVERNMENTPROGRAMMESANDDEPARTMENTSASSOCIATEDWI
48、THUA5THECHANGINGNATUREOFURBANAGRICULTUREINHANOITHEFIELDRESEARCHDATAHIGHLIGHTEDSIGNIFICANTCHANGESINTHEWAYUAHASBEENPRACTICEDINRECENTYEARSALMOSTONETHIRDOFTHEFARMERSSURVEYEDSAIDTHEYHADCHANGEDTHEIRTYPEOFPRODUCTIONINSOMEWAYOVERTHELASTTENYEARSMANYKEYINFORMANTSALSOSPOKEABOUTPRODUCTIONCHANGES,ANDONESENIORLEC
49、TURERFROMHANOIAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITYSHAUFACULTYOFAGRONOMYEXPLAINEDTHATASTHECITYEXPANDS,FARMERSASFAROUTASTHEURBANFRINGEHAVEALTEREDTHEIRPRODUCTIONFROMSTAPLECROPS,SUCHASRICE,MAIZEANDSWEETPOTATO,TOVEGETABLESANDSUBSEQUENTLYFLOWERSANDORNAMENTALPLANTSFLOWERSANDORNAMENTALPLANTS,SHRUBSANDTREESFETCHTHEHIGHESTPRICESINHANOIMARKETSANUMBEROFKEYINFORMANTSPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEREISANATURALPROGRESSIONINUAASURBANEXPANSIONCAUSESEVERINCREASINGLANDPRICES,WITHFARMERSCHANGINGSUCCESSIVELYFROMTHEPRODUCTIONOFSTAPLES,TOVEGETABLESANDTHENTOHIGHERVALUEPRODUCTSSUCHASFLOWERS,PLANTS,SHRUBSANDTREESCLEARLY,MANYF
