1、（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文题目DIFFERENCESINSURVIVALSTRATEGIESAMONGFOOTWEARINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSTHEROLEOFINTERNATIONALOUTSOURCING出处EUROPEANPLANNINGSTUDIESVOL16,NO9,OCTOBER2008作者JOSEANTONIOBELSOMARTINEZ原文ABSTRACTDURINGTHE1990S,AFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINDUSTRIALDISTRICTMODELWASOBSERVEDINSOMEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES
2、ANDINDUSTRIALSECTORSDUETOTHEINTENSEPROCESSOFGLOBALIZATION,FOOTWEARDISTRICTFIRMSHAVEGRADUALLYRELOCATEDSOMEMANUFACTURINGACTIVITIESTHROUGHANINTERNATIONALEXTENSIONOFTHEIRBUSINESSNETWORKSINTHISMANNER,THETRADITIONALPATTERNOFINTEGRATEDSHOEMAKINGISBEINGREPLACEDBYAGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINSTRETCHINGACROSSDIFFERENTCO
3、UNTRIESANDCULTURESEVENTHOUGHSPAINHASALWAYSBEENPOSITIONEDATTHETOPOFTHERANKOFFOOTWEAREXPORTERS,LITTLEATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOHOWSPANISHFOOTWEARDISTRICTSAREHANDLINGTHEGLOBALCOMPETITIONANDSTRATEGIESIMPLEMENTEDINORDERTOACHIEVESUPERIOREFFICIENCYRATESTHISPAPERATTEMPTSTODESCRIBETHEINTERNATIONALOUTSOURCINGACTI
4、VITIESONEOFTHEMOSTEXPANDEDSTRATEGIESINFOURFOOTWEARINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSTOREACHOUROBJECTIVE,DATAABOUTIMPORTSOFCOMPONENTSANDOUTWARDPROCESSINGTRADEINPROVINCESOFTHEDISTRICTSCONSIDEREDAREDEEPLYANALYSEDSPECIALCONSIDERATIONHASBEENPAIDTODIFFERENCESBETWEENPROVINCESANDDISTRICTSFINALLY,BASEDONTHEISSUESREVIEWEDAN
5、DRESULTSOBTAINEDINPREVIOUSSECTIONS,OURPAPERINCLUDESCONCLUSIONSANDIMPLICATIONSFORPOLICYMAKERSANDPRACTITIONERS1INTRODUCTIONTHEKEYDETERMINANTSOFCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEFOOTWEARINDUSTRYWERETRADITIONALLYCONSIDEREDTOBETHEPRODUCTIONCOSTANDTHEDIFFERENTIMPACTOFTRADEBARRIERSNOWADAYS,BOTHDETERMINANTSHAVELOSTSOMEOF
6、THEIRTRADITIONALRELEVANCEINFAVOUROFNEWFACTORSCONTRIBUTINGTOTHESURVIVALPOTENTIALOFSHOEMANUFACTURINGFIRMSBYALLOWINGTHEMTOOFFERHIGHQUALITYFASHIONSHOESWITHINSHORTLEADTIMESSALAZAR,2001AMONGTHOSEFACTORS,TECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTS,PROXIMITYTOMAJORMARKETSQUICKRESPONSE,REQUIREMENTSFORHIGHQUALITYPRODUCTION,ACC
7、ESSTOTECHNOLOGYANDMANAGEMENT,DESIGNANDMARKETINGSKILLS,THEINCREASINGIMPORTANCEOFOFFSHORE,JOINTVENTUREANDCONTRACTPRODUCTIONORSOMECOUNTRYSPECIFICFACTORSSUCHASAVAILABILITYOFRAWMATERIALSORCOMPONENTS,SHOULDBESPECIFICALLYMENTIONEDTHEPREPONDERANCEOFMICROENTERPRISESANDSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESSMESINITIALLYPO
8、RTUGALANDSPAINUNDOUBTEDLYFAVOURSTHEADAPTATIONTOTHENEWGLOBALFOOTWEARCOMPETITIVECONTEXT,MODERNMARKETDEMANDSORDEVELOPMENTOFIMPORTANTBUSINESSNETWORKSTHEREFORE,MAJORCHANGESAREOBVIOUSLYTAKINGPLACEINTHETRADITIONALEUROPEANFOOTWEARMANUFACTURINGAREAS,SUCHASRELOCATIONOFPRODUCTION,GROWINGCONCENTRATIONINDISTRIBU
9、TION,MERGERSANDACQUISITIONSOFFIRMSANDFASHIONBRANDS,DECLINEOFTHEINDUSTRIALDISTRICTMODELORTHECREATIONOFFINANCIALMULTIPRODUCTGIANTSCOMMISSIONOFTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITIES,2005SAVIOLOKAPLINSKY,1998THREEMAINOBJECTIVESTRYTOACHIEVETHEINTEGRATIONOFBOTHAPPROACHESFIRSTISTOPROVIDEAREASONABLYDETAILEDEMPIRICALDESCRIP
10、TIONOFSOMEASPECTSOFTHEFOOTWEARINDUSTRYANDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSINSPAINSECONDISTOEXPLORETHEEXISTENCEOFSOMEDIFFERENCESINHOWSPANISHINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSFACETHEGLOBALIZATIONPROCESSREGARDINGQUESTIONSSUCHASSPECIALIZATION,REDUCTIONOFACTIVITIESDEVELOPEDINTHEDISTRICTORPATTERNSACCORDINGTOTHEDISTRIC
11、TSMARKETPOTENTIALTARGETSTHIRDISTOOUTLINESOMEOFTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHESTUDYFORPRACTITIONERSANDPOLICYMAKERSINORDERTOACHIEVETHESEOBJECTIVES,WEORGANIZEDTHEPAPERASFOLLOWSAFTERTHEINTRODUCTION,THEFIRSTSECTIONPROVIDESACOMPULSORYLITERATUREREVIEWABOUTINDUSTRIALDISTRICTS,INTERNATIONALIZATIONPROCESSESANDINTERNATIO
12、NALFRAGMENTATIONOFPRODUCTIONTHESECONDSECTIONOFFERSANOVERVIEWOFTHEPRODUCTIONORGANIZATIONANDTHEMANUFACTURINGINTERNATIONALIZATIONSTRATEGIESOFFIRMSINTHEFOOTWEARINDUSTRYTHETHIRDSECTIONPROVIDESADESCRIPTIONOFTHEINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSCONSIDERED,EXAMININGANDCOMPARINGTHECASESTUDIESINORDERTOOBTAINACOMPLETEIMAGEOF
13、HOWSPANISHFOOTWEARINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSFACEGLOBALIZATIONFINALLY,CONCLUSIONS,SUGGESTIONSFORPRACTITIONERSANDPOLICYIMPLICATIONSCLOSETHEDOCUMENTINDUSTRIALDISTRICTINTERNATIONALIZATIONANDDELOCALIZATIONOFFOOTWEARPRODUCTIONSTUDIESSUCHASTHOSECONDUCTEDBYMASKELL1999ANDCOROANDRULLANI1998IDENTIFYTHEMAINFEATURESOFT
14、HEINDUSTRIALDISTRICTACLUSTERINGOFFIRMSINALIMITEDGEOGRAPHICALLOCATION,AHIGHPROPORTIONOFSMALLANDVERYSMALLFIRMS,ANINTENSESPECIALIZATION,ACOEXISTENCEOFCOOPERATIONANDCOMPETITIONDYNAMICS,ANDARAPIDINFORMALDIFFUSIONOFINFORMATIONINTHISTRADITIONALDISTRICTMODEL,MOSTOFTHEACTIVITIESHAVETRADITIONALLYBEENUNDERTAKE
15、NLOCALLYANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFPRODUCERSHASMAINLYCOMEFROMINTRADISTRICTVERTICALANDHORIZONTALRELATIONSHIPSGENERATINGCOLLECTIVEEFFICIENCYINALMOSTALLCASES,CLOSENETWORKSARELIMITEDTODISTRICTFIRMSANDCONTACTSWITHTHEWORLDOUTSIDEAREONLYESTABLISHEDINTHEEXTREMITIESOFTHEVALUECHAINWITHTHESUPPLYOFRAWMATERIALSANDSALEO
16、FFINISHEDPRODUCTSCOROITISANECONOMYWITHTHECAPACITYTOWORKASAUNITINREALTIMEONAPLANETARYSCALE,ONTHEBASISOFTHENEWINFRASTRUCTUREPROVIDEDBYCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGIESRECENTRESEARCHFOCUSEDONOVER1200ITALIANDISTRICTFIRMSDEVELOPEDBYNASSIMBENIANDSARTOR2005CONCLUDESTHATFIRMSINTHEDISTRICTARECOMBININGLOCALPRESENCEW
17、ITHASTRATEGYOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHATINVOLVESSOURCING,MANUFACTURINGANDDISTRIBUTIONINORDERTOTRANSCENDTHELIMITSOFTHEDISTRICTBOUNDARIESINTHISSCHEME,NATIONSANDLOCALITIESCANMIXTHEIRPRODUCTIVECAPABILITYBYUSINGAMATRIXOFSPATIALFLOWS,THROUGHNETWORKSOFTRANSACTIONSORGANIZEDWITHINACOMPLEXWEBOFNETWORKFIRMSCOMPA
18、NIESWILLBEABLETOPARTICIPATEINTHEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTBYENTERINGLARGECIRCUITSOFKNOWLEDGEPRODUCTIONANDDISTRIBUTIONBATHELTETAL,2002ASHEIMMARRIOTTETAL,2004TORTAJADAETAL,2005BELEZAETAL,2001THISTRANSFORMATIONISCONSISTENTWITHTHEPROPOSEDSCHEMATIZATIONSOFTHEEVOLUTIONSTAGESOFINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSSUGGESTEDBYENRI
19、GHT2001,PARRILLI2004ORSPAVENTAANDMONNI2005AFTERSTAGESSUCHASTAKEOFFORDRIVETOMATURITY,THEGRADUALOPENINGTOWARDSTHEOUTSIDEAPPEARSASANECONOMICIMPERATIVEFORTHEDISTRICTFIRMS,WHICHHAVETHENECESSITYTOEXTENDATMAXIMUMLEVELTHEREPLICATIONOFTHEKNOWLEDGEPOSSESSEDANDAPPLIEDINPRODUCTIONDISTRICTINTERNATIONALIZATIONPRO
20、CESSESCANBEPASSIVEORACTIVETHEPASSIVEINTERNATIONALIZATIONPROCESSAPPEARSWHENFOREIGNCOMPANIESACQUIRELEADERDISTRICTFIRMSANDTENDTOINTERNALIZEDOMESTICFIRMSVALUEADDEDACTIVITIESINPERFORMINGTHESEPROCESSES,LEADERFIRMSREINFORCETHEIRCOMMERCIALPOSITIONATINTERNATIONALLEVELANDAREPUSHEDTOADOPTINNOVATIVEMANAGERIALMO
21、DELSBELUSSI,2003THROUGHACTIVEINTERNATIONALIZATION,LOCALLEADERFIRMSACCESSTHEGLOBALENVIRONMENTATTEMPTINGTOPURCHASEIMMATERIALSERVICES,MANAGEANDCOORDINATEFINALANDRAWMATERIALSMARKETSORRELOCATEPRODUCTIONPHASESCOROCUTTINGOFLEATHERINCOMPLIANCEWITHTHEMODELSSPECIFICATIONSBYMEANSOFLASERTECHNIQUES,VIBRATINGKNIF
22、EORHIGHPRESSUREWATERJETCUTPREPARATIONOFCUTSTHROUGHGLUINGANDSEWINGPROCEDURESPRESTITCHINGJOININGTHECUTSUSINGDIVERSESTITCHINGTECHNIQUESSEWINGANDPREJOININGJOININGOFTHESHOESCOMPONENTSBYMEANSOFAUTOMATICEQUIPMENTASSEMBLYANDFINALTREATMENTWITHAVIEWTOIMPROVINGTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEFOOTWEAR,INCLUDINGASERIESOFASSOR
23、TEDPROCEDURESFINISHINGTHENATUREOFSUCHAPRODUCTIONPROCESSGIVESAMPLESCOPEFORVARIETYINTHEORGANIZATIONOFPRODUCTIONANDTHEDIVISIONOFLABOURFREQUENTLY,PRODUCTIONISARRANGEDINNETWORKSOFVERTICALLYDISINTEGRATEDFIRMS,WITHEACHFIRMSPECIALIZINGINONEPHASEOFTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSINOTHERCASES,PRODUCTIONISVERTICALLYINTEGR
24、ATEDWITHINSINGLEFIRMSMANYDIFFERENTINTERMEDIATEORGANIZATIONALARRANGEMENTSBETWEENBOTHCASESAREFEASIBLEINPRINCIPLEANDOBSERVABLEPRACTICEVERTICALDISINTEGRATIONINMANYSPECIALIZEDUNITSUSUALLYRESULTSINSUPERIORFLEXIBILITYANDISWELLADAPTEDTOTHEPRODUCTIONOFSMALLLOTSOFSHOESWITHFREQUENTLYVARYINGDESIGNSPECIFICATIONS
25、STRONGINTERRELATIONSBETWEENSPECIALIZEDUNITSENTAILTHATMANYFIRMSTENDTOLOCATEINCLOSEPROXIMITYENABLINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSRABELLOTTI,1999RABELLOTTISCHMITZ,2001KNORRINGA,1999,AMONGOTHERSFOREXAMPLE,RABELLOTTI1995PROVIDESEVIDENCEFORTHENATUREOFFOOTWEARDISTRICTSFORTHEITALIANREGIONSOFBRENTAANDM
26、ARCHEWHEREINTENSEBACKWARDLINKAGESAMONGFIRMSEXISTTHISLOCALMODELOFVERTICALDISINTEGRATEDSHOEMAKINGHASBEENRECENTLYREPLACEDBYAGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINOFFOOTWEARSTRETCHINGACROSSDIFFERENTCOUNTRIES,REGIONSANDCULTURESDURINGTHE1990S,LOCALSYSTEMSOFFOOTWEARSMESPERCEIVEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFDEVELOPINGTHEIRCONTACTSWITHCOMPANI
27、ESOUTSIDETHELOCALDISTRICTAREATHEINTENSIVEUSEOFLABORANDTHESLOWTECHNICALDEVELOPMENTINFOOTWEAROPERATIONS,PARTICULARLYINTHEPRODUCTIONOFUPPERS,INDUCEDFIRMSTOSEARCHFORREGIONSANDCOUNTRIESWITHLOWERWAGESECONOMICLITERATUREANDEMPIRICALEVIDENCESDEVELOPEDINCOUNTRIESSUCHASITALY,SPAINORPORTUGALSUPPORTTHISFACTAMIGH
28、INIMARIOTTIETAL,2004YBARRATORTAJADAETAL,2005BELEZAETAL,2001THEORIGINALLYINTEGRATEDPRODUCTIONPROCESSISTHENFRAGMENTEDANDRELOCATEDELSEWHERETHROUGHFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTFDIHENCEFORTHORLESSCOMMITTEDINTERNATIONALIZATIONSTRATEGIESWITHINDEPENDENTFIRMSDUETOSCARCITYOFHUMANANDFINANCIALRESOURCES,SMESHAVEFREQUE
29、NTLYEXPANDEDTHEIRSUPPLYCHAINABROADBYUSINGINTERNATIONALSTRATEGICALLIANCESWEAVER2000HASDESCRIBEDACOLLECTIONOFSMEBASEDALLIANCES,REPRESENTINGAVARIETYOFSTRUCTUREDAGREEMENTSTHATSETUPEXCHANGEARRANGEMENTSBETWEENPARTICIPATINGFIRMSTHEESTABLISHEDALLIANCESMAYBEBASEDONNONEQUITYOREQUITYLINKAGESBOTHKINDSOFLINKAGES
30、CANBESUITABLEINDIFFERENTCIRCUMSTANCESHOWEVER,ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATTHEFIRSTGROUPISLESSFORMALANDDEMANDFEWERCOMMITMENTSFROMPARTNERSGEMSERETAL,2004WIDERESEARCHDEVELOPEDWITHIN4000ITALIANFIRMSHASSHOWNTHATJOINTVENTURES,COMMERCIALAGREEMENTSANDSUBCONTRACTINGACTIVITIESTENDTOCHARACTERIZETHELATESTPHASEOFINTERNATI
31、ONALIZATIONOFSMESANDDISTRICTLOCATEDFIRMSBELUSSI,2002AMONGNONEQUITYALLIANCES,THEROLEPLAYEDBYINDUSTRIALSUBCONTRACTINGHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTSUBCONTRACTINGCANBECONCEPTUALIZEDASANECONOMICRELATIONSHIPWHEREONEFIRMREQUESTSANOTHERINDEPENDENTFIRMTOUNDERTAKETHEPRODUCTIONORCARRYOUTTHEPROCESSINGOFAMATERI
32、AL,COMPONENT,PART,SUBASSEMBLYORTHEPROVISIONOFANINDUSTRIALSERVICEINACCORDANCEWITHTHEMAINCONTRACTORSSPECIFICATIONUNIDO,20032THISFORMOFINTERNATIONALOUTSOURCINGOBVIOUSLYINVOLVESANINTENSERELATIONSHIPANDINFORMATIONEXCHANGEBETWEENFIRMSHESHMATI,2003ASACONSEQUENCE,THESPATIALDIMENSIONBECOMESANIMPORTANTFACTORB
33、ECAUSEITALSOPROMOTESSIGNIFICANTBENEFITSEVENTOSMALLSUBCONTRACTORSRAMASCHIATTARELLA,1999ECONOMICLITERATUREALSOPOINTSOUTSOMEOTHERFACTORSAFFECTINGFIRMRELOCATIONFIRMSIZEISONEOFTHEELEMENTSINFLUENCINGRELEVANTLY,BECAUSEMOVINGCOSTANDTHEORGANIZATIONALPROBLEMSASSOCIATEDWITHRELOCATIONARECONSIDERABLEFORLARGEFIRM
34、SVANDIJKBROUWERETAL,2004RECENTCREATION,EXPORTORIENTATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFHIGHVALUEADDEDACTIVITIESALSOSEEMTOPOSITIVELYINFLUENCEINTERNATIONALRELOCATIONOFPRODUCTIONANTRAS,2003DELOCALIZATIONOFPRODUCTIONMAYALSOBELINKEDTOTHEDESIRETOPENETRATECERTAINFOREIGNMARKETSBYINDUSTRIALDISTRICTFIRMSBELUSSI,2003SUCHINTE
35、NSIFICATIONOFTHEINTERNATIONALIZATIONPROCESSGIVESRISETOGLOBALPRODUCERSTHATLOSETHEIRTERRITORIALCONNECTIONSANDSPECIFICITYTOGETHERWITHTHEIRNATIONALIDENTITYTHISWILLPOTENTIALLYOCCURWHENCOMPANIESDECIDETOINTERNATIONALIZEDIFFERENTFUNCTIONSNOTONLYPRODUCTIONAMONGTHEINTERNATIONALNETWORKCONCLUSIONSINTHEPAST,DIST
36、RICTFIRMSTRADITIONALLYOBTAINEDIMPORTANTCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESTHANKSTOLOCALCOOPERATIONINLEARNING,INNOVATIONANDPRODUCTIONPROCESSESNOWADAYS,THEPROCESSOFGLOBALIZATIONHASEXTENDEDCOOPERATIONBASEDONNETWORKSINTOAMULTICOUNTYDIMENSIONPROBABLYDUETOCAUSESSUCHASMARKETINTERNATIONALIZATION,HIGHQUALITYDEMANDS,INTENS
37、ECOSTCOMPETITIONANDSCARCEQUALIFIEDLABORFORCE,FOOTWEARDISTRICTFIRMSHAVEBEENIMPELLEDTOWARDSREORGANIZATIONOFPRODUCTION,DECENTRALIZATION,DIVERSIFICATIONOFSUPPLYCHANNELSANDDEEPMODIFICATIONSINTHEIRATTITUDESTOWARDSPOTENTIALFOREIGNPARTNERSEVENAMONGSPANISHDISTRICTFIRMS,INTERNATIONALOUTSOURCINGHASBECOMEACOMMO
38、NSTRATEGYINORDERTORECOVERCOMPETITIVECAPACITYORACHIEVEHIGHEREFFICIENCYRATESTHROUGHIMPORTINGCOMPONENTSORDEVELOPINGOUTWARDPROCESSINGTRADEOURSTUDYPROVIDESSOMEINFORMATIONABOUTPATTERNSOFDELOCALIZATIONANDDIFFERENCESAMONGTHEFOURDISTRICTSCONSIDEREDBYCAREFULLYCOMBININGTHETRADITIONALINDUSTRIALDISTRICTAPPROACHA
39、NDGLOBALVALUECHAINTHEMAINFINDINGSAREASFOLLOWSFIRST,CONSISTENTLYWITHRESULTSOBTAINEDBYAMIGHINIANDRABELLOTTI2006,DISTRICTSVARYINTHEIROUTSOURCINGSTRATEGIESDEPENDINGONTHEIRMARKETPOSITIONANDPRODUCTCHARACTERISTICSDISTRICTSLOCATEDINTHEBALEARICISLANDSANDALBACETE,WHICHSPECIALIZEINHIGHPRICEMARKETSEGMENTS,BUYAN
40、IMPORTANTVOLUMEOFFOREIGNCOMPONENTSANDOUTSOURCETHROUGHSUBCONTRACTINGSOMEOFTHELOWVALUEADDEDSTAGESOFPRODUCTIONSUCHASTRATEGYMAYBEINTERPRETEDASAFORMOFFUNCTIONALUPGRADING,ASLOWVALUEADDEDACTIVITIESAREEXTERNALIZEDANDHIGHVALUEADDEDPHASESREMAINATHOMEINPARTICULAR,ASACOSTREDUCINGSTRATEGY,ALARGEAMOUNTOFINTERMEDI
41、ATEOPERATIONSAREDELOCALIZED,WHILEASSEMBLINGOPERATIONSAREKEPTDOMESTICALLYINORDERTOENSUREQUALITYSTANDARDSANDPRESERVE“MADEINSPAIN”BYDELOCALIZINGTHOSEINTENSIVELABORPHASES,FIRMSLOCATEDINBOTHDISTRICTSBECOMEMORECOMPETITIVEANDRELEASERESOURCESTODEVOLVEKEYACTIVITIESCONSEQUENTLY,FIRMSINBOTHDISTRICTSKEEPTIGHTLY
42、LINKEDTOTHEIRLOCALENVIRONMENTINITIALLYHOWEVER,THEYINCREASINGLYDEVELOPNONLOCALOPERATIONSNATIONALORINTERNATIONALTHATPROGRESSIVELYWEAKENTHEIRINTERACTIONANDCOLLABORATIONWITHINTHEREGIONATAGGREGATELEVEL,THEDISTRICTSEXTENDTHEIRGEOGRAPHICALSPREADBYBUILDINGUPINTERNATIONALSUPPLYCHAINSWHILENARROWINGTHEIRSPECIA
43、LIZATIONATHOMEINTHELONGTERM,THISSTRATEGYWILLDETERIORATETHEWEBOFLINKAGESWHICHISINTHEROOTSOFTHEINDUSTRIALDISTRICTSECOND,MIDLOWPRICEDPRODUCERSLOCATEDINLARIOJAANDVINALOPODISTRICTSFACETHEHARDESTCOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTHOWEVER,MARKEDDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEMEXISTINHOWTHEFOOTWEARSECTORINBOTHDISTRICTSREACTEDTOIN
44、CREASEDCOMPETITIONINLARIOJA,ADAPTATIONISBASEDONIMPROVINGDESIGNANDQUALITYMOREEXPENSIVEINPUTSAREIMPORTED,WHILEIMPORTSOFFINISHEDSHOESHAVENOTINCREASEDINTHESAMERATEASACONSEQUENCE,ANIMPORTANTAMOUNTOFPRODUCTIONPROCESSESARESTILLBEINGDEVELOPEDLOCALLYBYCONTRAST,INTHEVINALOPODISTRICTSTRUCTURALCHANGESINTHISLOWS
45、EGMENTHAPPENEDINFAVOROFIMPORTEDFINISHEDSHOESWITHLOWVALUEADDEDBYLOCALFIRMSAND/ORMASSIVEDELOCALIZATIONOFPRODUCTIONACTIVITIES,REDUCINGTHESURVIVINGEXPECTATIVEOFTHEDISTRICTINADDITIONTOTHETRENDSPREVIOUSLYDOCUMENTED,SOMEOTHERFACTSSHOULDBEUNDOUBTEDLYMENTIONEDFIRSTLY,THECONCENTRATIONOFDISTRIBUTIONINSPAINANDE
46、UROPEASAWHOLEHASINCREASEDTHEBARGAININGPOWEROFMEDIUMANDLARGEFASHIONCHAINS,ANDLEDTOCONSIDERABLEPRESSUREONPRICESANDMARGINSTHISTRENDHASIMPACTEDONTHEPROFITABILITYOFSOMEFIRMSMAINLYLOCATEDINTHEVINALOPODISTRICTTHATWEREALREADYSTRESSEDBYTHEGROWINGCOSTOFSOMEKEYRESOURCESSECONDLY,THEINCREASINGWEIGHTOFLARGEFASHIO
47、NGROUPSANDBRANDSINTHEDYNAMICSOFTHEINDUSTRYITCANALSOBESEENFROMTHEPOLICYOFLEADINGBRANDSTOSUPPORTTHEIRMAINCLOTHINGLINEBYASHOESANDACCESSORIESLINEBEARINGTHEIRNAMESTARTINGFROM1995,SPANISHFASHIONGROUPSLIKEZARA,MANGO,ADOLFODOMINGUEZ,PURIFICACIONGARCIA,CARAMELOORCORTEFIELHAVEHUGELYEXPANDEDTHISOFFERBYUSINGLOC
48、ALPRODUCTIVECAPACITYASDESCRIBEDBYPAROLIANDVISCONTI2003,THERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENFASHIONGROUPSANDMANUFACTURERSUSUALLYFALLINTOONEOFTHEFOLLOWINGCATEGORIESAJUSTAFEWOFTHEBESTKNOWNBRANDSHAVEOPTEDFORACQUISITIONANDDIRECTPRODUCTIONBOTHERIMPORTANTBRANDSDEVELOPMINICOLLECTIONSPRODUCEDBYMANUFACTURERSTHATDONOTGRANT
49、ALICENSECBRANDSOFMEDIUMIMPORTANCEGRANTLICENSESTOCOMPANIESTHATAREOFTENTHELICENSEESOFMULTIPLEBRANDSINOUROPINION,SOMEDIFFERENCESEMERGEINTHESPANISHCASETHEWELLKNOWNITALIANBUTALSOFRENCH,GERMANANDAMERICANFASHIONBRANDSANDLUXURYGROUPSINITIALLYMADEUSEOFLICENSINGANDAFTERACQUIREDTHEIRMAINLYITALIANLICENSEESINORDERTOPREVENTTHERISKOFLOSINGACCESSTOSUPPLIESFROMTHETOPRANGEPRODUCERSPAROLISPAVENTA萨维奥洛泰斯塔，2000）。针对这些重要改革，本文的目的是将传统的工业区的做法进行整合，并且集中分析了当地的竞争优势与全球价值链，如设计，生产和销售的时候，将设在不同地区和国家（GEREFI，1994年开普林斯基，1998年）。这三个主要目标努力实现两个方法的结合。首先是提供一个合理的详细制鞋业的某些方面的经验说明,分析了西班牙最重要的工业区。二是探讨西班牙工业区在面对全球化进程中存在的一些分歧及如何进行处理
