1、1,“输出驱动假设”与课程教学创新,中国外语教育研究中心文秋芳,全国高校大学英语教学发展学术研讨会2013.4.20-21,2,发言提纲,“输出驱动”的解释及其理据“输出驱动”的课程体系“输出驱动”的教学方法“输出驱动”的教学案例总结,3,1.1 对“输出驱动”的解释,2008年外语界第2期 2-9页输出驱动假设与英语专业技能课程改革对“输出假设”有了进一步思考输入与输出的辩证关系输入与输出在学习不同阶段的作用对大学英语教学现状的思考,4,1.1 对“输出驱动”的解释,假设所针对的人群中级外语学习者中高级外语学习者高级英语学习者不适合初级学习者假设的基本理念输出是目标,又是手段以输出驱动,既能
2、够促进产出能力的提高,又能够改进吸收输入的效率,5,1.1 对“输出驱动”的解释,经济学术语:以需求促供给,6,课程论的三个依据,1.2提出“输出驱动”的理论依据,学生需求社会需求学科需求,学生发展的需求 社会发展的需求 学科发展的需求,7,1.2 “输出驱动”的理论依据,8,学生需求学业需求心理需求,1.2提出“输出驱动”的理论依据,9,学业需求,2013年入校大学生全部接受了新课标训练课程目标全面课型多样化课程要求高,10,新课标的三维度目标,认知维度,情感与价值维度,方法维度,这表明中学英语的教学遵循的是“全人教育”思想,同时突出课程的工具性与人文性。,11,新课标课程体系的特点,7级,
3、8级,9级,课型多样化,12,高中阶段,语言要求高单词3300,短语400-50024个话题66个功能概念项目每个单元;听说读写都有要求比原大纲增加了8个话题、23个功能概念项目和1500个词汇,13,新课标实施成效的基本估计,全国高中生的平均英语水平有了明显提高全国发展极不平衡,差异很大,不能盲目乐观大学入学的新生中大约有10%-15%英语水平 比较好不少学生反应大学英语教学不如中学英语教学大学英语教学必须改革创新,14,学生需求心理需求成人学习:问题驱动;目标驱动中高级学习者需要有“饥饿感” 、“新鲜感”、“挑战感”,1.2 提出“输出驱动”的理论依据,15,表达性知识,接受性知识,表达性
4、知识,接受性知识,16,1.2 “输出驱动”的理论依据,17,1.2 “输出驱动”的理论依据,问题一在职场中人们以何种英语技能(听、读、说、写、译)完成工作任务?,外资公司雇员政府公务员媒体工作者教师律师医生工程师会计师旅馆、饭店工作人员驻外人员.,18,1.2 “输出驱动”的理论依据,在职场上体现英语交际成效的终结手段是说、写、译的能力,而不是听和读。,19,1.2 “输出驱动”的理论依据,20,学科需求,二语习得理论的发展从输入假设(Krashen, 1985)到输出假设(Swain, 1985)上个世纪90年代中期二语习得的社会转向(Ortego, 2011: 167),21,从输入假设
5、到输出假设,1. 提高注意程度,2. 检验假设、反思元 语言功能,3. 提高流利度与自动 化程度,二语习得过程中输出的作用(Izumi 2003:188),二语习得的社会转向,认知派强调二语习得研究的是acquisition/learning,而不是language use社会文化派认为二语学习应该是学用一体,边学边用,边用边学,学中用,用中学社会文化派认为二语学习的过程需要collective scaffolding,1.2 “输出驱动”的理论依据,理据总结新入校的大学生要求大学英语教学要与高中衔接,同时要有所不同从未来就业的需要,大学生急需要培养产出能力中高级学习者需要用产出促输入,需要边
6、用边学,24,发言提纲,“输出驱动”的解释及其理据“输出驱动”的课程体系“输出驱动”的教学方法“输出驱动”的教学案例总结,25,2. 输出驱动的新课程体系,ESP,EGP,从课程视角看英语课程的教学内容和教学目标,2. 输出驱动的新课程体系,2. 输出驱动的新课程体系,一般级,一般级,较高级,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,通用英语(EGP),学术英语(EAP),较高级,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,从院系的角度,每个系至少在一、二年级开设出32种类型的课程,思考题一是否每个大学生都必须学习学术英
7、语?大学生是否有权选择学习EGP or EAP, or EGP and EAP?大学生是否有权选择学习说、写、译技能的不同组合?,有多少大学毕业生将来要从事学术研究?,考研年份,报考人数,录取人数,本科毕业生人数,2011年,2010年,2009年,151.2,140.6,124.6,56,53.8,51,279.6,2010国家减少学术型硕士3.8万名,增加专业型硕士3.8万名,并且计划往后几年继续减少学术型硕士名额用以增加全日制专业型硕士。教育部计划往后几年逐渐达到全日制专业型和全日制学术型硕士比例为7:3。,260,245.5,比例,1:5,1:5,1:5,不同学校的比例应该不同,例如9
8、85、211学校的比例应该高得多,因此各校的课程体系应该有差异。,大学生对未来的就业期待不同EGP的学习并不比EAP容易学生可选择不同的组合,例如:EGP一般,EGP较高,EAP一般,EAP较高EGP较高,EAP一般,EAP较高EGP一般,EGP较高,EAP一般EGP一般,EAP一般EGP较高,EAP较高EAP一般,EAP较高,大学生是否有权选择EGP or EAP?,社会各行各业对英语技能的需求多元化 欧洲语言共同参考框架提出部分能力的概念破除了外语学习上“全能型超人”的神话不必为听说读写能力发展不平衡而羞愧(傅荣,2009),3.大学生是否有权选择说、写、译?,2. 输出驱动的新课程体系,
9、一般级,一般级,较高级,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,通用英语(EGP),学术英语(EAP),较高级,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,2. 输出驱动的新课程体系,一般级,一般级,较高级,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,通用英语(EGP),学术英语(EAP),较高级,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,口头表达,笔头表达,口译,笔译,34,发言提纲,“输出驱动”的解释及其理据“输出驱动”的课程体系“输出驱动”的教学方法“输出驱动”的教学案例
10、总结,3. “输出驱动”教学法,综合技能法教师辅导渐减法,3.1 综合技能法,综合技能多种技能叠加,听英文报告后,向同事传达,在外资公司,代表小组向领导汇报项目进展,3.1 综合技能法,采用综合技能法的理据语言在职场上的综合运用技能综合对语言学习的促进,38,3.1 综合技能教学活动举例,口头表达,复述故事,教学活动,边听故事,边记要点,练习后复述,学生活动,传达报告,边听报告,边记要点,练习后口头传达,复述新闻,主题演讲,边看录像,边记录,练习后复述,查询相关文献阅读,写出要点,口头报告,召开迎新会,查询相关文献阅读,写出要点,口头演讲,辩论/讨论,查询相关文献阅读,写文字稿,参加辩论,39
11、,3.1 综合技能教学活动举例,全面实施“综合技能教学法”: 笔头表达,读故事写梗概,教学活动,读故事,列出主要情节,撰写故事梗概,学生活动,边听故事,边记要点,依据笔记写梗概,读文件写小结,听报告写小结,阅读文件,标出要点,撰写报告小结,边听边记,依据记录撰写报告小结,写案情分析,读侦探小说,记录重要线索,写案情分析,写案例分析,阅读商务/法律案件,撰写案例分析,听故事写梗概,40,3.1 综合技能教学活动举例,全面实施“综合技能教学法”: 口译(交传),口译大会发言稿,教学活动,根据文字稿进行书面翻译,然后边听边译,学生活动,边听、边记,后翻译(中英互译),口译谈判,一般外事接待,边听、边
12、记,后翻译(中英互译),边听、边记,后译(中英互译),口译大会提问,41,3.1 综合技能教学活动举例,全面实施“综合技能教学法”: 笔译(编译),科技产品,教学活动,阅读理解原文,再进行翻译,学生活动,阅读理解原文,再进行翻译,外刊新闻,旅游景点介绍,阅读外刊原文,然后进行编译,阅读相关材料,进行编译,文学作品章节,为电视节目主持人撰写发言稿,听、读相关材料,再进行编译(如国际时讯),3. “输出驱动”教学法,综合技能法教师辅助渐减法,3.2 教师辅导渐减法,理论依据维果斯基的“社会文化理论”最近发展区(the Zone of proximal development)脚手架(Scaffol
13、ding),Fig. 1 Conceptual model of scaffolding(van de Pol,et al. 2010: 274),3.2 教师辅助渐减法,目前教学中存在的问题擅长于阅读教学,但有时帮助过多对学生表达技能的培养,缺少帮助,更谈不上有意识地逐步减少帮助,3.2 教师辅助渐减法,Teaching testingTeaching = provide scaffolding at the right time and in the right mannerScaffoldingUnderstand the learners current level and his/h
14、er potential level (了解学情)Take the measures to push the learner to reach his/her potential level (想方设法挖掘学生潜力)Reduce the teachers help gradually so that the learner will become autonomous gradually (逐步放手,逐步提高学生学习的自主性),3.2 教师辅助渐减法,Criteria for scaffolding1.从教到评估学生表现一定要有教的过程低层次要求:有清晰的教学步骤高层次要求:有针对学生困难所提
15、供的帮助2.要根据学生的表现,有意识地逐步减少帮助,在这样的流程中,教师提供的帮助体现在何处?这算是teaching,还是testing?,可能出现的问题 报告人语音语调差 报告内容混乱 听众不认真听或听不懂 听众评价不到位 教师做不出细致点评,口头报告,3.2 教师辅助渐减法举例,50,发言提纲,“输出驱动”的解释及其理据“输出驱动”的课程体系“输出驱动”的教学方法“输出驱动”的教学案例总结,51,3. “输出驱动”的教学案例,EGP一般级:口头表达新标准综合教程第1课Active Reading One: Diary of a fresher一般教学程序:Warm-up: predicti
16、ng, or asking questions related to their personal experiencesSkimming and scanningExplain the meaning of some phrases or expressions.学生反应,Diary of a fresher:口头表达,Teaching objectivesAble to talk about students university life including living conditions, library facilities, dining service, courses, s
17、tudy habits, after-class activities, roommates and classmates, teachers, etc. Able to talk about students feelings about their university lifeAble to compare Chinese freshers life with those in other countries,Create a situation where the activity you designed has genuine communicative valuesSuppose
18、 a group of freshers from the University of Oxford who will come to visit your university. Theyd very much like to know your university life as freshmen and you are also eager to know their life experience. They will come next Friday. In order to have effective communication, you must have a good pr
19、eparation for your speech.You will hold a meeting at which some of you will play the role of oxford university students and some of you will be Chinese students. You will draw the lots at the meeting to decide what kind of role each of you will play.,Diary of a fresher:口头表达,Preparation for the meeti
20、ng: three phrasesTalk about the authors lifeTalk about the Chinese students lifeMake a comparison between the authors life and the Chinese students own lifeHolding a meeting(Who will play what kind of role will be decided only one day in advance),Diary of a fresher:口头表达,Diary of a fresher:口头表达,Step
21、1: Divide the students into six groups,Step 2: Give students a chart and ask them to answer the questions individually,Diary of a fresher:口头表达,Sunday,Where,What,How (feel),With whom,Comments,Diary of a fresher:口头表达,Step 3: Check with your group members,Diary of a fresher:口头表达,Step 4: exchange your i
22、nformation with the members from the other group. While listening, they take notes,Step 5: Read the whole text and see whether the information they got from their students is right or wrong.Step 6: The students answer the questions raised by the teacher,Diary of a fresher:口头表达,60,发言提纲,“输出驱动”的解释及其理据“
23、输出驱动”的课程体系“输出驱动”的教学方法“输出驱动”的教学案例总结,61,总结,什么是“输出驱动假设”?该假设的理据是什么?输出驱动假设的课程体系是什么?输出驱动假设的教学方法是什么?最后给出了一个案例,62,谢谢大家!,4. “输出驱动”教学案例,口头表达模块Academic English for social sciencesUnit I Decision-making behaviors in Economic activitiesText A: How people make decisions教学目标:AblThe principle for people to make dec
24、isions in a market: If and only if the marginal benefit of an action exceeds the marginal cost.Public policy makers change the costs or benefits that people face by setting up a new policy which is believed to produce incentives that can induce a person to act in an expected way.,4. “输出驱动”的教学法,Ask t
25、he students to explain the following puzzling economic phenomenon:Rice is more essential than gold for ones life. Why are people willing to pay much more for gold than rice?,Arouse interest,Notice the gap,Get input,Produce output,67,3. “输出驱动”的新课程体系,基于EGP课文系列以新标准综合课第1课为例 Active Reading One: Diary of
26、a fresher Reading across cultures: Settling down at college around the world笔头表达模块(听-写; 读-写; 说-写)Activity one: Describe an oxford fresher experience in English and share it with your pen pal in other countries Activity two: Write one weeks diary and send to your pen pal,68,3. “输出驱动”的新课程体系,基于EGP课文系列以
27、新标准综合课第1课为例 Active Reading One: Diary of a fresher Reading across cultures: Settling down at college around the world笔头表达模块(读-说/听-说) 2. Comparison activityDo you think Chinese university freshmen behave in the same way as university students in other countries?What kind of unique features might you
28、have?Activity 1: Compare you with an Oxford university fresher.How does an Oxford university fresher behave at the beginning of his/her university life?What to be compared?How to compare?,69,3. “输出驱动”的新课程体系,基于EGP课文系列以新标准综合课第1课为例 Active Reading One: Diary of a fresher Reading across cultures: Settlin
29、g down at college around the world口译模块(听-译:英译中或中译英)Situation: A group of university freshmen from differentCountries come to visit China and exchange their experience of university life at a meeting. You are asked to be an interpreter for those participants whose English is not good.,70,3. “输出驱动”的新课
30、程体系,基于EGP课文系列课程以新标准综合课第1课为例 Active Reading One: Diary of a fresher Reading across cultures: Settling down at college around the world笔译模块(读-译:英译中或中译英)Situation: you are asked to write a short article for a Chinese journal introducing the life of the university freshmen from other countries.学习:翻译和编译,
31、71,3. “输出驱动”的新课程体系,基于日常交际任务的系列课程口头表达模块(任务)任务1: Organize an orientation program for incoming international studentsYour students are asked to give a talk to a group of international students who have just come to study Chinese in your universityHigh school graduates from Britain, first time to go abroadA brief introduction to your university Advice on daily life and after-class activities Advice on academic studies Supplementary reading materials Search the relevant materials from the internet,