1、 2010 年考研英语真题及解析 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题 Section Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered bland and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments a
2、t a telephone parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 1 workers productivity. Indeed, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the Hawthorne effect the extremely influential idea the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects b
3、ehavior. The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments their hourly out put rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that the
4、y were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers behavior 10 itself. After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were rel
5、ated to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happened 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the n
6、ext couple of days 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effe
7、ct is hard to pin down. 1.A affected B achieved C extracted D restored 2.A at B up C with Doff 3.A truth B sight C act D proof 4.A controversial B perplexing C mischieous D ambiguous 5.A requirements B explanations C accounts D assessments 6.A conclude B matter C indicate D work 7.Aas far as B for f
8、ear that C in case that D so long as 8.A awareness B expectation C sentiment D illusion 9.A suitable B excessive C enough D abundant 10.A about B for C on D by 11.A compared B shown C subjected D conveyed 12.A contrary to B consistent with C parallel with D pealiar to 13.A evidence B guidance C impl
9、ication D source 14.A disputable B enlightening C reliable D misleading 15.A In contrast B For example C In consequence D As usual 16.Aduty B accidentally C unpredictably D suddenly 17.Afailed B ceased C started D continued 18.A BCD 19.ABCD 20.A breaking B climbing C surpassing D hiting Section Read
10、ing Comprehension Part A Directions: Reading the following four texts, answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points) Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. A received one
11、 for its one-click online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box. Now the nations top patent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would
12、 use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a very big deal, says DennisD Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents. Curbs on business-method claims would b
13、e a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by
14、emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing th
15、at it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The
16、Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should
17、reconsider its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for inventi
18、ons that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are reacting to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court, says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited
19、value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their granting D the controversy over authorization 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? A Its rulling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has b
20、een dismissed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the legal practices in the U.S. 28. The word about-face (Line 1,Para 3) most probably means A loss of good will B increase of hostility C change of attitude D enhancement of disnity 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method pa
21、tents A are immune to legal challenges B are of ten unnecessarily issued C lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? A A looming threat to business-method patents B Protection for business-method patent holders
22、C A legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing tread against business-method patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm aladuell alques that social epidemics are dliven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who a
23、re unusually informed, persuasive, or we connect. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory called the tow-step flow of communication. Information allows f
24、rom the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected
25、popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that
26、influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required of all. The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primari
27、ly a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influcenciny t
28、heir friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with initial influen
29、tial. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manip
30、ulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendencies to be. 31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to A analyze the consequences of social epidemics B discuss influentials function in spreading ideas C exemplify peoples intuitive re
31、sponse to social epidemics D describe the essential characteristics of influentials 32. The author suggests that the two-step-flow theory A serves as a solution to marketing problems B has helped explain certain prevalent trends C has won support from influentials D requires solid evidence for its v
32、alidity 33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that A the power of influence goes with social interactions B interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media C influentials have more channels to reach the public D most celebrities enjoy wide media attention 34. The underlined phr
33、ase these people in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who A stay outside the network of social influence B have little contact with the source of influence C are influenced and then influence others D are influenced by the initial influential 35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social
34、influence? A The eagerness to be accepted B The impulse to influence others C The readiness to be influenced D The inclination to rely on others Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else; the accounting stan
35、dard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair. These rules say they must valve some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks lobbying now seems to b
36、e working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encoun
37、ter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexib ility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASBs chairman, cried out
38、 against those who question our motives. Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls the use of judgment by management. European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to a
39、ct without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real world and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
40、 It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks shar
41、es trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and
42、 dealt with. Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example,
43、 against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions. 36. Bankers complained that they were forced to A follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules B collect payments from third parties C cooperate with the price managers D reev
44、aluate some of their assets 37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in A the diminishing role of management B the revival of the banking system C the banks long-term asset losses D the weakening of its independence 38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IA
45、SBs attempt to A keep away from political influences. B evade the pressure from their peers. C act on their own in rule-setting. D take gradual measures in reform. 39. The author thinks the bank were on the wrong planet in that they A misinterpreted market price indicators B exaggerated the real val
46、ue of their assets. C neglected the likely existence of bad debts. D denied booking losses in their sale of assets. 40. The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one of A satisfaction B skepticism C objectiveness D sympathy Part B Directions: For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable para
47、graphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxed to from a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) AThe first and more important is the consumers growing preferenc
48、e for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than hours has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption on 1995 to 35% in 2000 and is expected to approach 38% by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5% a year as the recession is looming la
