历史:1.MarshallVF:Fiberopticsinurology.JUrol1964;91:110.2.TakagiT:Smallcaliberfiberscopeforvisualizationoftheurinarytract,biliarytract,andspinalcanal.Surgery1968;64:1933.3.TakagiT:Fiberopticpyeloureteroscope.Surgery1971;70:661.4.GoodmanTM:Ureteroscopywithpediatriccystoscopeinadults.Urology1977;9:394.5.Perez-CastroE:Transurethralureteroscopy-acurrenturologicalprocedure.ArchEspUrol1980;33:445.,输尿管肾镜安全使用的基础:1.了解上尿路的解剖2.了解所使用设备的性能3.掌握输尿管肾镜的适应症4.了解输尿管肾镜的并发症和治疗方法,上尿路解剖:肾脏输尿管:长度:右2834cm(2530cm)左比右侧短1cm