1、I（20_届）本科毕业设计英语从礼貌原则看体态语在交际中的应用ONBODYLANGUAGEINCOMMUNICATIONONTHEBASISOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEII摘要礼貌作为重要的语用概念一直引起各国研究学者的兴趣和关注，这一领域的研究成果有很多，其中尤以BROWN和LEVINSON在1978年提出的面子和礼貌的理论框架和LEECH的礼貌原则最具代表性和权威性。但是，目前存在的礼貌原则和策略都是构建于语言阶层，而忽视了非言语交际在人际交流中的重要的礼貌功能。然而，言语行为和非言语行为是构成交际行为的两个组成部分，二者是互相依存，互相作用，不可分割。因此，对非言语行为的面
2、子理论和礼貌原则进行研究具有重要的价值和意义。本项研究正是基于这一想法。由于非言语交际涵盖的内容范围广泛，本文仅重点探讨身势语在日常生活中呈现的面子和礼貌作用。关键词体态语；面子理论；礼貌原则IIIABSTRACTPOLITENESSISARESEARCHAREATHATHASATTRACTEDAWORLDWIDEINTERESTRESEARCHERSFROMDIFFERENTCULTURESHAVEGOTMANYACHIEVEMENTS,AMONGWHICHBROWNANDLEVINSONSFACEANDPOLITENESSFRAMEWORKANDLEECHSPOLITENESSPRINCI
3、PLEISWIDELYACCEPTEDASAUTHORITATIVEBUTALLTHEEXISTINGTHEORIESANDSTRATEGIESOFPOLITENESS,INCLUDINGBROWNANDLEVINSONSANDLEECHS,ARECONSTRUCTEDATTHELINGUISTICLEVEL,WITHNOCONSIDERATIONOFNONVERBALBEHAVIORSHOWEVER,LANGUAGEANDNONVERBALBEHAVIORAREINTEGRATEDINHUMANCOMMUNICATIONSASTUDYOFFACETHEORYANDPOLITENESSPRIN
4、CIPLEINNONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONISOFVALUEANDIMPORTANCENONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONCOVERSAWIDESCOPETHISSTUDYFOCUSESONHOWFACETHEORYANDPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEFUNCTIONSINBODYLANGUAGEKEYWORDSBODYLANGUAGEFACETHEORYPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEIVCONTENTSABSTRACTIII1INTRODUCTION12LITERATUREREVIEW221POLITENESSPRINCIPLE222BROWNANDL
5、EVINSONSFACETHEORY43ANALYZINGTHREEFORMSOFBODYLANGUAGEINCOMMUNICATION531SPACEDISTANCE5311THEINTIMATEZONE6312THEPERSONALZONE7313THESOCIALZONE8314THEPUBLICZONE9315SUMMARY1032HANDSHAKINGACASESTUDY1033ARMSACASESTUDY114CONCLUSION12BIBLIOGRAPHY13ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1311INTRODUCTIONCOMMUNICATIONISIMPORTANT,BUTW
6、ITHOUTIT,HUMANLIFEWOULDBENONEXISTENTTHEAUTHORBELIEVESGOODCOMMUNICATIONISTHEKEYTOAGOODRELATIONSHIPIFWECOMMUNICATEWELLWITHTHEPEOPLEINOURLIVES,WEAREABLETOBETTERUNDERSTANDWHATTHEPEOPLEAROUNDUSWANT,NEED,EXPECTOFUS,ANDWHATTHEYAREABLETODOANDLIKEWISE,THEYWILLUNDERSTANDWHATWEWANT,NEED,ETCTHISINCLUDESNOTJUSTT
7、HEPEOPLEWELIVEWITH,BUTDOCTORS,SERVICEPROVIDERSOFMANYKINDSTHELISTISENDLESSWEHAVETOBEABLETOCOMMUNICATEONAPERSONALLEVEL,BOTHVERBALANDNONVERBALVERBALCOMMUNICATIONISONEWAYFORPEOPLETOCOMMUNICATEFACETOFACESOMEOFTHEKEYCOMPONENTSOFVERBALCOMMUNICATIONARESOUND,WORDS,SPEAKING,ANDLANGUAGENONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONDE
8、SCRIBESTHEPROCESSOFCONVEYINGMEANINGINTHEFORMOFNONWORDMESSAGESRESEARCHSHOWSTHATTHEMAJORITYOFOURCOMMUNICATIONISNONVERBAL,ALSOKNOWNASBODYLANGUAGEBODYLANGUAGEISAFORMOFNONVERBALCOMMUNICATION,WHICHCONSISTSOFBODYPOSTURE,GESTURES,FACIALEXPRESSIONS,ANDEYEMOVEMENTSHUMANSSENDANDINTERPRETSUCHSIGNALSALMOSTENTIRE
9、LYSUBCONSCIOUSLYWHENWECONNECTWITHAPERSON,WEALSOHAVETOMAKEITCLEARTOEACHOTHERHOWTHECONTENTOFASPOKENMESSAGENEEDSTOBEINTERPRETEDHOWWEDOTHISSAYSSOMETHINGABOUTTHERELATIONSHIPWEHAVEWITHTHEOTHERPERSON,ORTHINKWEHAVEANYWAYOFTENWORDSAREINADEQUATEFORTHISPURPOSEFORINSTANCEWEDONOTTELLEACHOTHERTHATEASILYHOWWEFEELA
10、BOUTEACHOTHER,ORHOWTHEWORDSOFAMESSAGENEEDTOBEINTERPRETEDTOMAKETHEMEANINGOFOURWORDSCLEARWEUSEBODYLANGUAGEWEUSEBODYLANGUAGEALLTHETIME,FORINSTANCELOOKINGSOMEONEINTHEEYESMEANSSOMETHINGDIFFERENTTHANNOTLOOKINGSOMEONEINTHEEYESINCONTACTWITHOTHERSITISJUSTNOTPOSSIBLETOBENOTCOMMUNICATINGSOMETHINGSO,BODYLANGUAG
11、EISVERYIMPORTANTINCOMMUNICATIONTHEREARESOMECASESAMONGOURLIFESOMEONEWHOHASASOFTORLIMPHANDSHAKEESPECIALLYAMANISLIKELYTOBEACCUSEDOFHAVINGAWEAKCHARACTERANDTHENEXTCHAPTERONHANDSHAKETECHNIQUESWILLEXPLORETHEREASONBEHINDTHISBUTIFSOMEONEHASARTHRITISINTHEIRHANDSITISLIKELYTHATTHEYWILLALSOUSEASOFTHANDSHAKETOAVO
12、IDTHEPAINOFASTRONGONESIMILARLY,ARTISTS,MUSICIANS,SURGEONSANDTHOSEWHOSEOCCUPATIONAREDELICATEANDINVOLVEUSEOFTHEIRHANDSGENERALLYPREFERNOTTOSHAKEHANDS,BUT,IFTHEYAREFORCEDINTOIT,THEYMAYUSEADEADFISHHANDSHAKETOPROTECTTHEIRHANDSANDIFYOUDONOTKNOW,YOUMAYTHINKTHEYAREARROGANT,NOTGREGARIOUS,YOUDONOTHAVEENOUGHCOU
13、RTESYANDRESPECTCLEARLY,ITISAMISUNDERSTANDINGTHISTHESIS,TAKINGPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEANDTHEFACETHEORYASAFOUNDATION,FOCUSESONTHEBODYLANGUAGESAPPLICATIONINCOMMUNICATION22LITERATUREREVIEW21POLITENESSPRINCIPLEHPGRICEPROPOSESTHATTALKINGISPURPOSIVEANDRATIONALBEHAVIORANDTHISISMADEPOSSIBLETHROUGHTHECOOPERATIVEPR
14、INCIPLES“MAKEYOURCONVERSATIONALCONTRIBUTIONSUCHASISREQUIRED,ATTHESTAGEATWHICHITOCCURS,BYTHEACCEPTEDPURPOSEOFDIRECTIONOFTHETALKEXCHANGEINWHICHYOUAREENGAGE”1975AND,HEARGUESTHATSPEAKERSPAYATTENTIONTOQUANTITY,TRANSMITTINGTHEPROPERAMOUNTOFINFORMATION,NOTMOREORLESSTHANREQUIREDQUALITY,SAYINGONLYWHATYOUBELI
15、EVETOBETRUERELEVANCE,SAYINGONLYWHATISGERMANETOTHESITUATIONANDMANNER,AVOIDINGOBSCURITYOFEXPRESSION,AVOIDINGAMBIGUITY,BEINGBRIEF,ANDBEINGORDERLYINGENERAL,INTERLOCUTORSCOMPLYWITHTHESEPRINCIPLESINORDERTOSMOOTHTHECOMMUNICATION,BUTSOMETIMESTHEYBREAKTHEMANDPOLITENESSISSEENASAREASONFORTHATINTHISSITUATION,ON
16、EMAYNOTFOLLOWTHEMAXIMOFRELEVANCEORSAYMORETHANWHATISREQUIREDTOCONVEYLINGUISTICPOLITENESSBASINGONTHEOBSERVATIONOFTHISPHENOMENON,LAKOFF1977SUGGESTSTHATTHEREARETWOBASICPRAGMATICRULESTHATSPEAKERSFOLLOWINGCOMMUNICATION1BECLEAR2BEPOLITE“BECLEAR”ISTHEOBSERVATIONOFGRICESMAXIMSINCONVERSATION,WHILE“BEPOLITE”IS
17、INSERVICEOFTHEHIGHERGOALINCOMMUNICATIONTOFULFILLTHESOCIALFUNCTIONOFLANGUAGEAND,ITCONSISTSTHREERULESOFPOLITENESS1DONTIMPOSE2GIVEOPTIONS3BEFRIENDLYTHERULEOF“DONTIMPOSE”GIVESTHEFEELINGOFBEINGDISTANTTHERULEOF“GIVEOPTIONS”SHOWSDEFERENCETOTHEHEARER,ANDTHERULEOF“BEFRIENDLY”CREATESCAMARADERIEBETWEENTHESPEAK
18、ERANDTHEHEARERFORLEECH,POLITENESSPROVIDESAMISSINGLINKBETWEENTHEGRICESCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEANDTHEPROBLEMOFHOWTORELATESENSETOTHEEFFECTOFASPEECHACTFROMASOCIOPSYCHOLOGICALPERSPECTIVE,LEECH1983PUTSFORWARDTHEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLE,WHICHISMADEUPOFMAXIMSOFTACT,GENEROSITY,APPROBATION,MODESTY,AGREEMENT,ANDSYMPATH
19、Y1TACTMAXIMTHETACTMAXIMSTATES“MINIMIZETHEEXPRESSIONOFBELIEFSWHICHIMPLYCOSTTOOTHERMAXIMIZETHEEXPRESSIONOFBELIEFSWHICHIMPLYBENEFITTOOTHER”THEFIRSTPARTOFTHISMAXIMFITSINWITHBROWNANDLEVINSONSNEGATIVEPOLITENESSSTRATEGYOFMINIMIZINGTHEIMPOSITION,ANDTHESECONDPARTREFLECTSTHEPOSITIVEPOLITENESSSTRATEGYOFATTENDI
20、NGTOTHEHEARERSINTERESTS,WANTS,ANDNEEDSFOREXAMPLECOULDIINTERRUPTYOUFORASECOND2GENEROSITYMAXIMLEECHSGENEROSITYMAXIMSTATES“MINIMIZETHEEXPRESSIONOFBELIEFSTHATEXPRESSORIMPLYBENEFITTOSELFMAXIMIZETHEEXPRESSIONOFBELIEFSTHATEXPRESSORIMPLYCOSTTOSELF”UNLIKETHETACTMAXIM,THEMAXIMOFGENEROSITYFOCUSESONTHESPEAKER,A
21、NDSAYSTHATOTHERSSHOULDBEPUTFIRSTINSTEADOFTHESELFFOREXAMPLEYOURELAXANDLETMEDOTHEDISHES3YOUMUSTCOMEANDHAVEDINNERWITHUS3APPROBATIONMAXIM“MINIMIZETHEEXPRESSIONOFBELIEFSWHICHEXPRESSDISPRAISEOFOTHERMAXIMIZETHEEXPRESSIONOFBELIEFSWHICHEXPRESSAPPROVALOFOTHER”ITISPREFERREDTOPRAISEOTHERSANDIFTHISISIMPOSSIBLE,T
22、OSIDESTEPTHEISSUE,TOGIVESOMESORTOFMINIMALRESPONSEPOSSIBLYTHROUGHTHEUSEOFEUPHEMISMS,ORTOREMAINSILENTTHEFIRSTPARTOFTHEMAXIMAVOIDSDISAGREEMENTTHESECONDPARTINTENDSTOMAKEOTHERPEOPLEFEELGOODBYSHOWINGSOLIDARITYFOREXAMPLEIHEARDYOUSINGINGATTHEKARAOKELASTNIGHTITSOUNDEDLIKEYOUWEREENJOYINGYOURSELFGIDEON,IKNOWYO
23、UREAGENIUSWOULDYOUKNOWHOWTOSOLVETHISMATHPROBLEMHERE4MODESTYMAXIM“MINIMIZEPRAISEOFSPEAKERMAXIMIZEDISPRAISEOFSPEAKER”FOREXAMPLEOH,IMSOSTUPIDIDIDNTMAKEANOTEOFOURLECTUREDIDYOU5AGREEMENTMAXIM“MINIMIZETHEEXPRESSIONOFDISAGREEMENTBETWEENSELFANDOTHERMAXIMIZETHEEXPRESSIONOFAGREEMENTBETWEENSELFANDOTHER”ITISINL
24、INEWITHBROWNANDLEVINSONSPOSITIVEPOLITENESSSTRATEGIESOFSEEKAGREEMENTANDAVOIDDISAGREEMENT,TOWHICHTHEYATTACHGREATIMPORTANCEHOWEVER,ITISNOTBEINGCLAIMEDTHATPEOPLETOTALLYAVOIDDISAGREEMENTITISSIMPLYOBSERVEDTHATTHEYAREMUCHMOREDIRECTINEXPRESSINGAGREEMENT,RATHERTHANDISAGREEMENTFOREXAMPLEAIDONTWANTMYDAUGHTERTO
25、DOTHIS,IWANTHERTODOTHATBYES,BUTMAAM,ITHOUGHTWERESOLVEDTHISALREADYONYOURLASTVISIT6SYMPATHYMAXIM“MINIMIZEANTIPATHYBETWEENSELFANDOTHERMAXIMIZESYMPATHYBETWEENSELFANDOTHER”THISINCLUDESASMALLGROUPOFSPEECHACTSSUCHASCONGRATULATION,COMMISERATION,ANDEXPRESSINGCONDOLENCESALLOFWHICHISINACCORDANCEWITHBROWNANDLEV
26、INSONSPOSITIVEPOLITENESSSTRATEGYOFATTENDINGTOTHEHEARERSINTERESTS,WANTS,ANDNEEDSFOREXAMPLEIAMSORRYTOHEARABOUTYOURFATHERTHEYARECONSIDEREDTOBEAGOODCOMPLEMENTTOGRICESCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEANDEXPLAINWHYPEOPLEOFTENCHOOSETOBEINDIRECTINCONVEYINGWHATTHEYMEANINADDITIONTOTHIS,THOMASMAKESTHEFOLLOWINGCOMMENTABOUTT
27、HISPOLITENESSPRINCIPLELIKEGRICESMAXIMS,LEECH1995SMAXIMSAREFORMULATEDASIMPERATIVETHIS,INMYVIEW,ISUNFORTUNATEINBOTHCASES,BUTITDOESNOTMEANTHATTHEYAREINANYSENSERULESFORGOODBEHAVIORRATHER,LEECHCLAIMS,THEYARESIMPLYTHESTATEMENTSOFNORMSWHICHSPEAKERSCANBEOBSERVEDTOFOLLOWTHOMASALSOSUGGESTSANOPENENDEDLISTOFSUC
28、HMAXIMS,FORAMAJORFLAWINLEECHSAPPROACHTOPOLITENESSISTHEREAPPEARSTOBENOMOTIVATEDWAYOFRESTRICTINGTHENUMBEROF4MAXIMS,ANDITMIGHTBEPOSSIBLETOPRODUCEANEWMAXIMPERCEIVEDREGULARITYINLANGUAGEUSE1995167168THEVIEWEXPLAINSEVERYTINYTROUGHBYOTHERLINGUISTS22BROWNANDLEVINSONSFACETHEORYTHEFACETHEORYPROPOSEDBYBROWNANDL
29、EVINSONISTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALTHEORYONPOLITENESSBROWNANDLEVINSONSFACETHEORYCONTAINSTHREEBASICNOTIONSFACE,FACETHREATENINGACTSFTASANDPOLITENESSSTRATEGIESFACEREFERSTOFUNDAMENTALCULTURALIDEASABOUTTHE“NATUREOFTHESOCIALPERSONA,HONORANDVIRTUE,SHAMEANDREDEMPTION”BROWNITSSIZEISDEPENDENTONTHEDENSITYOFTHEPOPULATI
30、ONINTHEPLACEWHEREHEGREWUPPERSONALSPACEISTHEREFORECULTURALLYDETERMINEDWHERESOMECULTURES,SUCHASTHEJAPANESE,AREACCUSTOMEDTOCROWDING,OTHERSPREFERTHEWIDEOPENSPACESANDLIKEYOUTOKEEPYOURDISTANCE31SPACEDISTANCEPARTITION311THEINTIMATEZONETHEINTIMATEZONEISBETWEEN6AND18INCHES15CM45CMOFALLTHEZONEDISTANCES,THISIS
31、BYFARTHEMOSTIMPORTANT,ASITISTHISZONETHATAPERSONWARDSASIFITWEREOWNPROPERTYONLYTHOSEWHOAREEMOTIONALLYCLOSETOUSPERMITTEDTOENTERTHESEINCLUDELOVERS,CLOSEFRIENDS,PARENTS,SPOUSEANDSOONCROWDINGINTRAINSORBUSESRESULTSINUNAVOIDABLEINTRUSIONINTOOTHERPEOPLESINTIMATEZONESTHEREISALISTOFUNWRITTENRULESTHATMOSTCULTUR
32、ESFOLLOWRIGIDLYWHENFACEDWITHACROWDEDSITUATIONSUCHASAPACKEDLIFT,ORONPUBLICTRANSPORT32PEOPLEINTHELIFEFROMTHEPICTURE,SOMEOBVIOUSBODY7LANGUAGESCANBEFOUND1NOBODYSPEAKSINTHISELEVATOR2MANINBLACKINTHEDOORWAYWATCHINGTHEFLOORNUMBERS3THEREARENOEYECONTACTSWITHOTHERSINELEVATOR4EVENIFTHEELEVATORISCROWDED,PEOPLEWI
33、LLNOTCHANGETHESTANDINGPOSITION5NOBODYHASEMOTIONINELEVATORHEREARESOMECOMMONLIFTRIDINGEXPRESSIONS1THEREWILLBENOTALKINGTOANYONE,EVENTHEREINCLUDESAPERSONYOUKNOW2AVOIDEYECONTACTATALLTIMES3MAINTAINAPOKERFACENOEMOTIONISPERMITTEDTOBESHOWN4IFSOMEONEHASABOOKORNEWSPAPER,PRETENDTOBEDEEPLYENGROSSEDINIT5INBIGGERC
34、ROWDS,NOBODYMOVEMENTISALLOWED6MOSTOFTHETIME,YOUMUSTWATCHTHEFLOORNUMBERSCHANGINGATALLTIMESLEECHSPOLITENESSPRINCIPLECANBESEENTHROUGHTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEHEAD,INORDERTOREDUCETHEPOSSIBILITYFROMOTHERSATTENTIONINACROWDEDOCCASIONSITCANBESEENTHATWEPERFORMANCEASTHESESTRATEGICFACECARETOAVOIDCONFLICTINGWITHMEANS
35、FROMTHEBROWNANDLEVINSONSFACETHEORY312THEPERSONALZONETHEPERSONALZONEISBETWEEN18INCHESAND48INCHES46CM122MTHISISTHEDISTANCETHATWESTANDFROMOTHERSATCOCKTAILPARTIES,OFFICEPARTIES,SOCIALFUNCTIONSANDFRIENDLYGATHERINGSWHENAPERSONCLAIMSASPACEORANAREAAMONGSTRANGERSSUCHASASEATATTHECINEMA,HEDOESITINAPREDICTABLEW
36、AYATTHECINEMAHEWILLCHOOSEASEATTHATISHALFWAYBETWEENTHEENDOFAROWANDWHERETHENEARESTPERSONISSITTINGIFYOUCHOOSEASEATMORETHANHALFWAYBETWEENTHEENDOFTHEROWANDTHENEARESTOTHERPERSON,THATOTHERPERSONMAYFEELOFFENDEDIFYOUARETOOFARAWAYFROMHIMORHEMAYFEELINTIMIDATEDIFYOUSITTOOCLOSETHEMAINPURPOSEOFTHISSPACINGRITUALIS
37、TOMAINTAINHARMONYANDITAPPEARSTOBEALEARNEDBEHAVIOR833PEOPLESITSEATBYRANDOMITCANBECLEARLYSEENTHATTHEFOURLADIESAREGOODFRIENDSINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEPHOTO,THEIRSPACINGISININTIMATESPACERANGE（1545CM）THEMANSITTINGNEXTTOTHEM,ITHAS60CMFROMFOURLADIESANDTHEMANTHEFOURLADIESWOULDNOTTALKSOHAPPYIFTHEMANVIOLATEDTHESYMPATH
38、YMAXIMOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEPICTURESREFLECTTHEPERSONALSPACE,THROUGHTHESITTINGPLACEOFPEOPLETHEPURPOSEOFTHISRITUALISTOAVOIDOFFENDINGTHEOTHERPEOPLEBYBEINGEITHERTOOCLOSEORTOOFARAWAYFROMTHEM313THESOCIALZONETHESOCIALZONEISBETWEEN4AND12FEET122M36MWESTANDATTHISDISTANCEFROMSTRANGERS,THEPLUMBERORCARPENTERDOING
39、REPAIRSAROUNDOURHOME,THEPOSTMAN,THELOCALSHOPKEEPER,THENEWEMPLOYEEATWORKANDPEOPLEWHOMWEDONTKNOWVERYWELL33TWOPEOPLETAKINGINWORKPLACEFROMTHE9PICTURE,WECANSEETHISISAWORKPLACEANDTHEMANINTHELEFTISSMOKINGTHEYKEEPFIXEDDISTANCEOFBODYTOKEEPTHEIRCOMMUNICATIONBECAUSETHEYARETALKINGABOUTSOMETHINGSINWORKPLACE,SOTH
40、EYMUSTABIDEBYAGREEMENTMAXIMOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEINBODYLANGUAGETHECONVERSATIONWOULDNOTBESOSMOOTHLYIFTHELEFTMANVIOLATEDTHEAGREEMENTMAXIMOFPOLITENESSPRINCIPLEPROPERTYAPERSONOWNSORASPACEHEREGULARLYUSESCONSTITUTESAPRIVATETERRITORYAND,JUSTASWITHHISPERSONALBUBBLE,HELLFIGHTTODEFENDITSTUDIESCARRIEDOUTBYDESMO
41、NDMORRISINTOSEATINGPOSITIONSINLIBRARIESSHOWEDTHATLEAVINGABOOKORPERSONALOBJECTONALIBRARYDESKRESERVEDTHATPLACEFORANAVERAGEOF77MINUTESLEAVINGAJACKETOVERACHAIRRESERVEDITFORTWOHOURSIFTHEBOSSOFTHEHOUSEASKSAVISITORTOBESEATEDANDTHEPERSONINNOCENTLYSITSINTHEWRONGCHAIR,THEBOSSCANBECOMEAGITATEDABOUTTHISINVASION
42、OFHISTERRITORYANDBEPUTONTHEDEFENSIVEASIMPLEQUESTIONSUCHAS,WHICHCHAIRISYOURSCANAVOIDTHENEGATIVERESULTSOFMAKINGSUCHATERRITORIALERRORANDYOURBEHAVIORISVERYDECENTALSOBYTHESAMESPEECHANDBODYLANGUAGE,THEBOSSESHAVETHEFEELINGOFACTUALLYBEINGRESPECTED314THEPUBLICZONEITISOVER12FEET36MWHENEVERWEADDRESSALARGEGROUP
43、OFPEOPLE,THISISTHECOMFORTABLEDISTANCEATWHICHWECHOOSETOSTAND34PEOPLEATGROUNDFROMTHEPICTURE,WECANSEETHATDISTANCEBETWEENSTRANGERSISVERYFARINAPUBLICSPACE,PEOPLEFROMEACHOTHERISFARIFYOURUSHEDTOGETCLOSETOAPERSON,BROKEINTOHISPERSONALSPACE,ITISIMPOLITEBEHAVIORINTHEPUBLICSPACE,PEOPLEDONOTEASILY10CLOSETOEACHOT
44、HERBECAUSETHEYWANTTOBEPOLITETOEACHOTHER315SUMMARYOTHERSWILLINVITEORREJECTYOU,DEPENDINGONTHERESPECTTHATYOUHAVEFORTHEIRPERSONALSPACEMANYFACTORSCANAFFECTTHESPATIALDISTANCEAPERSONTAKESINRELATIONTOOTHERS,SOITSWISETOCONSIDEREVERYCRITERIONBEFOREMAKINGAJUDGMENTABOUTWHYAPERSONISKEEPINGACERTAINDISTANCE32HANDS
45、HAKINGACASESTUDYSHAKINGHANDSISARELICOFOURANCIENTPASTWHENEVERPRIMITIVETRIBESMETUNDERFRIENDLYCONDITIONS,THEYWOULDHOLDTHEIRARMSOUTWITHTHEIRPALMSEXPOSEDTOSHOWTHATNOWEAPONSWEREBEINGHELDORCONCEALEDINROMANTIMES,THEPRACTICEOFCARRYINGACONCEALEDDAGGERINTHESLEEVEWASCOMMONSOFORPROTECTIONTHEROMANSDEVELOPEDTHELOW
46、ERARMGRASPASACOMMONGREETINGTHEMODERNFORMOFTHISANCIENTGREETINGRITUALISTHEINTERLOCKINGANDSHAKINGOFTHEPALMSANDWASORIGINALLYUSEDINTHENINETEENTHCENTURYTOSEALCOMMERCIALTRANSACTIONSBETWEENMENOFEQUALSTATUSCOURTESYGREETINGHASBECOMEWIDESPREADONLYINTHELASTHUNDREDYEARSORSOANDHASALWAYSREMAINEDINTHEMALEDOMAINUNTI
47、LRECENTTIMESINMOSTWESTERNANDEUROPEANCOUNTRIESTODAYITISPERFORMEDBOTHONINITIALCOURTESYGREETINGANDONDEPARTUREINALLBUSINESSCONTEXTS,ANDINCREASINGLYATPARTIESANDSOCIALEVENTSBYBOTHWOMENANDMENITWASADAMSFIRSTDAYONTHEJOBWITHHISNEWPUBLICRELATIONSCOMPANYANDHEWANTEDTOMAKEAGOODIMPRESSIONONEVERYONEASHEWASINTRODUCE
48、DTOCOLLEAGUEAFTERCOLLEAGUE,HESHOOKTHEIRHANDSENTHUSIASTICALLYANDGAVEEVERYONEABROADSMILEADAMSTOOD6FOOT3INCHES19MTALLANDWASGOODLOOKING,WELLDRESSEDANDCERTAINLYLOOKEDLIKEASUCCESSFULPUBLICRELATIONSMANHEALWAYSGAVEAFIRMHANDSHAKEJUSTTHEWAYHISFATHERHADTAUGHTHIMWHENHEWASYOUNGSOFIRMINFACT,THATITDREWBLOODONTHERI
49、NGFINGERSOFTWOFEMALECOLLEAGUESANDLEFTSEVERALOTHERSFEELINGINJUREDOTHERMENCOMPETEDWITHADAMSHANDSHAKETHATSWHATMENDOTHEWOMEN,HOWEVER,SUFFEREDINSILENCEANDSOONWEREWHISPERING,STAYAWAYFROMTHATNEWGUYADAMHESABRUISERTHEMENNEVERBROUGHTITUPBUTTHEWOMENSIMPLYAVOIDEDADAMANDHALFTHEFIRMSBOSSESWEREWOMENAPPLYTHESAMEPRESSUREYOURECEIVETHISMEANSTHATIF,ONAFIRMNESSSCALEOF110,YOURHANDSHAKEREGISTERSA7BUTTHEOTHERPERSONISONLYA5,YOULLNEEDTOBACKOFF20INSTRENGTHIFTHEIRGRIPISA9ANDYOURSISA7,YOULLNEEDTOINCREASEYOURGRIPBY20IFYOUWEREMEETINGAGROUPOFTENPEOPLE,YOUDPROBABLY
