1、I（20_届）本科毕业设计英语从美国文化对中国婚俗的影响看文化帝国主义ASTUDYOFTHEINFLUENCEOFAMERICANCULTUREONCHINESEWEDDINGCUSTOMSFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCULTURALIMPERIALISMII摘要本文从文化及文化帝国主义的概念入手，介绍了在全球化环境下中美之间越来越多和越来越频繁的文化交流。习俗作为文化的一方面可以反映文化的情况。近百年来，中国的婚礼习俗发生了很大的变化。本文从婚礼服装、婚礼仪式和中国人对婚姻的看法三方面论述了中国婚礼习俗的变化。接下来，文章进一步分析了中国婚礼习俗变化的原因。主要原因有三个英语的学
2、习、全球化教育和大众媒体。文章的第四部分探讨了面对美国的文化帝国主义政策中国应对美国文化持怎样的态度及中国应如何保护自己的本土文化。文章的最后部分是一个结论学习英语并不一定是美国推行文化帝国主义的工具，也可以是中国向美国传播本土文化的工具，只要有正确的态度，中国和美国文化可以在中国和谐共处。关键字文化帝国主义；婚礼习俗；英语学习；态度IIIABSTRACTTHISARTICLEBEGINSWITHTHECONCEPTOFCULTUREANDCULTURALIMPERIALISM,ANDINTRODUCESTHEMOREANDMOREFREQUENTCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONCU
3、STOMS,ASAPARTOFCULTURE,CANREFLECTTHESTATEOFCULTUREOVERHUNDREDSOFYEARS,CHINESEWEDDINGCUSTOMSHAVECHANGEDALOTFROMTHEASPECTSOFWEDDINGDRESS,WEDDINGCEREMONYANDCHINESEVIEWSTOWARDMARRIAGE,THISARTICLEDISCUSSESTHECHANGEINCHINESEWEDDINGNEXT,THEARTICLEANALYSESTHEREASONSWHYCHANGESOCCURTHEREARETHREEMAINREASONSTHE
4、LEARNINGOFENGLISH,THEGLOBALEDUCATIONANDTHEMASSMEDIATHEFOURTHOFTHEARTICLESTUDIESTHATCONFRONTINGWITHAMERICASCULTURALIMPERIALISM,WHATKINDOFATTITUDESHOULDCHINESEPEOPLEHOLDANDHOWTOPROTECTCHINESENATIVECULTURETHELASTPARTOFTHEPASSAGEISACONCLUSIONTHATENGLISHISNOTONLYTHETOOLTHATAMERICAUSESTOCARRYOUTITSCULTURA
5、LIMPERIALISM,ITALSOCANBECOMEATOOLFORCHINATOSPREADITSNATIVECULTURALTOAMERICAWITHTHERIGHTATTITUDE,CHINESEANDAMERICANCULTURECANCOEXISTINCHINAHARMONIOUSLYKEYWORDSCULTURALIMPERIALISMWEDDINGCUSTOMENGLISHLEARNINGATTITUDEIVCONTENTSABSTRACT1INTRODUCTION111DEFINITIONS112FORMERSCHOLARSREASEARCHONTHISTOPIC12CHA
6、NGESINCHINESEWEDDINGUNDERTHEINFLUENCEOFAMERICANCULTURE221CHANGESOFWEDDINGDRESS222CHANGESINWEDDINGCEREMONY323CHANGESINTHEVIEWTOWARDMARRIAGE43THEREASONSCAUSINGTHEINFLUENCEOFAMERICANCULTURE531THELEARNINGOFENGLISH532THEGLOBALEDUCATION633THEMASSMEDIA74ATTITUDETOWARDSAMERICANCULTURE941RIGHTATTITUDETOWARDS
7、AMERCIANCULTURE942HOWTOPROTECTCHINESECULTURE95CONCLUSION10BIBLIOGRAPHY13ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS11INTRODUCTION11DEFINITIONSCULTUREISASYSTEMOFSHAREDBENEFITS,VALUES,CUSTOMS,BEHAVIORS,ANDARTIFACTSTHATTHEMEMBERSOFASOCIETYUSEWITHTHEIRWORLDANDWITHONEANOTHER,ANDTHATARETRANSMITTEDFROMGENERATIONTHROUGHLEARNINGLONGMA
8、NETAL2002535WEDEFINECULTUREASTHEDEPOSITOFKNOWLEDGE,EXPERIENCE,BELIEFS,VALUES,ACTIONS,ATTITUDES,MEANINGS,HIERARCHIES,RELIGION,NOTIONSOFTIME,ROLE,SPATIALRELATIONS,CONCEPTSOFUNIVERSE,ANDARTIFACTSACQUIREDBYAGROUPOFPEOPLEINTHECOURSEOFGENERATIONSTHROUGHINDIVIDUALANDGROUPSTRIVINGSAMOVARETAL200036DUETOTHEGL
9、OBALIZATION,THECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENCHINAANDAMERICAHASBECOMEMOREANDMOREFREQUENTCHINESECULTUREHASOPENEDTOAMERICANCULTUREANDAVARIETYOFAMERICANCULTURESHAVESWARMEDINTOCHINAASARESULT,CHINESECULTUREISINFLUENCEDBYTHATOFAMERICAANDSOMEOFCHINESECUSTOMSHAVECHANGEDACCORDINGLYNOWADAYS,AMERICANCULTURESHAVEPENETRAT
10、EDINTOCHINAINMANYASPECTSOFDAILYLIFE,WHICHCANBESEENASAKINDOFCULTURALIMPERIALISMTAKINGTHEWEDDINGCUSTOMSOFCHINAASANEXAMPLE,THEWEDDINGCUSTOMSHAVECHANGEDALOTUNDERTHEINFLUENCEOFAMERICANCULTUREACCORDINGTOTHERESEARCHOFSUNJING2004,THEREARETWOGROUPSOFSCHOLARSHOLDDIFFERENTIDEASTOWARDCULTURALIMPERIALISMTHEFIRST
11、GROUPOFSCHOLARSDEFINECULTURALIMPERIALISMASFOLLOWSCULTURALIMPERIALISMUSESTHEPOLITICALANDECONOMICRIGHTSTOSPREADEXOTICCULTUREATTHECOSTOFSACRIFICINGNATIVECULTURETHESECONDGROUPOFSCHOLARSDEFINECULTURALIMPERIALISMLIKETHISINORDERTOREMODELTHEOPPRESSEDPEOPLESVALUES,BEHAVIORS,REGIMEANDSTATUSES,THERULINGCLASSES
12、OFWESTERNCOUNTRIESSPREADTHEIROWNCULTURETOTHEOPPRESSEDPEOPLEANDFORCEDTHEMTOACCEPTTHEAIMOFIMPERIALISMISTOEXPANDTHEIRCONTROLINGAREA12FORMERSCHOLARSREASEARCHONTHISTOPICMANYSCHOLARSHAVEDONEAVARIETYOFRESEARCHESONTHETOPICOFCULTURALIMPERIALISMFOREXAMPLEWANGMINGXIANG2005MAKESACOMPARISIONBETWEENCULTURALIMPERI
13、ALISMANDINTERCULTURALDIFFISIONOFCULTURETHEWRITERTHINKSTHATCULTURALIMPERIALISMISCOLONIALISMINTHEAREAOFCULTUREWHILEINTERCULTURALDIFFISIONOFCULTUREISARATIONALASSIMILATIONOFCULTUREANOTHERSCHOLARWUFANWEN2003TALKSABOUTTHEINFLUENCETHATCULTURALIMPERIALISM2HASONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINESENATIONALCULTUREHEREGARDS
14、THECULTURALIMPERIALISMASACHALLENGETOCHINESENATIVECULTUREHETHINKSPEOPLESHOULDHOLDASELECTIVEATTITUDETOWARDEXOTICCULTUREANDPEOPLESHOULDRESISTTHEINVASIONOFCULTURALIMPERIALISMTHEREALSOSOMEFOREIGNSCHOLARSWHODIDTHESAMERESEARCHJAMESPETRAS2004,INHISARTICLECULTURALIMPERIALISMINTHELATE20THCENTURY,SAYSUSCULTURA
15、LIMPERIALISMHASTWOMAJORGOALSONEECONOMICANDTHEOTHERPOLITICALHEALSOINTRODUCESTHEWAYINWHICHEXOTICCULTURESPREAD,FOREXAMPLE,THEMASSMEDIABASEDONTHEFORMERSCHOLARSREASEARCH,FROMTHEASPECTOFCHANGESTHATHAVETAKENPLACEINCHINESEWEDDINGCUSTOMSUNDERTHEINFLUENCEOFAMERICANCULTURE,THEFOLLOWINGPASSAGEWILLANALYSETHECAUS
16、ESOFTHOSECHANGES2CHANGESINCHINESEWEDDINGUNDERTHEINFLUENCEOFAMERICANCULTURETHEREASONSWHYCHINESEWEDDINGCUSTOMSCHANGEAREVARIOUS,THEREAREINTERNALCAUSESANDEXTERNALCAUSESHEREINTHISARTICLEMAINLYTALKSABOUTTHEEXTERNALCAUSESINTHECONTEXTOFINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONTHEEXTERNALCAUSESAREALSOVARIOUS,BUTAMERICACULT
17、UREHASTHEGREATESTINFLUENCEONCHINAHEREARESOMEPROOFSMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSWHOSTUDYABROADCHOOSETHESCHOOLSINAMERICAEVERYYEAR,ABOUT22,000CHINESESTUDENTSGOTOSTUDYINAMERICAHTTP/WWWCHINADAILYCOMCN/LANGUAGE_TIPS/CAMPUS/200705/06/CONTENT_863555_2HTMAMONGTHE7FOREIGNFILMSBROADCASTEDONCCTV6EVERYWEEK,4FILMSAREAMERICAN
18、RESTERANTSLIKEKFC,MCDONALDSANDPIZZAHUTSCANBESEENEVERYWHEREINCHINAACCORDINGTOTHEFIGURES,THEREAREABOUT1500CHAINSHOPSOFKFCINCHINATHATSWHYAMERICAHASTHEGREATERINFLUENCEONCHINATHANOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEFOLLOWINGPASSAGEWILLEXPOUNDTHECHANGESINCHINESEWEDDING21CHANGESOFWEDDINGDRESSINTHEEARLYTWENTIETHCENTURY,PEOPLE
19、FOLLOWTHETRADITIONSOFTHEMINGANDQINGDYNASTYWOMENINTHATTIMEWEARPHOENIXCORONETANDROBESOFRANKINCHINESETHOSEARECALLED“凤冠霞帔”PEOPLEWORETHEMONTHEIRWEDDINGDAYTOSHOWGLORYTHEBRIDEMUSTWEARAREDVEILONHERHEADTOCOVERHERFACEANDHEAD,ONLYWHENTHECOUPLEWERESENTTOTHEBRIDALCHAMBERCOULDTHEGROOMLIFTTHEVEILMENINTHATTIMEWOREA
20、ROBEANDBLACKGAUZECAPONTHEIRWEDDINGDAYIN1980S,WEARINGCHEONGSAM（旗袍）ONWEDDINGDAYBECAMEVERYPOPULARCHEONGSAMISACLOSEFITTINGANDONEPIECEDRESSANDITSATRADITIONALCHINESECLOTHESBECAUSETHE3CHEONGSAMISVERYTIGHTANDANDTHECOLORISALWAYSVERYBRIGHT,ITSVERYSUITABLEFORWEARINGONTHEWEDDINGDAYTOSHOWTHEBEAUTYANDTHENICEFIGUR
21、EOFTHEBRIDECORRESPONDINGLY,THEGROOMWORETHETANGSUITUSUALLY,THECOLOROFTHECLOTHESWASREDBUTNOWADAYS,TRADITIONALCHINESEWEDDINGDRESSISHARDLYFOUNDBEINGWOREONWEDDINGSCHINESEPEOPLETENDTOWEARWESTERNSTYLEWEDDINGDRESSTHEBRIDEWEARALONG,FLUFFYANDONEPIECEDRESSANDTHEGROOMWEARASUITINAMERICAWEDDINGCEREMONY,BRIDESALWA
22、YSWEARLONGWHITEDRESS,TRAIN,VEILANDGLOVESWHICHISOPTIONALGROOMSALWAYSWEARCUTAWAYCOAT,STRIPEDTROUSERS,PEARLGRAYWAISTCOAT,WHITESTIFFSHIRT,TURNDOWNCOLLARWITHGRAYANDBLACKSTRIPEDFOURINHANDORWINGCOLLARWITHASCOT,GRAYGLOVES,BLACKSILKSOCKSANDBLACKKIDSHOESELIZABETHLPOST199730THEYARETHEMOSTFORMALATTIREINAMERICAN
23、WEDDINGCEREMONY,BUTTODAYITISEASYTOBEFOUNDINTHECHINESEWEDDINGCEREMONYOFCOMMONPEOPLE22CHANGESINWEDDINGCEREMONYINTRADITIONALCHINESEWEDDINGCEREMONY,THEREWASANIMPORTANTTACHETHEPERSONWHOHELDTHEWEDDINGSALWAYSSAID“THEFIRSTKOTOWISFORTHEHEAVENANDEARTH,THESECONDISFORTHEPARENTS,THELASTISFORTHEWIFEANDHUSBANDONLY
24、一拜天地，二拜高堂，夫妻对拜,THENTHENEWCOUPLEWOULDDOASWHATHESAIDTHEBRIDESHOULDOFFERACUPOFTEATOHERMOTHERINLAWANDFATHERINLAWTOSHOWHERRESPECTTOTHEMINCHINA,THEWEDDINGCEREMONYGATHERESTHERELATIVESANDFRIENDSTOGETHERTOHAVEABIGMEALALMOSTALLTHEFRIENDSANDRELATIVESOFTHEBRIDE,THEGROOMANDTHEIRPARENTSAREINVITEDTOATTENDTHEWEDDIN
25、GTHECEREMONYISALWAYSHELDINARESTAURANTINSOMERURALAREAOFCHINAORINOLDTIMES,THECEREMONYISHELDATHOMEINRECENTYEARS,SOMEYOUNGCOUPLEWHOHAVECHRISTIANBELIEFSALSOGOTOCHURCHESTOHAVETHEIRWEDDINGCEREMONYLIKEAMERICANSDOTHEYGIVEPROMISESTOEACHOTHERINFRONTOFTHECLERGYMANWITHTHEWITNESSOFFRIENDS,RELATIVESANDTHEGODTHENTH
26、EYWILLEXCHANGERINGSITISANINDISPENSABLEPROCESSINAMERICANWEDDINGCEREMONYTHERINGISATOKENOFRESPONSIBILITIESANDDUTIESTHATAREBORNEONTHEBOTHSIDESOFTHEMARRIAGESOMEYOUNGCOUPLESNOWHOLDTHEIRWEDDINGCEREMONYINTHEOPENAIRANDINTHESTYLEOFBUFFITTHEREISALWAYSACAKEOFATLEASTTHREETIERSANDITWILLBECUTANDSHAREDDURINGTHECERE
27、MONYWHATSMORE,BRIDESMAIDSANDBESTMENARECOMMONINCHINESEWEDDINGTHESEAREALLBORROWEDCUSTOMSFROMAMERICANWEDDINGCUSTOMSTHETRADITIONALCHINESEWEDDINGCUSTOMSANDRULESARENOTSOSTRICTLYCOMPLIEDTONOWADAYS,ESPECIALLYIN4SOMEBIGCITIESLIKEBEIJING,SHANGHAI,ANDHANGZHOUYOUNGPEOPLEWANTTOHOLDTHEIRWEDDINGOUTOFORDINARYSOTHEY
28、LEARNMOREANDMOREFROMAMERICANWEDDINGSANDCOMEUPWITHSOMEFANCYIDEASTOMAKETHEIRSPECIALDAYDIFFERENT23CHANGESINTHEVIEWTOWARDMARRIAGEINANCIENTTIMES,MARRIAGESWEREUSUALLYARRANGEDBYPARENTSTHEMARRIAGETHATTIMEWASNOTBASEDONLOVETHEMARRIAGEBETWEENFAMILIESOFEQUALSOCIALRANKWASTHEBESTMARRIAGE,ITSCALLED“门当户对”INCHINESES
29、OMETIMES,THEAIMOFMARRIAGEWASTOMUTIPLYTHENEXTGENERATIONANDTOLARGENTHEFAMILYINWHICHPEOPLEHAVETHESAMESURNAMESOINANCIENTTIMES,PEOPLELIKESONSMUCHMORETHANDAUGHTERSTHECONFUCIANISMISTHEDOMINANTTHOUGHTSINCHINAANDITADVOCATESTHATTHECHILDRENAREFORBIDDENTOVIOLATETHEIRPARENTSWILLSOWHENTHEIRPARENTSTOLDTHEMTOMARRYS
30、OMEONE,THEYALWAYSOBEYEDTHEORDERSIFTHEYRESISTDOINGSO,THEYWEREALWAYSTHOUGHTTOBEETHICALLYWRONGANDMAYBECONSPUEDBYTHESOCIETYSOMETIMESTHEMARRIAGEOFTWOPEOPLEWASDECIDEDBYTHEPARENTSOFTWOFAMILIESBEFORETHE“GROOMTOBE”ANDTHE“BRIDETOBE”WEREBORNTHISWASCALLED“指腹为婚”INCHINESEANDWASVERYCOMMONDURINGTHEFEUDALSOCIETYMANY
31、LOVETRAGEDIESWERECAUSEDBYITTHATISTOSAY,LOVEWASNOTFREEATTHATTIMEBECAUSEOFTHEFEUDALSOCIALNATURE,ESPECIALLYFORTHOSEFAMILIESWHICHHAVESUPERIORSTATUSINSOCIETYINANCIENTTIMESINCHINA,FROMSONGDYNASTYON,PSYCHOLOGISTSBOOSTEDTHATWOMENWERENOTALLOWEDTOREMARRYAFTERTHEIRHUSBANDSDIEDINMINGANDQINGDYNASTY,RULERSNOTONLY
32、IMPOSEDTHATKINDOFTHOUGHTONWOMENSMIND,BUTALSOMADESOMERULESTOENCOURAGEWOMENTOPRESERVECHASTITYGRADUALLY,THEFEUDALIDEOLOGYFADEDINSTEAD,CHINESEPEOPLEOPENEDTHEIRMINDSTOTHEOUTERWORLDTHEYACCEPTTHEAMERICANWAYSTOWARDMARRIAGEFOREXAMPLE,AMERICANSTHINKHIGHLYOFTHEFREEDEVELOPMENTOFINDIVIDUALWILLTHEYTHINKTHATTHEMAR
33、RIAGEISTHEEXPRESSIONOFHUMANNATUREANDITISTOTALLYBASEDONHUMANSNATURALTENDENCYANDFREECHOICEMENANDWOMENMEETEACHOTHERINTHEIRDAILYSOCIALACTIVITIESTHEYATTRACTBYEACHOTHERSPONTANEOUSLYANDGOAFTEREACHOTHER,THENTHEYFALLINLOVETHELOVERELATIONSHIPGRADUALLYBECOMEDEEPANDTHEYFEELTHEYCANTLIVEWITHOUTTHEOTHERSIDEOFTHERE
34、LATIONSHIPTHENTHEYDECIDETOGETMARRIEDCHINESEPEOPLENOWADAYSALSOTHINKINTHATWAYANDDOINTHATWAY53THEREASONSCAUSINGTHEINFLUENCEOFAMERICANCULTURE31THELEARNINGOFENGLISHINORDERTOADAPTTOTHEGLOBALIZATION,THENEEDOFLEARNINGENGLISHBECOMEMOREANDMOREURGENTNOWADAYS,THEREAREMOREANDMORECHINESEPEOPLEWHOWANTTOLEARNENGLIS
35、HORARELEARNINGENGLISHTHEAGETHATCHILDRENRECEIVEENGLISHEDUCATIONBECOMEEARLIERANDEARLIERMANYCHILDRENBEGINLEARNINGENGLISHWHENTHEYAREINTHEKINDERGARTENOTHERWISEHE/SHEWILLFALLBEHINDENGLISHAPPEARSEVERYWHEREINOURDAILYLIFEFOREXAMPLE,THESIGNSINPULBICPLACESAREBILINGUALTHEYAREWRITTENINENGLISHASWELLASINCHINESEONP
36、ACKAGESOFGOODSTHEREAREALWAYSSOMEWARNINGMARKSANDSOMETIMESWITHENGLISHEXPLAINATIONONLY,FOREXAMPLE,FRAGILE,EXP,HANDLEWITHCAREANDSOONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNET,YOUNGPEOPLETENDTOUSESOMEACRONYMSOFENGLISHINSTEADOFASENTENCEOFCHINESEEXAMPLESAREASFOLLOWSACRONYMSENGLISHMEANINGCHINESEMEANINGAFKAWAYFROMKEYBOARD
37、我要离开电脑一会儿。JKJUSTKIDDING开个玩笑OMGOHMYGOD我的天BRBBERIGHTBACK我马上回来CUSEEYOU再见FORTHESEACRONYMSAREEASYTOTYPEWHENSOMEONEISCHATTINGWITHOTHERSONLINE,THEYAREVERYPOPULARASFORSOMEORGANIZATIONSSUCHASWTO,OPECANDCNN,MOSTCHINESEPEOPLETENDTOSAYTHEACRONYMSINENGLISHINSTEADOFTHEFULLVERSIONSINCHINESETOGETHERWITHITSLANGUAGE,
38、AMERICANCULTUREANDVALUEORIENTATIONSWARMINTOCHINAANDTHEYGRADUALLYROOTINCHINAACCORDINGTOWANQINGSHAN2009,“THEMIGHTYLANGUAGEOFACOUNTRYWILLCERTAINLYHAVEHEGEMONYTOWARDOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHEASPECTSOFPOLITICS,ECONOMYANDCULTURE”ITSEASYFORTHEENGLISHMAJORSTOUNDERSTANDTHISPOINTOFVIEWTHEENGLISHMAJORSLEARNNOTONLYTHE
39、LANGUAGEITSELF,BUTALSOTHECULTUREOFTHEENGLISHSPEAKINGCOUNTRIESSOITSEASYTOEXPLAINTHECHANGESOFCHINESEWEDDINGCUSTOMSDURINGTHEPERIODOF1920STO1930S,BECAUSEOFTHEMAY4THMOVEMENT,SOMEINTELLECTUALSWHOHADLEARNEDENGLISHANDREADBOOKSOFAMERICANCULTUREBEGANTOADOPTTHEWAYSINWHICHAMERICANSHELDTHEIRWEDDINGPEOPLEWHOCAMEB
40、ACKFROMABROADAFTERTHEIRFUTHERSTUDYSHARTEDTOBELIEVEINCHRISTIANITYANDDECIDEDTOHOLDTHEIRWEDDINGINCHURCHWHATSMORE,ACCORDINGTOLIU6DENGGE2000,THEMOVEMENTCAMEUPWITHANIDEOLOGYTOFIGHTAGAINSTTHEARRANGEDMARRIAGETHEINTELLECTUALSPROPAGATEDTHATMARRIAGESHOULDBASEDONLOVEANDPEOPLESHOULDBEGIVENTHERIGHTTOLOOKFORTHEIRS
41、POUSETHEMSELVESLANGUAGE,ASATOOLOFCOMMUNICATION,HASAMAJORROLEINTHEGLOBALIZATIONENGLISHCANBESEENASAWEAPONFORAMERICATOPURSUETHECULTURALIMPERIALISMTHISISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTANDBASICCAUSEOFTHECHANGESOFCHINESEWEDDINGCUSTOMANDITISALSOTHEMOSTPOWERFULANDBASICWAYOFCULTURALIMPERIALISMWITHOUTTHEBASEOFLANGUAGE,ITSIM
42、POSSIBLEFORTHECULTURETOSPREAD32THEGLOBALEDUCATIONBASEDONTHEINTERNET,ADVANCEDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,GLOBALEDUCATIONMAKESITPOSSIBLEFORTHESTUDENTSALLOVERTHEWORLDTOSTUDYOTHERCOUNTRIESSUBJECTSANDCOURSESITISVERYCONVENIENTANDALSOVERYFLEXIBLEWHATSMORE,ITCANSATISFYLEARNERSDIFFERENTDE
43、MANDSONCOUSRESSTUDYINGABROADISVERYCOMMONNOWADAYSSTATISTICSSHOWTHATAMERICAISTHECOUNTRYWHICHACCEPTTHEMOSTSTUDENTSFROMOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEFOREIGNSTUDENTSONLY,SPEND70BILLIONUSDOLLARSPERYEARINAMERICASUNJING2004265EVERYCOINHASTWOSIDESTHEGLOBALEDUCATIONALSOBRINGSSOMEDANGERASSUNJING2004SAIDGLOBALEDUCATIONSTIMU
44、LATEDSOMEBADPHENOMENAAMONGTHEGLOBALLEARNERSSUCHASTHELACKOFASENSEOFCOLLECTIVISMANDTHEDAMAGEOFNATIVECUSTOMSWHATGLOBALEDUCATIONTRANSMITARENOTONLYTHEADVANCEDKNOWLEDGEANDTECHNOLOGYBUTALSOITSOWNCOUNTRIESPHILOSOPHYANDVALUESDURING1988TO1993,AMERICADONATED4600MILLIONBOOKSTOOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEBOOKSAREALLABOUTAM
45、ERICANHISTORY,AMERICANCULTURE,AMERICANFOREIGNPOLICYANDAMERICANPOLITICSSUNJING2004265ASMOORE1996SAIDWHENWEHAVEEDUCATIONALCOMMUNICATIONWITHINDIVIDUALSORCOUNTRIESWHICHBEYONDTHEATLANTICOCEAN,WEARETHINKINGABOUTHOWTOERODETHEIRCULTUREWITHTHISSUBJECTORPROJECTEASYTOFINDFROMHISWORDSALLTHETHINGSTHEYDOITSFORTHE
46、CONVENIENCEOFAMERICANCULTURALIMPERIALISMASWEALLKNOW,AMERICANSAREOFINDIVIDUALISMWHILECHINESEPEOPLEAREOFCOLLECTIVISMINDIVIDUALISMSTANDSFORAPREFERENCEFORALOOSELYKNITSOCIALFRAMEWORKINSOCIETYWHEREININDIVIDUALSARESUPPOSEDTOTAKECAREOFTHEMSELVESANDTHEIRIMMEDIATEFAMILIESONLYITSOPPOSITE,COLLECTIVISM,STANDSFOR
47、APREFERENCEFORATIGHTLYKNITSOCIALFRAMEWORKINWHICHINDIVIDUALSCANEXPECTTHEIRRELATIVES,CLAN,OROTHERINGROUPTOLOOKAFTERTHEMINEXCHANGEFORUNQUESTIONINGLOYALTYGHOFSTEDE1984527WHENITCOMESTOTHEWEDDINGCUSTOMS,WECANALSOFINDCOLLECTIVISMINCHINESEWEDDINGCEREMONYANDINDIVIDUALISMINAMERICANCEREMONYINCHINA,ALMOSTALLTHE
48、FRIENDSANDRELATIVESOFTHEBRIDE,THEGROOMANDTHEIRPARENTSAREINVITEDTOATTENDTHEWEDDINGSOMETIMES,FRIENDSFRIENDSAREINVITEDWHATSMORE,SOMETIMES,EVENTHENEWCOUPLEDONTKNOWSOMEOFTHEPEOPLEWHOATTENDTHEWEDDINGBUTTHEFACTISTHATNOBODYWILLCARE,WHATTHEYCONCERNISTHEWHOLEATMOSPHEREOFTHEWEDDINGINCONTRAST,INAMERICA,THECOUPL
49、EONLYINVITETHEIRCLOSEFRIENDS,RELATIVESWHOTHEYKEEPINTOUCHWITHANDTHEPARENTSOFTHETWOFAMILIESTOATTENDTHECEREMONYITWONTBOTHERIFTHEONEWHOISINVITEDCANTATTENDTHECEREMONYBECAUSEOFPERSONALAFFAIRSINRECENTYEARS,YOUNGCOUPLESPURSUETHENOVELTYOFWEDDINGTHEYHOLDTHEIRWEDDINGATSOMESPECIALPLACESANDTHEYSHOOTTHEIRWEDDINGPHOTOSECCENTRICALLYTHESEALLMANIFESTTHEPURSUITOFFREEDEVELOPMENTOFINDIVIDUALWILL,WHICHISVERYRAREINTHEPASTTHECHANGEOFTHECOLOROFWEDDINGDRESSALSOSHOWSTHATAMERICANVALUESHAVEDEEPROOTEDINCHINESEPEOPLESMINDINFEUDALSOCIETY,THECOLORWHITEISONLYUSEDINFUNERALITMEANSCLEANLINESSINCH
