1、I（20_届）本科毕业设计英语中英禁忌语的比较ACOMPARISONOFTABOOSBETWEENCHINESECULTUREANDENGLISHCULTUREII摘要一切被宗教、传统和社会习惯所禁止的事情，我们称之为禁忌。它应避免直接使用，否则会令人讨厌，进而冒犯别人。总所周知，由于文化的差异性，各国人民对禁忌并不完全一致。这篇文章介绍了禁忌语的定义，禁忌语存在的原因，也从文化差异这个角度比较了中英禁忌语的不同点和相同点。主要的目的使人们对语言禁忌有更好的了解，并且在交流中能够建立更高的警觉性避免使用禁忌语，然后提高他们的跨文化交际能力。关键字文化；禁忌语；差异；帮助IIIABSTRACTA
2、NYTHINGWHICHISPROHIBITEDBYRELIGION,TRADITIONORSOCIALUSAGEISATABOOANDITSHOULDBEAVOIDEDMENTIONINGDIRECTLY,ORITWILLMAKEPEOPLEUNPLEASANTOROFFENSIVEASWEALLKNOW,PEOPLEOFDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESHAVEDIFFERENTTABOOBECAUSEOFTHECULTURALDIVERSITYTHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEDEFINITIONOFTABOOWORDS,THEREASONSFORTHEEXISTENCEOF
3、TABOO,ANDTHENCOMPARESTHESIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESOFTABOOLANGUAGEBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESECULTURALDIFFERENCESTHEMAINPURPOSEISTOHELPPEOPLEHAVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFLINGUISTICTABOOANDDEVELOPACLEARERAWARENESSOFAVOIDINGTABOOWORDSINCOMMUNICATION,THUSENHANCINGTHEIRCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIVECOMPETENCEKEYWOR
4、DSCULTURETABOODIVERSITYHELPIVCONTENTSABSTRACT1INTRODUCTION111DIFFERENTDEFINITIONSOFTABOO112THEFEATURESOFTABOO113THECONSEQUENCESOFVIOLATINGTABOO22THEREASONSOFTHEEXISTENCEOFTABOO321FEARANDIGNORANCE322RESPECT323ELEGANCE43THESIMILARITIESBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESETABOOS431GENERALPRINCIPLEFORPRAGMATICSIMILA
5、RITY4311DESECRATINGLANGUAGERELATEDTABOO5312ABUSIVELANGUAGERELATEDTABOO632DISEASEANDDEATHRELATEDTABOO733SEXDISCRIMINATIONRELATEDTABOO834RELIGIONANDGODRELATEDTABOO94THEDIFFERENCESINTABOOBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESECULTURE941THENUMBERSANDCOLORSRELATEDTABOO942THENAMESRELATEDTABOO1043THEQUEUEANDBARGAINRELATE
6、DTABOO115CONCLUSION11BIBLIOGRAPHY13ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1411INTRODUCTIONTABOOISACOMMONLANGUAGEPHENOMENONEXISTINGBOTHINCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURE“INACERTAINCULTURALOCCASION,SOMEWORDSSHOULDNOTBETALKEDABOUTORSHOULDBEMENTIONEDINAROUNDABOUTWAYINLANGUAGE”KANGJIALONG,2003114WORDSANDEXPRESSIONSRELATEDTOTHESESOCIAL
7、TABOOSARELINGUISTICTABOOSWHICHARENOTONLYALINGUISTICPHENOMENONBUTALSOASOCIALPHENOMENONTHEREFORE,LANGUAGEISLIKEAMIRRORTOREFLECTNATIONALCULTUREINMODERNSOCIETY,ESPECIALLYININFORMATIZATIONOFTODAY,ITSVERYCOMMONTOCOMMUNICATEWITHPEOPLEFROMDIFFERENTCULTURESSOUNDERSTANDINGTHETABOOLANGUAGEANDITSCULTURALCONNOTA
8、TIONSCANHELPUSCOMMUNICATEEFFECTIVELYINCROSSCULTURALCONTEXTSALACKOFKNOWLEDGEINTHISFIELD,WHICHUSUALLYRESULTSINIMPROPERUSEOFLINGUISTICTABOOS,MAYLEADTOMISUNDERSTANDINGS,CONFLICTSANDOTHERUNKNOWNSERIOUSCONSEQUENCESINTHECROSSCULTURECOMMUNICATIONTHISTHESISWILLANALYZETHESIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINE
9、SETABOOS,ENGLISHTABOOS,ANDPRESENTSOMEGENERALKNOWLEDGEOFTABOOTHEN,ACONCLUSIONWILLBEDRAWNANDSOMESUGGESTIONSPUTFORWARDTORECOMMENDTHEFUTURERESEARCH11DIFFERENTDEFINITIONSOFTABOOINOURDAILYLIFE,THEREISAVERYCOMMONLANGUAGEPHENOMENONWHICHEXISTSINEVERYWHERE,BUTPEOPLEWOULDNOTSAYITASTIMEGOESON,THEYBECOMEAKINDOFT
10、ABOOINOTHERWORDS,LINGUISTICTABOO,ORIGINATINGFROMSOCIALLIFE,ISPARTANDPARCELOFSOCIALTABOOSDUETOITSUNIVERSALEXISTENCEINALLSOCIALCOMMUNITIESAROUNDTHEWORLD,PEOPLESHOULDPAYGREATATTENTIONTOTHISIMPORTANTSOCIALCULTURALPHENOMENONAMONGVARIOUSDEFINITIONSOFTABOOTHREEARELISTEDHERETHEFIRSTONEIS,“TABOOISWHATHASFORB
11、IDDENBYSOCIALCUSTOM”HORNSBY,200767THESECONDDEFINITIONIS“ANYSOCIALPROHIBITIONORRESTRICTIONTHATRESULTSFROMCONVENTIONORTRADITION”ZHOUXIUMIN,20058THETHIRDDEFINITIONOFTABOOISFROMTHEFAMOUSPSYCHOLOGISTSIGMUNDFREUD,WHOPOINTEDOUTTHATTABOOCONTAINEDTWOOPPOSITEMEANINGSONONEHAND,ITWASLOFTY,SACRED,ANDONTHEOTHERHA
12、ND,ITWASMYSTERIOUS,DANGEROUS,PROHIBITIVEANDUNCLEARSIGMUNDFREUD,19863112THEFEATURESOFTABOONOMATTERINCHINESEORWESTERNCOUNTRIES,THESCOPEOFTABOOSISVERYWIDE,RANGINGFROMPERSONALLIFETOTHEWHOLESOCIETYTHEREFORE,UNDERSTANDINGANDCOMPLYINGWITHEACHOTHERSTABOOHABITS,ESPECIALLYTHEIRSPECIALFEATURES,AREOFVITALIMPORT
13、ANCEASFOLLOWS,5FEATURESOF2TABOOXIATIAN,2007121HAVEBEENLISTED1UNIVERSALITYTABOOUNIVERSALLYEXISTSINEVERYSOCIALFIELDANDCLASSTHUS,THEEXPRESSIONSOFTABOOALSOUNIVERSALLYEXISTINPEOPLESEVERYDAYLIFE2TIMESJUSTASTHECHARACTERISTICOFLANGUAGEITSELF,TABOOISALSODYNAMIC“EVERYCULTURECONTAINSTABOOINTHEWORLD,ANDTHETABOO
14、SCHANGEDEPENDSONTHEPERIODSCHANGE”WANJIANZHONG,200133CULTUREASTHEOLDSAYINGGOES,“WINDSAREDIFFERENTWITHIN100MILESCUSTOMSAREVARIOUSWITHIN10MILES“THATISBECAUSEPEOPLESHABITUALPRACTICEISNOTEXACTLYTHESAMEINDIFFERENTCULTURALBACKGROUNDSTHEREFORE,TABOOALSOBECOMESCULTURALUNDERTHEDIFFERENTCUSTOMSWHATSMORE,TABOOI
15、SFULLOFSUPERSTITIOUSIMPRINTSMANYTABOOSWERECREATEDUNDERTHEOLDTRADITION4INDUSTRYASTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESOCIETY,APERSONSWORKINGIDENTITIESVARYITISMOREANDMORECOMMONTHATTABOOEXISTSANDDIFFERSINDIFFERENTINDUSTRIES5IMPLICITNESSITISTHEUNIQUECHARACTERISTICOFTABOOPEOPLECANTRACKTHEORIGINOFTABOOLANGUAGEANDCALLTHOSE
16、WHICHAREDIFFICULT,IMPOLITEORINCONVENIENTTOSPEAKOURTABOOSTOAVOIDEMBARRASSMENT,WEMAYEXPRESSWITHSUBSTITUTIONS,SIMILARSYMBOLS,IMAGERY,COMMENDATORYMETHODOREVENCONTRARYEXPRESSIONASLONGASTHATEXPRESSIONISIMPLICATIVEENOUGHTOSHOWTHEREALINTENSION,ITWILLWORKASEXPECTED13THECONSEQUENCESOFVIOLATINGTABOOATABOOUSUAL
17、LYISAMORALORCAUTIONARYRESTRICTIONPLACEDUPONCERTAINACTIONSBYAUTHORITIESOFAPEOPLE,WHILEIFIGNOREDITWILLRESULTINSPECIFICNEGATIVECONSEQUENCESERNSTCASSIRERTHINKS,“THEDANGEROFCHANGINGSOMETHINGINTOTABOOISPHYSICALDANGER,NOMATTEROURACTIONISINTENTIONALORNOTINTENTIONAL,THEEFFECTISSAMEANDITISNOTRELATEDTOPEOPLEGE
18、NERALLYSPEAKING,TABOOMEANSSOMETHINGCANNOTBETOUCHED,ANDCANNOTBETOUCHEDHASTYBUTTHEPURPOSEANDTHEWAYYOUACCESSITCANNOTBECONSIDERED”GANYANGZE,1985136ASARESULT,INOURDAILYLIFE,WESHOULDPAYASPECIALATTENTIONTOITFOREXAMPLE,WHENASTUDENTSTEPSINTOACAMPUS,HE/SHEALREADYKNOWSWHOWILLBECOMEAGOODFRIENDOFHIS/HERSINDEED,H
19、IS/HERROOMMATEWILLBEHIS/HERFOURYEARSOFGOODFRIENDSQUARRELLINGWITHROOMMATESISTHEBIGGESTTABOOIFSOMEONEVIOLATESIT,THECONSEQUENCEWILLBESEVEREATTHEVERYLEAST,HE/SHECANTSLEEPWELLINTHEEVENING,BUTWHATSMORETERRIBLEISTHATWILLPUSHAFEWFAMILIESLIVINGINPAINFOREVERTHEREASONISHE/SHEHASTOSHAREAROOMWITHHIS/HERROOMMATES
20、FORFOURYEARSSOWHATEVERBADHABITSTHEYHAVE,HE/SHEHASTOBEARITANOTHEREXAMPLEISTHATINOTHERCOUNTRIES,SUCHASDUBAI,THEREALSOHAVESUCHTABOOSINDUBAI,IFACOUPLEKISSINPUBLIC,HUGORWALKHANDINHAND,THEYWILLBEPUNISHED,EVENPUTINCUSTODYVIOLATINGTABOO3CANCAUSEAVARIETYOFUNPLEASANTANDPAINFULAFFAIRSSOBESURETOUNDERSTANDTOAVOI
21、DUNNECESSARYCONSEQUENCES2THEREASONSOFTHEEXISTENCEOFTABOOTHEREARECERTAINREASONSOFTHEEXISTENCEOFTABOO,BECAUSETABOOLANGUAGEASALINGUISTICPHENOMENONHASITSCULTURALROOTS“UNDERSTANDINGTHEREASONSOFTHEEXISTENCEOFTABOOCANHELPUSPREDICT,GRASPANDMASTERTHETABOOLANGUAGE,ANDTHUSHELPUSCOMMUNICATEEFFECTIVELYANDAPPROPR
22、IATELYWITHFOREIGNERS”GUOXUEWEN,200356DIFFERENTSOCIALCUSTOMSANDMANNERS,THEORIESANDPSYCHOLOGICALFACTORSALLACCOUNTFORTHEEXISTENCEOFTABOOATTHESAMETIME,ITALSOSHOWSTHATINTHEPROCESSOFLANGUAGELEARNING,WESHOULDFOCUSNOTONLYONTHELANGUAGESTUDY,BUTALSOONTHECULTUREBEHINDTHELANGUAGETHEFOLLOWINGARESOMEDOMINANTREASO
23、NSOFTHEEXISTENCEOFTABOOFEARANDIGNORANCE,RESPECT,ELEGANCE21FEARANDIGNORANCEFIRSTLY,TABOOEXISTSBECAUSEOFTHEWORSHIPOFLANGUAGEWHICHRESULTEDFROMPEOPLESFEARANDIGNORANCEOFLANGUAGEINTHEANCIENTSOCIETY,WITHLOWPRODUCTIVITYANDUNDEVELOPEDSCIENCE,PEOPLEHADNOKNOWLEDGEOFTHENATURELANGUAGEWASOFTENGIVENASUPERPOWERANDA
24、NCIENTPEOPLEBELIEVEDTHATITHADAMAGICPOWERBECAUSEFILLEDWITHFEARANDIGNORANCEOFNATURE,THEYTENDEDTOBETERRIFIEDBYTHESCAREDLANGUAGEBUTFORTHOSEWHICHMUSTUSELANGUAGETOEXPRESS,THEYUSEANOTHERKINDOFEXPRESSIONDUETOTHEFEARSONLANGUAGE,THETABOOLANGUAGEISCREATEDINORDERTOAVOIDUSINGCERTAINEXPRESSIONSTOREFERTODEATH,ILLN
25、ESSANDNATURALDISASTERS,TABOOSWERETHUSPRODUCED22RESPECTASTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSOCIETYANDTECHNOLOGY,PEOPLEHAVEGRADUALLYGOTRIDOFNATURESRESTRAINTSTHEREFOREPEOPLESFEARTOWARDSTABOOEVOLVESTORESPECTASTIMEPASSESBYASWEALLKNOW,CHINAISACOUNTRYOFETIQUETTETHEEMPEROROWNSSOVEREIGNRIGHTANDSTATUS,SOHISPEOPLECANNOTCALLHISN
26、AMEDIRECTLYTHISKINDOFTABOOFINALLYHELPSLEADTOTHEABSOLUTEOBEYINGINTHEFOREIGNCULTURE,PEOPLECANNOTSAYGODSNAMEDIRECTLY,WHICHALSOEXPRESSESTHEIRRESPECTTOTHEGOD23ELEGANCEPEOPLESEDUCATIONALBACKGROUNDIMPROVESASTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESOCIETYWHATONESAYS4SHOWSHISGENERALQUALITYTHEREFORE,PEOPLEAREALWAYSSEEKINGFORBETTE
27、RSPEAKINGMETHODSWHENTHEYCOMEACROSSTABOOINTHEIRDAILYLIVES,THEYWILLLOOKFORMOREELEGANTWORDSTOAVOIDCAUSINGRUDENESS,IMPOLITENESSANDUNHAPPINESSFOREXAMPLE,PEOPLEWILLNOTSAYURINATEDIRECTLYINSTEAD,LADIESROOMISUSEDFOREXPRESSINGTHATKINDOFINTENTION3THESIMILARITIESBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESETABOOSITISACOMMONPHENOMEN
28、ONBOTHINCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURETHATTHEREISASPECIALLANGUAGEPHENOMENONFORMEDBYTABOOLANGUAGETABOOLANGUAGEISNOTONLYALINGUISTICPHENOMENON,BUTALSOASOCIALPHENOMENONASWEALLKNOW,CHINESEANDENGLISHCULTURALBACKGROUNDSAREDIFFERENT,SOITCAUSEDHUGEDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHTABOOLANGUAGEBUTTAKINGAHISTORICP
29、ERSPECTIVE,THEREAREMANYSIMILARITIESASWELLINMODERNSOCIETY,THEWORLDISJUSTLIKEAGLOBALVILLAGEANDITSGETTINGSMALLERANDSMALLERITISAGREATADVANTAGEFORUSTOUNDERSTANDANDDISTINGUISHTHESIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESOFTABOOTHEREFORE,THEANALYSISANDCOMPARISONOFTHESIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESETABOOS
30、WILLHELPUSBETTERUNDERSTANDTHECULTURALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEIRRESPECTIVEOWNERINFACT,TABOOISACOMMONCULTURALPHENOMENONOFTHEWHOLEWORLDONLYTHECONTENTANDFORMDIFFERTHESIMILARITIESOFCHINESEANDENGLISHLINGUISTICTABOOMAINLYEMBODYINTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTS31GENERALPRINCIPLEFORPRAGMATICSIMILARITYTHEPRAGMATICSIMILARITYB
31、ETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESETABOOMAINLYEMBODIESINSOMERUDETABOOEXPRESSIONS,ANDALSOINRELIGIOUS,PSYCHOLOGICALANDPHYSICALTABOOSPRAGMATICSISASUBJECTTOSTUDYHOWTOUSELANGUAGESANDTHEREGULAROFITINORDERTOESTABLISHPRAGMATICRULES,FROMTHESPEAKERANDTHEHEARERSPOINTOFTHEVIEW,THEBEHAVIOROFUSINGLANGUAGEISAFFECTEDBYVARIOUSS
32、OCIALCONSTRAINTSWHICHACTONSPECIFICCONTEXTOFASPECIFICDISCOURSE,HIGHLIGHTINGTHECONTEXTTHATMAYAFFECTTHEINTERPRETATIONOFVARIOUSASPECTSOFDISCOURSEANDTHEPRAGMATICTHEORYOFSPEECHACTSMAINLYFOLLOWSTHERULESLIKECALLMUSTFOLLOWSPECIALCALLINGSYSTEMANDUSINGRULESINALLKINDSOFLANGUAGESFOREXAMPLE,ANENGLISHMANINCHINAWOU
33、LDLIKETOUSENAMESTOCALLEACHOTHERWHENTHEYMEETATTHISMOMENT,THEGREETINGSMUSTFOLLOWTHEPRINCIPLESOFTHERECIPROCITYLETSTAKEANOTHEREXAMPLE,WHENAGREETSWITHB,BWILLGREETWITHAIMMEDIATELYTHISISASIMPLERULEANDMAINLYFROMTHEUSEOFTHEPOLITELANGUAGESTHETABOOSPRAGMATICPRINCIPLESHAVETHEFOLLOWINGSIMILARITIESINENGLISHANDCHI
34、NESECULTURE5311DESECRATINGLANGUAGERELATEDTABOOENGLISHANDCHINESETABOOSHAVEREACHEDACONSENSUSINMANYWAYSEXCRETAANDACTSOFHUMANEXCRETIONARETOBEAVOIDEDINPOLITECONVERSATIONINWESTERNCOUNTRIES,SOMECHRISTIANSAREVERYPIOUSTOTHEGODTHEYBELIEVETHATTHEMISUSEOFGODORGODSNAMEISDISRESPECTFULTHEREFORE,CHINESEPEOPLEMUSTAV
35、OIDUSINGTHISKINDOFLANGUAGEINCHRISTIANCOUNTRIES,THENAMEOFTHEGODISTHEBIGGESTTABOONOMATTERWHENANDWHERE,PEOPLESHOULDNOTSAYGODSNAMETHEGODREQUIREDISRAELISTOOBEYTHETENCOMMANDMENTS,THETHIRDONEBEING“THEYSHOULDNOTSAYMYNAMEINVAIN”（HOLYBIBLE,2000334）ALLCHRISTIANPEOPLEAVOIDSAYINGCERTAINWORDSSUCHASGOD,HELL,DEVIL,
36、CHRISTANDDAMNBUTTHEYUSEGOSH,GOLLY,FORGOODNESSSAKEORFORCRYINGOUTLOUDTHEYDONOTUSETHEWORDJESUS,THEYUSEGEE,JEEPERS,JIMMYANDSOONLIKECHINESE,THEYDONOTUSEGODASWELLANDALSOTHEYDONOTMENTIONTHENAMEOFTHEMASTER,WHICHISALSOATABOOINWESTERNCOUNTRYBOTHTHEANCIENTPEOPLEANDTHEMODERNPEOPLEHAVETHEAWEFORTHEGODANDTHEGHOSTT
37、HEREAREALOTOFRELIGIONSTOBELIEVEINCHINA,ANDTHEREAREMANYTABOOSABOUTRELIGIONFIRST,THEYKEEPFARAWAYFROMDESECRATINGTHEGODTHEYSHOULDNOTUSETHEIRWORDSTODISRESPECTTHEGODTHEYBELIEVEINCHINA,PEOPLEWHOBELIEVEINBUDDHISMANDDAOISMWOULDSAYSOMENONSENSEWORDSNONSENSEMEANSGOSSIPANDTELLINGLIESCHINESEPEOPLEHAVEBEENDEEPLYIN
38、FLUENCEDBYCONFUCIANTHOUGHTS,ANDRESPECTFULCONFUCIANETIQUETTETHEYASKEDPEOPLETOUSEMODERATESPEECHINSOCIALACTIVITIES,ANDSHOULDNOTTALKNONSENSE,TELLLIES,ANDSPEAKIRRELEVANTLYMOSTCHINESEADHERETOPROTECTINGTHEWHOLEFAMILYANDMAKINGTHEMFEELHAPPYANDPEACESOTHEYBELIEVETHATTHE“DOORGOD”,”MONEYGOD”,”WATERGOD”EXISTINTHE
39、WORLDSOINCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURE,PEOPLEBEGINTORESPECTTHEEXISTENCEOFGODANDGHOSTANDALSO,SOMETIMESONEWILLHEARJOKESWITHRACIALREMARKSOR“ETHNICJOKES”SUCHJOKESMAYAPPEARFUNNY,BUTTHEYAREOFFENSIVENEVERTHELESSTHECHINESEHANLANGUAGELIKEWISESHOWSTRACEOFRACISM,ALTHOUGHTHEREHAVEBEENCONSIDERABLEIMPROVEMENTSSINCETHE
40、PEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINAWASFOUNDEDIN1949PRIORTOTHAT,BELITTLINGOROUTRIGHTDEGRADINGTERMSFORNONHANPEOPLEWERENOTUNCOMMONVIRTUALLYCALLINGCERTAINCHINESEETHNICGROUPSBARBARIANS,SUCHAS蛮人；DERISIVEEXPRESSIONSSUCHAS蒙古大夫（MONGOLIANDOCTORAQUACKORINCOMPETENTDOCTOR）TOSHOWOFFTHEASSUMEDSUPERIORITYOFONESOWNETHNICGROUPSIN
41、CETHEMIDDLEOFTHECENTURY,OURCOUNTRYHASFORMULATEDTHEEQUALITYOFTHECONSTITUTIONSUCHRACISTTERMSANDEXPRESSIONSHAVELARGELYDISAPPEAREDFROMTHELANGUAGE,BUTNOTCOMPLETELYTODAY,ONECANSTILLHEARFOREIGNERSREFERREDTOAS鬼子（DEVILS）,OR洋鬼子（FOREIGNDEVILS）THETERM大鼻子BIGNOSEMAY6NOTBEQUITESOOFFENSIVE,BUTITISHARDLYONEOFRESPECT
42、INSPITEOFTHECHANGESMENTIONEDABOVE,ANDINSOMEAREAS,THEPROGRESSHAVEBEENMADEGREATLY,THERESTILLEXISTTHETRACESOFSEXISMANDRACISMBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHCULTUREUNLESSONEISCAREFUL,ONECANEASILYOFFENDWITHOUTREALIZINGITKEEPINGUPWITHTHELANGUAGECHANGESINTHESEAREASISNEEDEDOFCOURSEWHATSMOREIMPORTANTISTODEVELOPSENSI
43、TIVITYTOTHEFEELINGSOFTHOSEWHOSUFFERINGFROMTHEUNFAIRTREATMENTUNDERSTANDINGTHEINJUSTICEOFTHESOCIETYISPERHAPSTHEBESTGUARANTEETOAGAINSTRACISTORSEXISTBEHAVIOR,WHETHERINTENTIONALORNOTITISTHESIMILARITYWITHUSINGTHEDESECRATEWORDSINCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURE,THEYWILLTRYTHEIRBESTTOAVOIDTHISKINDOFLANGUAGESWHENITC
44、OMESTOTHEGODANDGHOST312ABUSIVELANGUAGERELATEDTABOOFROMTHEANCIENTCIVILIZATIONTOTHENEWCENTURY,SOMEABUSIVEWORDSHAVEBEENFORBIDDENANDTHATISTRUEBOTHINENGLISHANDCHINESECULTURE,BUTFURTHEREXPLANATIONAREVERYNECESSARYBECAUSETHISKINDOFABUSIVEWORDSALWAYSOFFENDPEOPLE,MAKINGTHEMFEELUNHAPPYORANGRYTHEYUSUALLYUSEANIM
45、ALSTOLAUGHATSOMEONE,JUSTLIKEBITCH,COW,SWINE,ANDPIGSOMEABUSIVEWORDSLIKECHEEKY,LIAR,PREVARICATING,FASCISTANDSHIT,HELL,DAMN,FUCKANDSOONAREALLFORBIDDENINNORMALSITUATIONS“HOWEVER,ITISNOTJUSTBLACKSWHOARECALLEDDEGRADINGNAMESINTHEUSTHEREARENAMESFOROTHERRACIALORETHNICGROUPSASWELL”DENGYANCHANG,1994124INENGLIS
46、H,JESUSCHRISTHOLYMARYSONOFABITCHWOULDBESUCHTERMS,WHEREASDAMNDAMEITHELLTHESEWOULDBELESSTALKEDABOUTINCHINA,ITSEEMSTOHAVEFEWERRESTRICTIONSTOUSEABUSIVEWORDS他妈的SEEMSTOBETHEMOSTCOMMONWORDSTHATWONTAROUSETOOSTRONGDISAPPROVALANOTHERPHENOMENONOFTABOOWOULDBETHEAGE,SEXANDTHEOCCUPATIONOFPEOPLEIFACHILDSAYSSOMEABU
47、SIVEWORDS,SHE/HEWILLSOONBEBLAMEDBYHER/HISELDERSINTHESAMEWAY,AWOMANWOULDBECONSIDEREDINDECENTWHILEATEACHERWOULDBEREGARDEDASHIGHLYIMPROPERWHENTHEYSAYTHESEABUSIVEWORDSATHIRDPHENOMENONWOULDBETHESETTINGORENVIRONMENTWHENITCOMESTOPUBLICSPEAKING,SUCHASINTHECLASSROOM,ORATGATHERINGSOFPEOPLEWITHACERTAINSOCIALST
48、ATUS,ITWOULDBESTRICTERTHANATONESOWNHOMEITSHOULDBEMENTIONEDTHATCURRENTLYPEOPLESRESPONSETOABUSIVEWORDSMAYCHANGESOMEABUSIVEWORDSBECOMERATHERCOMMONANDGRADUALLYLOSETHEIRORIGINALMEANINGSTHEYARENOLONGERSOOFFENSIVESOMEOFTHEABUSIVEWORDSMENTIONEDABOVEARENOWFREQUENTLYHEARDINYOUNGPEOPLESCONVERSATIONHOWEVER,FORN
49、ONNATIVESPEAKERS,THOUGH,ITISBETTERTOBECAUTIOUSINUSINGPROFANITYNOWINMODERNSOCIETY,THEABUSIVEWORDSAREBEINGWIDELYBANNEDPEOPLEAREADVOCATINGCIVILIZEDANDPOLITE7FORMOFCOMMUNICATIONITISALSOINDICATINGAHARMONIOUSSOCIETYTHATPEOPLEALLFOLLOWTHECIVILIZATIONANDTHEMORALITYINDIFFERENTCULTUREINORDERTOCOMMUNICATEWELL,PEOPLEAVOIDTHESEABUSIVEWORDSTOKEEPFROMTHEEMBARRASSMENT32DISEASEANDDEATHRELATEDTABOOASWEALLKNOW,PEOPLEAREAFRAIDOFFACINGDISEASEANDDEATHTHUS,INCOMMUNICATION,PEOPLEALWAYSAVOIDTALKINGABOUT“DEAD“WORDSASMUCHASPOSSIBLEWHENTHEYHAVETOMENTIONIT,THEYUSEOTHERWORDSINSTEADLIKEACELEB
