1、1毕业论文开题报告英语ONDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSINTHESNOWSOFKILIMANJARO一、论文选题的背景、意义（所选课题的历史背景、国内外研究现状和发展趋势）作为美国文学史上第六位诺贝尔文学奖的获得者，海明威无论是在二十世纪的世界文学领域还是在美国文学领域都拥有着不可动摇的地位。作为“迷惘一代”的代表作家，他的独特文风造就了他的成功。而他始终探索的死亡问题似乎总是被人忽视。根据近期在对海明威的部分短篇小说进行系统研究中，发现指出海明威对于生命和死亡主题的探索和意识流手法的运用也可以体现于他的一些短篇小说之中，而他在短篇小说创作中所使用
2、的艺术手法又突现和加强了这一死亡的主题，是研究过程中不容忽视的重要因素。海明威的艺术成就主要体现在他的长篇小说创作中已是不争的事实，而国内学术界对于海明威的研究也基本围绕于此。相比较之下，对于其短篇小说的研究不仅不够深入且缺乏系统性。本篇论文通过对海明威本人的经历和他的文学作品的细致研究指出，虽然他的短篇小说不像长篇小说那样使他蜚声世界文坛，但在创作过程中与他的个人经历联系更为密切，因而是阐释海明威对生命与死亡的理解的可靠凭据。二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题乞力马扎罗山的雪不仅映射出海明威的人生轨迹,更是海明威人生观的表征,映射出人生的多元路径,微妙地体现了生命的复杂性。海明威并不囿于简
3、单的正误判析,也不指望获得绝对或者最后的真理,而是努力在历史、思想和文化层面上解读人类的困惑和进程。哈里一生痛苦的不懈寻求体现了海明威对战争的批判和顿悟,哈里对写作和女人的态度体现了海明威生命的维系,哈里面对死亡时的心态和内心独白映射出人类的迷惘焦虑思考和质疑以及海明威直面死亡时渴望解读生命意义的努力。哈里亦即海明威不懈的人生探索充满了痛苦和困惑,没有花前月下的温馨,只有乞力马扎罗山那梦幻般冰雪不融的顶峰,那也许并不2是人类的终极归属,但是表征了人类渴望在更开阔的视野中审视自身,渴望拥有永恒的引领,乞力马扎罗山的雪峰之巅表征着这种引领,照耀着人类探索存在之义的足迹。THESISSTATEMEN
4、TAFTERREADINGOFHEMINGWAYSLITERARYWORKSANDSOMEOTHERPAPERONHEMINGWAYSWORKS,THEAUTHORFINDSTHATTHERESEARCHONDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSFROMHEMINGWAYSWORKSCANBEADEQUATELYREFLECTEDINHISSHORTSTORIESASWELLTHOUGHNOTASFAMOUSASTHENOVELS,THESESHORTSTORIESARECLOSELYRELATEDTOHISPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDAREV
5、ALUABLEFORUSTOTAKETHEINTERPRETATIONOFHEMINGWAYSEXPLORATIONONDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSTHISARTICLEISTODEALWITHTHEDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSINTHESNOWSOFKILIMANJAROOUTLINE1INTRODUCTION11BACKGROUNDINFORMATION12THEDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS13LITERATUREREVIEW2HEMINGWAYSVIE
6、WOFDEATHTHEMEINTHESNOWOFKILIMANJARO21FROMTHEFIGURESTORESEARCHTHEDEATHTHEME22FROMTHEPHOTOGRAPHICFIELDTORESEARCHTHEDEATHTHEME23FROMTHEPLOTTORESEARCHTHEDEATHTHEME3HEMINGWAYANDHISSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSINTHESNOWOFKILIMANJARO31HEMINGWAYANDHISSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS32THEFUNCTIONOFHEMINGWAYSSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNE
7、SS33THECHARACTERISTICSOFHEMINGWAYSSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSCHAPTER4THESIGNIFICANCEOFHISDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSCHAPTER5CONCLUSIONTHETHESISHASDISCUSSEDTHEDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSFROMHEMINGWAYBYANALYZINGHISSHORTSTORIESTHESNOWSOFKILIMANJAROWECANSEECLEARLYTHATSHORTSTORIESAREVALUABL
8、EFORUSTOTAKETHEINTERPRETATIONASWELLAS3HEMINGWAYSFAMOUSNOVELSTOSOMEDEGREE,HEMINGWAYSDEATHTHEMECANBEFULLYREFLECTEDBYHISWRITHINGFEATURE,THESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS三、研究的方法和技术路线文章的研究主要通过查阅图书馆的有关资料、报刊，以及网上相关资料，通过对国内外学者们对海明威作品中死亡主题和意识流写作手法的研究进行综合归纳等方法，并且分析其中运用自己独特的意识流写法来表达出死亡的主题，通过两者的结合，使得文章的主题升华。通过对乞力马扎罗山的雪的
9、反复阅读和研究，并且结合其他的分析评论进行思考，研究得出此短篇小说中的独特之处。四、论文详细工作进度和安排2010年7月选题2009年9月指导老师下达任务书，学生提交开题报告，文献综述2010年1011月开始论文正式写作2010年11月底前提交论文初稿2010年12月底前初稿、二稿的修改2011年4月底前三稿的修改2011年5月中旬定稿，提交按要求装订的论文终稿一式三份五、主要参考文献1美PAULSMITH编,2007,海明威短篇小说新论英文版，北京大学出版社2美SCOTTDONALDSON编，2000，厄内斯特海明威专著上海外语教育出版社3李维屏，1993,英美意识流小说M，海外语教育出版社
10、，上海，19934蒲敏然，2000，论海明威作品中的意识流写法MA，广东外语外贸大学5王华，2004，海明威短篇小说中对生与死亡主题的不断探讨MA，安徽大学6张娜，2006，解读海明威的死亡主题MA，安徽大学7俞晔，2004，生与死欧内斯特海明威作品主题研究MA，上海外国语大学48孙华祥，1991，从看海明威的文体风格J，外国文学研究，1991年第1期9陈慧，1983，论“意识流”的特征及其他J，河北师范大学学报1983第四期10罗明州，1999，论海明威的死亡情绪J，外国文学研究1999年第二期11刘筠平，浅析乞力马扎罗的雪中的死亡的意义J，（滇）楚雄师专学报1991年第4期12马菊玲，20
11、07，生命的空间乞力马扎罗山的雪的认知文体分析J，河南大学外语教学，第28卷，第1期13熊荣斌张勤，生与死的写真试析乞力马扎罗的雪的表现手法J14卢海霞鲍秀文，2009，两大短篇小说中“死亡”的比较研究J，南昌高专学报2009年第3期15李亚南区林，2007，乞力马扎罗的雪的底蕴解读J，云南师范大学学报第39卷第5期16兰兴伟，2005，海明威短篇小说艺术风格探析J，西南名族大学人文社科版第26卷17刘传贤，2007，乞力马扎罗的雪意识流的独特运用J，双语学习学术探讨2007年8月18吴文，2009，浅析乞力马扎罗的雪J，长江师范学院学报第25卷第4期56（20_届）本科毕业设计英语浅析海明威
12、乞力马札罗山的雪中的死亡主题和意识流写作手法ONDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSINTHESNOWSOFKILIMANJARO7ABSTRACTDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSHAVELONGBEENIMPORTANTASPECTSFORTHELITERARYCRITICISMSOFHEMINGWAYSWORKSINWESTERNCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,CHINESESCHOLARSHAVEMAINLYFOCUSEDONHEMINGWAYSNOVELSINDEALINGTHESETWOASPECTSW
13、HICHCANALSOBEADEQUATELYREFLECTEDINHISSHORTSTORIESHEMINGWAYSSHORTSTORIESARECLOSELYRELATEDTOHISPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDAREVALUABLEFORUSTOTAKETHEINTERPRETATIONOFHEMINGWAYSEXPLORATIONONDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSTHISARTICLEISTODEALWITHTHEDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSTHROUGHCLOSEREADINGOFT
14、HESNOWSOFKILIMANJAROKEYWORDSHEMINGWAYSHORTSTORYDEATHTHEMETHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUS8摘要死亡主题和意识流写作手法一直是西方国家对海明威作品的两大批评方向。然而，在中国，人们主要通过海明威的长篇小说来研究这两大方面。其实，它们也可以通过海明威的短篇小说充分体现出来。这些短篇小说和他的人生经历息息相关，值得我们对于他的死亡主题和意识流写作方式做进一步的研究和探索。本论文以乞力马札罗山的雪为细读文本，探讨海明威作品的死亡主题和意识流写作手法。关键词海明威；短篇小说；死亡主题；意识流写作手法9CONTENTS1BACKGROUND
15、INFORMATION1011THEDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS1012LITERATUREREVIEW122HEMINGWAYSVIEWOFDEATHTHEMEINTHESNOWOFKILIMANJARO1321CHARACTERIZATION1422SETTING1423PLOT163HEMINGWAYANDHISSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSINTHESNOWOFKILIMANJARO1731HEMINGWAYANDHISSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS1732THEFUNCTIONOFHEMINGWAYSSTREAMO
16、FCONSCIOUSNESS1833THECHARACTERISTICSOFHEMINGWAYSSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS204THESIGNIFICANCEOFHISDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS215CONCLUSIONS22BIBLIOGRAPHY24ACKNOWLEDGEMENT26101BACKGROUNDINFORMATIONIN1918,HEMINGWAYPARTICIPATEDINWWIWHILEDRIVINGACARTHROUGHANITALIANTERRITORYANDWARZONE,HEWASWOUNDEDBYS
17、HRAPNELDURINGHIS20MONTHSTAYINTHEHOSPITALFORTREATMENT,237PIECESOFSHRAPNELWEREREMOVEDFROMHISLEGSALONEHISSERIOUSINJURYLEFTHIMWITHINSOMNIAANDPOSTTRAUMATICSTRESSDISORDERIN1936,THESPANISHCIVILWARBROKEOUTHERUSHEDTOTHEFRONTASAJOURNALIST,ANDWITNESSEDTHELIFEANDDEATHINTHESPANISHCIVILWARDURINGWORLDWARII,HEONCEA
18、GAINWENTONTHEENTIREBATTLEFIELDASAJOURNALISTINACARACCIDENTONTHEFRONTLINES,HEGOTASERIOUSHEADINJURYTHEWOUNDSWERECLOSEDWITH57STITCHESINTHEMEANTIME,BECAUSEOFTHECRASH,HEHADASERIOUSCONCUSSIONIN1949,HISEYEWASWOUNDEDBYASHOTGUNSHELLCASINGIN1954,WHILEHUNTINGINAFRICA,HESURVIVEDACRASHERNESTHEMINGWAYSLIFEWASONECA
19、TASTROPHEFOLLOWINGANOTHERALTHOUGHHESURVIVEDEVERYTIME,THESHADOWOFDEATHSTRUCKFEARINHISHEARTEVENMINORSTRANGEHAPPENINGSTOOKONUNDUEOMINOUSASSOCIATIONSEVENTHEDEATHOFHISFATHER,SUICIDE,HADATREMENDOUSIMPACTONHIMSEVERALYEARSLATER,HISMOTHERGAVEHIMTHEREVOLVERWITHWHICHHISFATHERHADCOMMITTEDSUICIDEANACCOMPANYINGCA
20、RDSHOWEDTHEWORDS,“MAYBEYOUWANTTOSAVEIT”TOTHISHEREPLIED,“IREALLYDONOTKNOWWHATTHISMEANS”SCOTTDONALDSON,2000THOSELEGENDARY,UNIQUE,ANDCOMPLEXEXPERIENCESVISIBLYSTRENGTHENEDTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFHISLIFEFURTHERMORE,SERIOUSILLNESSFURTHERCOLOREDHISIMAGINATIONCONCERNINGDEATH,WHICHINSPIRESCOMPLEXNEUROTICSENTIMENTS
21、,ASWELLASRELIGIOUSMYSTERY,TOTHECONCEPTUALIZATIONOFHISDEATHITSNODOUBTTHATDEATHHASTHEGREATESTMEASUREOFAUTHENTICITYANDREALISMFORHEMINGWAYHEMINGWAYCONCEIVEDOFDEATHASSOMETHINGTHATISABSOLUTELYINESCAPABLE,WHICHISTHELARGESTANDMOSTHORRIFYINGCONCEPTINREALITYHISWORKSHAVEAGREATMYSTERIOUSFORCETHATDEPRIVESPEOPLEO
22、FTHEIRRIGHTSANDTEARSUPTHEIRSUBJECTIVEIMAGINATIONANDBLINDOPTIMISMINTHESPACEOFAMOMENTUSINGMYRIADLITERARYIMAGES,HEMINGWAYWANTSTOCONVEYTHETRUTHABOUTTHISLIFEEXPERIENCEALLMANKINDISDOOMEDTOLIVEONINDEGRADATION,SETTINGTHEIRHOPESANDCARESASIDE11THEDEATHTHEMEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSHEMINGWAYSSHORTSTORIESCARR
23、YMORESYMBOLICMEANINGTHANHISNOVELSITWASHISSHORTSTORIESTHATGUARANTEEDHISSTATUSASAMASTERTHEREINHISWORKSAREPIECESOF11CONSCIOUSARTTHECREATIONOFHISCHARACTERSANDTHEDESCRIPTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTCARRYASTRONGANDRATHERDISTINCTIMAGERYHESAID“THEPURPOSEOFWRITINGISTOCONVEYTOTHEREADERSEVERYFEELING,VISION,PLACEANDEMOT
24、ION“YUYE,2004INFACT,ASLONGASYOUREADHISWORKSCAREFULLY,THEFOCUSOFHISSHORTSTORIESWILLBEFOUNDTOSHAREACOMMONPOINTFIRST,HISWORKSRESORTTOTHEREADERSSENSESSOTHATREADERSCOULDFEELANDHEARWHATHEWRITESANDPRODUCEASTRONGIMPRESSIONINORDERTOLETTHEREADERENJOYTHEFEELINGOFIMMERSIVE,CONFUSING,DRAMATICNARRATIONTHISWASACCO
25、MPLISHEDBYOMITTINGILLUSTRATIVETIPSANDALSOHIDINGTHESUBJECTIVEMOTIVEBEHINDFICTIONALDIALOGUEEVENIFWECANFEELTHERHYTHM,SPEEDANDTONEOFTHEDIALOGUE,WEAREUNABLETODETERMINETHETRUEPSYCHOLOGICALMOTIVATIONBEHINDITTHEDEATHTHEME“DEATHSTUDIES“ISNOTOPTIMISTICPEOPLEHAVEACOMMONPSYCHOLOGICALAVOIDANCETODEATHIFSOMEONEMEN
26、TIONEDDEATHNORMALLY,ITMAYCAUSETHECONSIDERATIONOFMISERYINFACT,DEATHISNOTATHREATITISACHALLENGETOTHEPEOPLEANDALLLIVINGTHINGSISITDEATHIFTHEHEARTBEATANDBREATHINGHAVESTOPPEDSOMEPEOPLEWONDERWHENEXACTLYTODECLAREDEATHDOESITHAPPENWHENTHEBRAINDIESTHENWHATABOUTAVEGETATIVESTATEDEATHISAMATTEROFMEDICINE,RELIGION,P
27、SYCHOLOGY,LITERATUREANDOTHERAREASOFCROSSCUTTINGDISCIPLINES,ANDISCLOSELYRELATEDWITHPEOPLESLIVES“DEATHINLITERATURE“ISANIMPORTANTBRANCHOF“DEATHSTUDIES“,ANDBYMEANSOFARTISTICINSPIRATIONANDENLIGHTENMENTHELPSMOREPEOPLEUNDERSTANDDEATHTOSOMEEXTENT,ITWILLSTRENGTHENTHECAMPAIGNOF“DEATHEDUCATION”THESTREAMOFCONSC
28、IOUSNESSIFWEREGARDEDTHESUBJECTIVELIFEOFPEOPLEASASTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS,THENTHEOUTSIDEOFLIFEOFPEOPLECANBECALLEDTHELIFESTREAMSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSISTHEREFLECTIONOFTHELIFESTREAM,BUTSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSCANALSOBECOUNTERPRODUCTIVEACTIONSOFCHARACTERSINTHELIFESTREAMTHETWOINFLUENCEEACHOTHERTRADITIONALREALIST
29、ICNOVELSNOTONLYINCLUDETHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS,BUTALSOWRITETHELIFESTREAMGENERALLY,THELIFESTREAMISTHESUBJECT,ANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSISASTHEAUXILIARYITWILLSHOWTHEMENTALACTIVITYINTHETWO“FLOW“FIGURESHOWEVER,THENOVELSCONCERNINGTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSAREFOREXPLORINGINTERNALTHOUGHTANDSHOWLITTLEREGARDF
30、ORTHELIFESTREAMATMOST,THEREFLECTISASUBJECTIVEVIEWOFTHELIFESTREAMANDISFRAGMENTEDANDMYSTERIOUSITISTHETRUEMEANINGOFTHEDEBRISWITHOUTACOHERENTPLOT,THEREISNOCLEARCOMPLETE12SCENE,EVENTHECHARACTERSAREDIM,ANDTHEFIGURESARETRANSFERREDBYTHEINKINGOFTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESS12LITERATUREREVIEWWITHTHETOPICOFDEATHTHE
31、MEANDTHESTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESSINHEMINGWAYSWORKS,LIUJUNPING1991POINTEDTHATTHESNOWSOFKILIMANJARO1938ISONEOFTHEOUTSTANDINGSHORTSTORIESOFERNESTHEMINGWAYSWORKSTHISNOVELGOTPRAISEDFROMALLSIDESOFWORLDWHENPUBLISHEDIN1936IFALLWORKSOFHEMINGWAYCONTAINASTREAMOFTHEBLACKDEATHTHEME,WECANALSOFEELTHEDEATHINSLOWLYINTHI
32、SWORKWHENFLOWGOESWITHTHEUNDERCURRENTSORROWANDDARKRHYTHMACCORDINGTHELIYANAN2007L,THENOVELSHOWEDUSISNOTONLYTHESADNESSOFDEATH,BUTALSOTHEDEATHMEANINGWHICHTHEAUTHORWANTSTOEXPLORECOMPAREDWITHTHERETAINEDMONOSYLLABICSTYLISTICSANDTHEME,THEMOSTSTRIKINGPLACEISITSCOMPLICATEDSPACETIMENETWORKNARRATIONTHEMAINLINEO
33、FTHENOVELISCOMBINEDWITHTHEDIALOGUE,HEARTMONOLOGUE,MEMORIESANDMEDITATIONINTERWOVENOFHARRYLUOMINGZHOU1999POINTEDOUTTHATTHEAUTHORQUIETLYBRINGTHEREADERTOTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEENTRANCEOFNOVEL,ANDLETTHEREADERTHEMSELVESTOEXPERIENCETHEFICTIONALWORLDINTHEVASTSPACEDURINGTHENARRATION,THEAUTHORSKILLFULLYCONVERTSTHEP
34、ERSPECTIVE,ACROSSTHELIMITSOFSPACEANDTIME,ANDWAVETHEDIFFERENTSPACETIMETOADENSENETWORKSPACELANXINWEI2005POINTEDOUTTHATHEMINGWAYCREATEDAVOIDWORLDINMANYOFHISSHORTSTORIESTHEFIGURESFEATUREINTHISWORLDISEITHEROLDANDLONELY,ORCONFUSEDANDDISAPPOINTEDTHEFIGURESINHISNOVELAREINCOMPATIBLEWITHMODERNSOCIETYEITHERTHE
35、YISOLATEDANDFARAWAYFROMTHEFAMILIARLANDANDPEOPLE,ORTHEYHADDESPERATELONELINESS,INNERPAIN,ANDEVENSUICIDETHEYHADNOTTHESPIRITUALSUSTENANCEANDLOSTTHEDIRECTIONOFLIFEINSHORT,THEYLIVEDWITHNOTHINGWITHADEEPSENSEOFEMPTINESSINTHEWORLDWHENITCOMESTOHEMINGWAY,ZHAOYANJIE2003POINTEDOUTTHATERNESTHEMINGWAYSLIFEANDHISCR
36、EATIONHAVEASPECIALRELATIONSHIPASAWRITER,HECANNOTAVOIDTHENIHILISTICMOURNEDTOAFTERTHEPROFOUNDUNDERSTANDINGOFLIFE,ANDTHEHELPLESSANDDISTRESSFROMTHELESSLITERARYIMAGINATIONANDCREATIONOFAGING,ANDHAVETONEEDTHEDEATHTHEMETOMAINTAINTHEHIGHREPUTATIONTOACHIEVEANOTHERKINDOFPERFECTIONSOTHESHADOWOFDEATHISEVERYWHERE
37、,ANDTHESMELLOFDEATHDIFFUSESAROUNDWHATSMORE,THEDEATHBECOMESINTOTHEETERNALTHEMEOF13HEMINGWAYSWRITINGANDITSESSENTIALSIGNIFICANCEOFTHEMEOFHISWHOLELIFESEXPLORATION2HEMINGWAYSVIEWOFDEATHTHEMEINTHESNOWOFKILIMANJARO“KILIMANJAROISASNOWCOVEREDMOUNTAIN19,710FEETHIGH,ANDISSAIDTOBETHEHIGHESTMOUNTAININAFRICAITSWE
38、STERNSUMMITISCALLEDTHEMASAI“NGJENGI,“THEHOUSEOFGODCLOSETOTHEWESTERNSUMMITTHEREISTHEDRIEDANDFROZENCARCASSOFALEOPARDNOONEHASEXPLAINEDWHATTHELEOPARDWASSEEKINGATTHATALTITUDE”THISQUOTATIONINITALICSSEEMSHAVELITTLERELATIONSHIPWITHTHEWHOLESTORYITJUSTLOOKSLIKEASTATEMENTOFFACT,ANDHEMINGWAYHIMSELFDIDNOTANSWERS
39、UNHUAXIANG,1991INFACT,THISQUOTATIONPOINTSATTHETHEMEOFTHEBOOKWITHTHEIMPERFECTOFTHEJOURNEYOFLIFEANDTHEHOPELESSANDCONFUSEDINTHELIFE,ETERNALONLYCANBEOBTAINEDINTHEDEATHFIRSTOFALL,READERSWILLTHINK“INHOTAFRICA,WHATDOESTHELEOPARDWANTTODOTOTHETOPOFTHEFRIGIDPEAKSANDWHATDOESHARRY,THECHARACTERFROMTHEDISTANTUNIT
40、EDSTATESTOAFRICA,WANTTOSEARCHFOR“THESEEKINGOFLEOPARDMAPPEDTHETHOUGHTSOFHARRY,THERELENTLESSSEARCHOFHEMINGWAYINHISLIFE,ANDSUGGESTEDTHATITFOUNDTHEENDALTHOUGHTHEDEATHISJUSTINFRONTOFYOURFACE,PERENNIALSNOWMEANSETERNALHEMINGWAYSSHORTSTORIES,THESNOWSOFKILIMANJARO,PORTRAYACOLD,ABSURD,UNKNOWABLEWORLDFORUSINSU
41、CHAWORLD,PEOPLECANNOTFINDTHEMEANINGOFLIFE,ANDTHEREISONLYEMPTINESSANDHOLLOWINTHELIFETHEREFORE,THEHEMINGWAYCHARACTERFACEDTHEWORLDWITHOUTTHEVALUEOFREALLIFE,FELTTHATTHEYHADBEENALIENATEDINTHISSOCIETYANDWORLD,BECAMEADESERTED,LONELY,AIMLESSEXISTENCEACCORDINGTOWHATWANGHUA2005WASWRITTEN,“WHETHERITISTOHEMINGW
42、AYORHISCHARACTERINHISWORKS,LIFEISALONELYSTRUGGLETOTHEM,ISTHEPASSIONOFDESPERATEACTIONWITHOUTANYMEANINGORREASONBEHINDTHESTORYINTHELIFETIME,NOTHINGCANBESTATED,TOBEIMPROVEDORSAVED,ANDALSOCANNOTREALLYRAISEORRESOLVETHEPROBLEMWHATEVERITWAS“HEMINGWAYCREATEDAVOIDWORLDINMANYOFHISSHORTSTORIESINYUYESCOMMENT2004
43、THATTHEFIGURESINHISNOVELAREINCOMPATIBLEWITHMODERNSOCIETYEITHERTHEYISOLATEDANDFARAWAYFROMTHEFAMILIARLANDANDPEOPLE,ORTHEYHADDESPERATELONELINESS,INNERPAIN,ANDEVENSUICIDETHEYHADNOTTHESPIRITUALSUSTENANCEANDLOSTTHEDIRECTIONOFLIFEINSHORT,THEYLIVEDWITHNOTHINGWITHADEEP14SENSEOFEMPTINESSINTHEWORLDTHE“NASTYBIR
44、D“VULTURECIRCLEDHARRYOVERHEADANDCASTEDTHEIRSHADOWASDEATHENVELOPEDALLIMPLIESTHATDEATHISUNAVOIDABLEANDPEOPLECANNOTESCAPEHYENASBARKHASASTRONGSYMBOLICSIGNIFICANCEINTHEBOOKINITIALLY,THEWHIMPEROFHYENAISAPREDICTOROFANXIETY,SUGGESTINGHARRYFACEDARUTHLESSWORLDOUTSIDE21CHARACTERIZATIONHEMINGWAYSHARRYISNEITHERA
45、HERONORACOWARD,ANDHEHASNEITHERTHEHAMLETLIKEMELANCHOLY,NORDRIVELIKEROMEOSLOVEHARRY,LIKEMILLIONSOFORDINARYPEOPLE,WANTSTOMAKEHISLIFEFULLOFVALUEBYWORKINGHARDANDTHINKING,BUTHESUFFEREDALOSSAFTERHELIVEDINTHEWILDERNESSFROMWORLDWARII“THEFIGUREUNDERHEMINGWAYSPENISNOTTHEPEOPLEWHOLIVEWITHANIDEALORADAZZLINGSUPER
46、MANACCORDINGTOZHANGNASTHOUGHTS2004,HEMINGWAYDESCRIBESAREALWORLDANDTHEEXISTENCEOFBIOLOGICALSPECIESINTHISWORLDWEREPEATEDLIFESSETBACKS,ANDTHEREISNOOTHERWAYTOGETTHOUGH,NOONEKNOWSWHATWECANGET,ANDNOONEKNOWSWHETHERITWILLPROGRESSTHISISNOTONLYTHESTARTINGPOINTOFHEMINGWAY,BUTALSOTHEFOUNDATIONOFHISCONSTANTCREAT
47、IONOFNEWCHARACTERSANDNEWPLOTTHEREAREMANYDIFFERENTCHARACTERISTICSOFHUMANNATURE,BUTHEMINGWAYSMAINIDEAOFDESCRIPTIONISTHATHESHOULDDESCRIBEORDINARYPEOPLENOTSUPERMENWHATSMORE,THEREISACERTAININTENTIONTHATHEMINGWAYSHOWSTHEDECADENCEANDDEATHOFATALENTEDWRITERINTHESNOWOFKILIMANJAROHEMINGWAYHADFRANKLYACKNOWLEDGE
48、DTHATHARRYSIMAGEHASHISOWNSHADOWTHETIMETHATTHENOVELWASPUBLISHEDWASJUSTTHATHEMINGWAYWASATTHETOPOFHISGAMEITISINSIGNIFICANTWHETHERHEMINGWAYMEANSTOMAKETHESNOWSOFKILIMANJAROTOHIMSELFANDOTHERAMERICANWRITERASAWARNINGWHATISIMPORTANTISTHATTHENOVELUNDOUBTEDLYHASSUCHPRACTICALSIGNIFICANCE22SETTING“THECOTTHEMANLA
49、YONWASINTHEWIDESHADEOFAMIMOSATREEANDASHELOOKEDOUTPASTTHESHADEONTOTHEGLAREOFTHEPLAINTHEREWERETHREEOFTHEBIGBIRDSSQUATTEDOBSCENELY,WHILEINTHESKYADOZENMORESAILED,MAKINGQUICKMOVINGSHADOWSASTHEYPASSED”THISWASASCENEWITHHARRYHEMINGWAYUSEDSEVERALSHORTSENTENCESTOPRESENTAVIVIDANDACCURATEWORLDTOREADERSWITHSTATICMOVEMENTCROUCHINGAND15CASTINGASHADOWANDMOVEMENTFLYINGANDPASSING,WHICHFORMEDASTARKCONTRASTWITHHARRYSDIFFICULTIESANDTHEPSYCHOLOGICALSTATEOFFEARANDDESPAIRTHISISTHETRAGICCONSCIOUSNESSTHATTHEMODERNEXPRESSIONOFHEMINGWAYSSENTIMENTOF“LIFEISALLSUFFERING,LIFEISALL
