1、I（20_届）本科毕业设计英语哈代在德伯家的苔丝中体现的男权思维和女性意识HARDYSPATRIARCHALTHINKINGANDFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSINTESSOFTHEDUBERVILLESII摘要在德伯家的苔丝以下简称苔丝一书中,哈代接受了父权制社会中的妇女观念。在其小说创作中,他从男性的思维角度来叙述苔丝悲剧命运的起伏,体现了比较浓重的男性思维。但小说中又含有一定的女权主义意识,表现在作者把苔丝刻画成一位有个性，敢于追求爱情的女性形象，这显示出哈代在创作过程中男性思维和女权意识的交织矛盾。正是这种矛盾的心理导致了女主人公的悲剧命运。关键词托马斯哈代；苔丝男权思维；
2、女权意识；矛盾1ABSTRACTIN“TESSOFTHEDURBERVILLES“HEREINAFTERREFERREDTOAS“TESS“,HARDYREVEALSHISPERCEPTIONOFWOMENINTHEPATRIARCHYSOCIETYHEDESCRIBESTESSSTRAGICFATEFROMTHEMALEPERSPECTIVE,REFLECTINGPATRIARCHALTHINKINGINTHEDEPTHOFHISCONSCIOUSNESSONTHEOTHERHAND,THISLOVESTORYALSOCONVEYSACLEARSENSEOFFEMINISTCONSCIOUS
3、NESSOFTHEWRITER,WHICHISPROVENBYTHEFACTTHATTESS,THEHEROINE,ISDEPICTEDASAFEMALEIMAGEWHOHASSTRONGPERSONALITYANDHASTHECOURAGETOPURSUEHERIDEALLOVEWEMAYSAYTHATITISJUSTTHISCONTRADICTORYSTATEOFMINDONTHEPARTOFTHEWRITERTHATLEADSTOTHETRAGICENDINGOFTHEHEROINEKEYWORDSTHOMASHARDY；TESSPATRIARCHALTHINKINGFEMINISTCO
4、NSCIOUSNESSCONTRADICTION2CONTENTS中文摘要IIABSTRACTII1INTRODUCTION111BRIEFINTRODUCTIONOFHARDYSLIFEANDHISWORKS112HARDYACONTROVERSIALWRITER22PATRIARCHALTHINKINGANDFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSOFVICTORIANERA421THEVICTORIANERA422WOMENINTHEPATRIARCHYSOCIETY523FEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESS63CONTRADICTORYPSYCHOLOGYOFHARDYINTE
5、SS731PATRIARCHALTHINKINGREFLECTEDINALEC732PATRIARCHALTHINKINGREFLECTEDINANGEL933FEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSREFLECTEDINTESS1034PESSIMISTICTENDENCY114THECAUSESOFHARDYSCONTRADICTION1241HISFAMILYBACKGROUND1242RELIGIOUSCONFUSION1343LOCALSENTIMENT135CONCLUSION14BIBLIOGRAPHY15ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1631INTRODUCTIONTHOM
6、ASHARDY18401928,ASONEOFTHECENTRALLITERARYFIGURESINTHEVICTORIANERA,OCCUPIESAHIGHPOSITIONINENGLISHLITERARYHISTORYVIRGINIAWOOLFCLAIMSINTHESECONDCOMMONREADER,WHENWESAYTHATTHEDEATHOFTHOMASHARDYLEAVESENGLISHFICTIONWITHOUTALEADER,WEMEANTHATTHEREISNOOTHERWRITERWHOSESUPREMACYWOULDBEGENERALLYACCEPTED,NONETOWH
7、OMITSEESSOFITTINGANDNATURALTOPAYHOMAGEWOOLF,1986245HEHASTALENTSINMANYFIELDSTALENTEDINLONG,SHORTNOVELSORPOEMS,HEISCALLEDASLITERARYGENIUSFORALONGPERIODOFTIME,HEISALWAYSANIMPORTANTPERSONINACADEMICCIRCLE,CRITICCIRCLE,EDITORIALPRESSANDBIOGRAPHICALCIRCLESUCHAGREATPERSONATTRACTSMANYPEOPLETOSTUDYHIM11BRIEFI
8、NTRODUCTIONOFHARDYSLIFEANDHISWORKSHARDYWASBORNANDBROUGHTUPINDORSET,ARURALREGIONOFSOUTHWESTERNENGLANDTHATWASTOBECOMETHEFOCUSOFHISFICTIONSASAYOUNGBOY,HARDYWASDEEPLYINFLUENCEDBYHISPARENTSHISFATHERSPROFESSIONASANARCHITECTDIRECTLYINFLUENCEDHIMONHISDECISIONTOBEANARCHITECTWHILEHISMOTHERSGREATINTERESTINLITE
9、RATUREHADAGRADUALINFLUENCEONYOUNGHARDYSLOVEFORPOETRYANDNOVELCOMPAREDWITHTHEARCHITECT,LITERARYCREATIONSWEREHISREALFAVORITETHEREFORE,HERETURNEDTOHISHOMETOWNDORSETTIN1867ANDBEGANTOWRITEHISNOVELSHARDYCLASSIFIEDHISLONGANDSHORTNOVELSINTOTHREETYPESTHEFIRSTGROUPISTHENOVELSOFCHARACTERANDENVIRONMENT,THESECOND
10、GROUPISTHEROMANCESANDFANTASIESANDTHETHIRDONEISTHENOVELSOFINGENUITYHISWESSEXNOVELSTHATALSOCANBECALLEDASNOVELSOFCHARACTERANDENVIRONMENTHAVENOWBECOMEVERYMUCHPARTOFTHEPOPULARCANONOFENGLISHLITERATUREHEHASACHIEVEDINCREASINGLYWIDERECOGNITIONTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDFARFROMTHEMADDINGCROWD1874BELONGSTHEFIRSTTYPETHA
11、TITISTHEMAIDENWORKOFHISTRAGICNOVELSANDITISALSOTHEFOUNDATIONSTONEOFHISLATERPERIODWORKSTHISNOVELOCCUPIESVERYIMPORTANTANDSPECIALPLACEINHARDYSARTISTICWORKSANDESTABLISHESHARDYSREPUTATIONTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLESANDJUDEANDOBSCUREAREANOTHERTWOMAJORTRAGICNOVELSIN1891,ONEOFHARDYSMOSTSIGNIFICANTNOVELSCAMEINTOWORL
12、DTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLESBECAMETHEMOSTPOPULARNOVELAMONGHISREADERSNEVERTHELESS,THENOVELINSTANTLYPROVOKEDATREMENDOUSLYHARSHCRITICISMASARESULTOFITSSEXUALFRANKNESSHISLASTNOVELJUDEANDOBSCURE1895SUFFEREDEVENHEAVIERCONDEMNATIONWHICHCOMPELLEDINTOHIMTOGIVEUPWRITINGANDFOCUSEDONPOETRYONLYWHYHARDYSWORKSWERECRITICI
13、ZEDSOINTENSELYHISNOVELREPRESENTSANEWTRANSITIONINTHEVICTORIANERA,ENGLANDWASMAKINGITSSLOWANDPAINFULTRANSITIONFROMANOLDFASHIONED,AGRICULTURALNATIONTOAMODERN,INDUSTRIALONETHESOCIETYWASFULLOFTREMENDOUSCHANGESINALMOSTEVERYRESPECTTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLESISTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALONEOFHARDYSWORKSINTHISNOVEL,4HARDYDE
14、MONSTRATESHISDEEPSENSEOFMORALSYMPATHYFORENGLANDSLOWERCLASSES,PARTICULARLYFORRURALWOMENASAPUREANDLOYALYOUNGWOMAN,ALSOINTELLIGENT,ATTRACTIVEANDDISTINGUISHEDBYHERDEEPMORALSENSITIVITYANDPASSIONATEINTENSITY,TESSISTHECENTRALCHARACTEROFTHENOVEL12HARDYACONTROVERSIALWRITERJUSTASWEHAVESAID,ENGLANDWASUNDERGOIN
15、GATRANSITIONINTHEVICTORIANERAWHEREHARDYLIVEDSOHISTORICALLYSPEAKING,HARDYCANNOTSOLELYBELABELEDASAVICTORIANNOVELIST,NORCANHEBECATEGORIZEDSIMPLYASAMODERNISTASATRADITIONALWRITER,HEWASDETERMINEDTOEXPLORETHECONVENTIONSOFTHE19THCENTURYLITERATUREANDBUILTANEWKINDOFNOVELINITSPLACETOSOMEEXTENT,HARDYWASTRAPPEDI
16、NTHEMIDDLEGROUNDBETWEENTHE19THAND20THCENTURIES,BETWEENVICTORIANSENSIBILITIESANDMOREMODERNONES,ANDBETWEENTRADITIONANDINNOVATIONLEIFANG,20033WHATMAKINGHARDYMOSTWIDELYRECOGNIZEDBYTHEPUBLICISHISWESSEXNOVELS,ALLBEINGWRITTENINTHELATERHALFOFTHE19THCENTURYINTHOSENOVELS,HARDYSMASTERYOFNOVELWRITINGASANOVELIST
17、WASSTILLAPPRECIATEDAMONGCONTEMPORARYREADERSINVARIOUSWAYSHEISEXTRAORDINARILYGOODATCHARACTERIZINGWOMENTHROUGHOUTHISCAREERASANOVELIST,HECREATEDASERIESOFVIVIDANDIMPRESSIVEFEMALECHARACTERSTHATWELLREPRESENTEDTHEFEMALEIMAGESINTHE19THCENTURYENGLANDINHISMAJORWORKS,THEHEROINESIMPRESSIVEIMAGESOFTENDWARFTHEIMAG
18、ESOFHEROANDTHEIRUNCONVENTIONALBEHAVIORSANDTHOUGHTSSHOCKBOTHREADERSANDCRITICSVIRGINIAWOOLFHASEVALUATEDHARDYINTHESEWORDSITISNOTMERETRANSCRIPTOFLIFEATACERTAINTIMEANDPLACETHATHARDYHASGIVENUSITISAVISIONOFTHEWORLDANDAMANSLOTASTHEYREVELEDTHEMSELVESTOAPOWERFULIMAGINATION,APROFOUNDANDPOETICGENIUSAGENTLEANDHU
19、MANSOULWOOLF,1986251HOWEVER,HARDYWASNOTARESPECTEDWRITERASHEISNOWBUTACONTROVERSIALFIGUREINHISLIFETIMEBEGINNINGFROMTHELATE19THCENTURY,MANYCRITICSSHOWEDAGREATDEALOFCONCERNONHARDYANDHISWORKSESPECIALLYWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNLITERARYCRITICISM,HARDYHASBECOMEONEOFTHEIMPORTANTLITERARYPHENOMENAMANYCRITICSI
20、NTERPRETHARDYHIMSELFANDHISTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLESFROMDIFFERENTPOINTSOFVIEWPROFESSORROGERWEBSTERINTERPRETSHARDYSINTENTIONINWRITINGSUCHABOOK,INWHICHHARDYHOLDINABHORRENCEOFMANSRUTHLESSFEROCITYAMOLDKETTLEHOLDSOUTTHEVIEWTHATTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLESEXPOSESTHEDESTRUCTIONOFTHEWORKINGPEOPLEINTHERURALAREASINENGLAN
21、DKRAMER,200073INCHINA,THESTUDIESONHARDYANDHISWORKSBEGANFROMTHESECONDDECADEOFLASTCENTURY,ESPECIALLYONTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLESTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLESDESCRIBESTHETRAGEDYOFTESS,WHOISACLASSICALARTISTICIMAGEANDWHOSECHARACTERANDDESTINYGETPEOPLETOTHINKNIEZHENZHAOPUBLISHEDHISWORKTODEMONSTRATETHATTESSSFATEISDETERM
22、INEDBYHISTORYFROMTHEHISTORICALPOINTOFVIEW,HARDYDEPICTSTESSASATYPICALPEASANTOFBANKRUPTCY,WHOSE5DESTINYREPRESENTSTHEFATEOFTHERURALPEASANTCLASSINTHESOUTHENGLANDTHENOVELBEGINNINGWITHTHEDISCOVERYOFFATHERTRIGHAMSRESEARCHONTHEHISTORYOFTHEDURBERVILLESFAMILYSTATESTHATTESSSFAMILYHASTHEANCIENTNATURALFOUNDATION
23、SFROMAHISTORICALPERSPECTIVEANDPROVESOUTTHEINEVITABILITYOFTESSSDESTRUCTIONNIEZHENZHAO,2002188193HUANGLILING,FROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFHISTORICALMATERIALISM,COMESTOTHECONCLUSIONTHATINTHEVICTORIANERA,UNDERTHEINFLUENCEOFTHETRADITIONALMORAL,HYPOCRITICALRELIGIONANDLAW,ASWELLASTHEINTERACTIONOFETHICSANDMORALITYOFTH
24、ECAPITALISM,SOCIALFORCESANDOTHERASPECTS,THEPREVAILINGSOCIETYISTHEREALCAUSEOFTESSSTRAGEDYTHROUGHMOSTRESEARCHPAPERSONTHOMASHARDYANDHISWORKSINTHEPASTTWENTYYEARS,THEREISNODIFFICULTYFINDINGLIMITATIONTHESEKINDSOFOPINIONSAREALLEXTREME,WHICHPROVIDEANOVERSIMPLIFIEDINTERPRETATIONOFHARDYSWORKSINTHELIGHTOFTHELI
25、MITATION,THISPAPERISTOANALYZEHARDYSCONTRADICTORYATTITUDETOWARDSWOMENTHROUGHSTUDYINGHISCHARACTERIZATIONOFTHECONTRADICTORYFEMALECHARACTERTESSINTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLESITISTRUETHATHEHASSYMPATHYFORTESSWHOSUFFERSFROMTHEOPPRESSIONOFTHEPATRIARCHYSOCIETYBUTAFACTSHOULDNOTBENEGLECTED,ASAMALEWRITERINFLUENCEDBYTHE
26、ENVIRONMENTOFTHEVICTORIANERA,HARDYCOULDNOTCOMPLETELYACCEPTTHEFEMALESPURSUITOFFREEDOM,INDEPENDENCEANDIMPROVEMENT,WHICHARECONSIDEREDASREVOLTINGAGAINSTPATRIARCHYSOCIETYTHESEELEMENTSCAUSEHISCOMPLEXITYOFHISEMOTIONANDHISDILEMMAINSHORT,EVERYWORKHASITSOWNWRITINGBACKGROUNDANDAUTHORSTHINKINGESSENCETHISPAPERAI
27、MSTOILLUSTRATETHOMASHARDYSPATRIARCHALTHINKINGANDFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSANDITSCAUSESLEADINGTOTHECONTRADICTION,ASWELLASTHEDEVELOPINGDIRECTIONOFTHISCOMPLICATEDSITUATION2PATRIARCHALTHINKINGANDFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSOFVICTORIANERATHETIMEWHENHARDYBEGANWRITINGWASMOSTLYINTHEVICTORIANERAVICTORIANENGLANDISATYPICA
28、LPATRIARCHYSOCIETYDURINGTHEVICTORIANERA,THEREDEVELOPEDAVERYCONSERVATIVEKINDOFMORALITYPEOPLEBECAMEPRUDISHANDSQUEAMISHABOUTLIFEINGENERALANDABOUTSEXANDLOVEINPARTICULARZHANGBOXIANG,2006178WOMENWEREEXPECTEDTOBEGENTLE,PALE,SWEETANDSUBMISSIVECOMPAREDWITHMEN,THEYDIDNOTHAVEEQUALOPPORTUNITIESFOREDUCATIONANDEM
29、PLOYMENTANDWEREOFTENEXCLUDEFROMTHECENTEROFPOLITICSANDECONOMYTHEIRPROPERSPHEREWASTHEIRFATHERSHOUSEORTHEIRHUSBANDSINSUCHASOCIETY,WOMENWEREALWAYSVICTIMS,SOWASTESSACCORDINGTOTHEREGULATIONINTHEVICTORIANERA,IFAMANANDAWOMANHADIMPROPERSEXUALINTERCOURSE,THEWOMANWOULDBEPUBLICLYCONDEMNEDBYSOCIALCONVENTIONSWHIL
30、ETHEMANWOULDBEFAULTLESSBUTINTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLES,HARDY6PORTRAYSANEWWOMANCHARACTERWITHFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSTESSWHOISAREBELOFTRADITIONALVALUEANDCONVENTIONALMORALSTANDARD21THEVICTORIANERATHEVICTORIANERA18371901ISAGREATAGEINBRITAINHISTORYONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFEATURESOFTHISPERIODISTHERAPIDINDUSTRIALIZAT
31、IONWHICHNOTONLYSIGNIFICANTLYPROMOTEDBRITAINSECONOMICDEVELOPMENTBUTALSOALLOWEDTHISCOUNTRYTOSUCCESSFULLYCONTROLWHOLEWORLDTHROUGHITSCOLONIZATIONANDMARKETEXPANSIONASARESULT,BRITAINGRADUALLYBECAMETHECENTEROFTHEWORLDATTHATTIMETHEAGEISDEVELOPINGTHEVERYDEVELOPMENTCHANGESOURSOCIETYINTHEEARLYPERIODOFTHEVICTOR
32、IANERA,THEWHOLESOCIETYWASINACHAOTICSITUATIONDUETOINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONWHICHBROUGHTAGREATDEALOFUNRESOLVEDPROBLEMSCONTRADICTIONSBETWEENLABORSANDCAPITALISTSWERESHARPENINGVICTORIAEXPERIENCEDANIMPORTANTTRANSITIONFROMTRADITIONALTOMODERNTIMESINTHEBRITISHHISTORYTHECAPITALISTMODEOFPRODUCTIONHASDOMINATEDBRITIS
33、HCOUNTRYSIDEWHICHLEDASERIESOFDAMAGEINCLUDINGTHEBANKRUPTCYOFLABORINTENSIVEAGRICULTURE,FARMERSDEPRIVEDOFLANDANDPRODUCTIONANDTHECOLLAPSEOFSOCIALORDERZUOJINMEI,ZHANGDEYU,2004332SINCETHE19THCENTURYBRITAINANDOTHEREUROPEANCOUNTRIESHAVEOCCURREDINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONUNDERTHEMAINSYMBOLOFTHEINVENTIONOFTHESTEAMEN
34、GINEATTHESAMETIMEOFBRINGINGMATERIALCIVILIZATION,ITALSOMADEGREATINFLUENCEONEUROPEANCOUNTRIESPOLITIC,ECONOMY,SOCIALLIFEANDEVENIDEOLOGYASONEIMPORTANTCOMPONENTOFTHESYSTEMOFSOCIALVALUEANDIDEOLOGICALCONSTRUCTION,THELITERATUREOFTHEVICTORIANERAPRESENTEDEXTRAORDINARYGREATPROSPERITYONTHEWHOLEFLOURISHINGOFLITE
35、RATUREMAINLYFOCUSEDONNOVELS,ITISSAIDTHATTHEPUBLISHEDNOVELSWEREMORETHANFIFTYTHOUSANDVOLUMESTHENEEDSOFSOCIETYSPEEDEDUPTHEBIRTHOFNOVELISTSTHEREFORE,ITCANBEUNDERSTOODTHATTHOMASHARDY,ONEOFTHEGREATESTWRIERINTHEVICTORIANERAATTRACTSUSTOAPPRECIATEHARDYLIVEDINARELATIVELYCONSERVATIVEVICTORIANERATHEWHOLESOCIETY
36、WASFULLOFTHECONCEPTIONOFTRADITIONALVIEWSONWOMENWOMENSCHASTITY,GENTLENESS,BEAUTY,SELFSACRIFICEANDSUBMISSIONAREHIGHLYRESPECTEDKRAMER,200063VICTORIAISTHESOCIETYTHATSTRESSESELEGANCECONNOTATIONSELFDENIALANDTEMPERANCEINTHATTIME,ONEOFTHEMAINVIRTUESOFWOMENISHUMBLESELFRESTRAINT,LIVINGASCHEDULELIFE,CONNOTATIO
37、N,AVOIDINGTHEEYESCONTACTINTHEPUBLIC22WOMENINTHEPATRIARCHYSOCIETYTHEVICTORIANERAISATHRIVINGONEINBRITAINHISTORYPRIORTOTHEINDUSTRIALIZATION,WOMENWEREUSUALLYCONFINEDATHOMEANDWEREHIGHLYDEPENDENTONTHEIRHUSBAND,BUTAFTERINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONTHEYCOULDGOOUTTOWORK,WHICHWASTHEMOSTBASICFACTORFORSELFINDEPENDENCEYE
38、TREGRETTABLY,ALARGENUMBEROFWOMENSTILLSTAYEDINTHELOWERRANKOFSOCIALHIERARCHYTHATALSOCPANBECALLEDASPATRIARCHALTHINKINGUSUALLYWEREFERPATRIARCHAL7THINKINGTOTHATTHEMALEASTHEMAINBODYANDBEYOND,WHILETHEFEMALEASTHESECONDARYAPPRECIATEDONESANDPROVETHEEXISTENCEOFMALESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEWESTERNLITERATUREISTHEAXIS
39、OFMENUNDERTHEPATRIARCHALCULTURE,THEMENALWAYSPLAYTHESYMBOLOFTHEMAINROLESWITHAUTHORITY,DIGNITY,STRENGTHWHILEWOMENLIVINGINSUBORDINATETOMALESTATUSZHANGBOXIANG,200613VICTORIANSOCIETYWASFILLEDWITHTRADITIONALCONCEPTTOWOMENWHOWEREINTHE“SECONDSEX“UNDERGROUNDSTATUSANDUNEQUALLYSUBSIDIARYPOSITIONTHEYWEREONCESEE
40、NASATOOLFORFERTILITY,THEOBJECTOFDESIRE,ANDTHEIRSPACEFORACTIVITYWASONLYTHEFAMILYMEANWHILE,THATSOCIETYFORCEDWOMENTOADAPTTOSOCIALSTATUSSUBORDINATETOTHEFAMILY,SERVEITSFUNCTIONANDACHIEVEITSMATERNALROLETHROUGHASERIESOFNORMS,GUIDELINESYANGJIANMEI,2004113PATRIARCHYSOCIETYPUTONWOMENSSETOFSOCIALVALUESANDBEHAV
41、IORALNORMS,SUCHAS,CHASTITY,OBEDIENCE,PATIENCE,SACRIFICE,DEDICATION,ETCTHESEGUIDELINESARESETALLAROUNDTHEHOMEASAMEASUREOFTHESTANDARDOFWOMENISGOODANDEVILZHANGBOXIANG,2006101ALLTHESELIMITWOMENSCREATIVE,IMPRISONWOMENSPHYSICALANDMENTALDEVELOPMENT,ANDIGNORETHEIRHUMANDIGNITYANDSELFREALIZATIONTHUS,WOMENWITHP
42、ASSIVEPOSITIONBECAMEFAMILYSSLAVES,SUBORDINATEDTOMENINFAMILYLIVINGINTHATERA,CONSCIOUSLYORUNCONSCIOUSLY,HARDYHASBEENAROUNDTHISCONCEPT23FEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSATTHEBEGINNINGOFDISCUSSINGFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESS,ABASICQUESTIONNEEDSTOBEANSWEREDTHATISWHATFEMINISMISINTHEACADEMICCIRCLESOFEUROPEANDAMERICA,“FEMINIS
43、M“GENERALLYREFERSTOANYACTIVITIESTOSTRIVEFORANDTICKUPFORTHERIGHTOFFEMALESITHASSEVERALHUNDREDYEARSHISTORYANDHASCOMPLEXCONTENTTHEREFORE,ITISDIFFICULTTODEFINEITFEMINISMBEGANTOBEUSEDWIDELYINEUROPEASASYNONYMFORWOMENSLIBERATIONONLYINTHE1880SFEMINISMLITERARYCRITICISMHASDEVELOPEDINTANDEMWITHTHEWOMENSMOVEMENT
44、ZHUGANG,200612INBROADSENSE,FEMINISMCANBEDEFINEDASSOCIALMOVEMENT,WHICHELIMINATESSEXDISCRIMINATIONANDENDSTHEOPPRESSIONONWOMENASITSPOLITICALGOALSBUTALONGWITHTIMEFLOWING,THETERMFEMINISMISNOTONLYABOUTTHESTRUGGLEFORPOLITICALRIGHTS,BUTITISASYSTEMOFIDEAANDASOCIALMOVEMENT,DIRECTLYTOWARDSOPPOSINGMENSPRIVILEGE
45、OFPOSITIONANDWOMENSSUBORDINATIONTHISTERMCONTAINSREDISTRIBUTIONOFPOWERANDRECOGNITIONOFSEXEQUALITYEVERYEVENTHASITSBACKGROUND,SOISTHERISINGOFFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALDEVELOPMENTINTHISPERIODPROVIDEDWOMENWITHANACCESSTOCHANGETHEIRGLOOMYLIFETHERAPIDECONOMICANDSCIENTIFICDEVELOPMENTINTHEVICTO
46、RIANERALEDTOARISINGINTHEDEMOCRATICAWARENESSAMONGORDINARYPEOPLE,WHICHALSOBROUGHTFORTHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFEMINISTMOVEMENTSATFIRST,THESEFEMINISTMOVEMENTSONLYEXISTEDINSOMELIMITEDFIELDSLIKEFIGHTINGFOREQUALRIGHTSLATERTHEYWEREDEVELOPEDTOAHIGHERLEVELINPSYCHOLOGYAND8SOCIOLOGYINTESSOFTHEDURBERVILLES,TESSISTHESYM
47、BOLOFFEMINISMTHEFIRSTPOINTISTHATALTHOUGHTESSWASSEDUCEDBYALEC,ARICHMANWHOCOULDMAKEHERBECOMEALADYANDWASMORALLYCONSIDEREDASHERONLYLEGALHUSBAND,SHESTILLLEFTHIM,SUPPORTEDHERFAMILYBYHERSELFANDREVOLTEDTHETRADITIONALMORALSTESSWOULDLIKETOLEADANINDEPENDENTANDDIGNIFIEDLIFEINSTEADOFDEPENDENTONEINADDITION,WHENAN
48、GELWHOLOVESTESSANDISLOVEDBYTESSASKEDHERTOMARRYHIM,TESSTRIEDTOCONFESSHERPASTANDINORDERTOBEHONESTTOANGELWHATSMORE,AFTERANGELSLEAVING,SHEREFUSEDTOASKHELPFROMHISPARENTSTESSLONGEDFORPERFECTLOVE,ACOMBINATIONOFSPIRITUALLOVEANDSEXUALDESIRE,WHICHSHAKESTHEPATRIARCHALTHINKINGTHATTHEFEMALEISJUSTTHEOBJECTTOBEUSE
49、DBYTHEMALE3HARDYSPATRIARCHALTHINKINGANDFEMINISTCONSCIOUSNESSASTHEELDESTDAUGHTERINTESSSFAMILY,TESSTHOUGHTTHATSHESHOULDSHOULDERTHEBURDENOFHERFAMILYBUTASAGIRLDEEPLYROOTEDINTHEPATRIARCHALTHINKINGOFPURITY,TESSHADAHEAVYBURDENONHERSELFANDTHEWHOLESOCIETYSUCHMORALOPPRESSIONOFTESSMAKESHARDYHAVESYMPATHYFORHERHOWEVER,TESSISANINDEPENDENTANDUNCONVENTIONALGIRLSHENOTONLYWENTTOWORKTOSUPPORTHERFAMILYBUTALSOPURSUEDPERFECTLOVE,BOTHOFWHICHDEVIATEFROMTHETRADITIONALMORALSASAMALEWRITERLIVINGINTHEVICTORIANERA,HARDYSSUPEREGOISUNDOUBTEDLYAFFECTEDBYTHEPA
