1、I（20_届）本科毕业设计英语跨文化交际的语用失误THEPHENOMENAOFPRAGMATICFAILUREININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONII摘要在信息化高速发展的当今时代，不同文化背景人们之间的交往变得更加频繁。语言使用者在语言活动中，常常将自己的文化背景、价值观、思维方式作为其说话活动的重要依据。如果，说话者和接受者之间存在着文化差异，那么语言理解会变得非常困难，甚至有时会出现语用失误的现象。语用失误是跨文化交际失败的重要原因之一。文章分析了跨文化交际中的语用失误种类以及语用失误的主要原因，并提出了对策一、了解自己，了解异国文化，了解文化差异；二、运用移情，增加
2、交流的灵活性；三、承认差异合理性；四、提高文化适应力。关键词文化差异；跨文化交际；语用失误；方法IIIABSTRACTASWELIVEINASOCIETYINWHICHINFORMATIONDEVELOPSQUICKLY,PEOPLEFROMDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESCONTACTEACHOTHERMOREFREQUENTLYTHANBEFORELANGUAGEUSERSMAKEUSEOFALANGUAGEACCORDINGTOTHEIROWNCULTURALBACKGROUND,IDEASOFVALUESANDMODESOFTHINKINGHOWEVER,THECULTURALDI
3、FFERENCESBETWEENTHESPEAKERSANDTHERECIPIENTSMAKELANGUAGECOMPREHENSIONVERYDIFFICULT,ANDTHESEDIFFERENCESCANALSOLEADTOTHEPHENOMENAOFPRAGMATICFAILUREININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONPRAGMATICFAILUREISAMAINREASONFORTHEFAILUREOFINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONTHEPAPERANALYZESTHETYPESANDTHEGOVERNINGREASONSOFPRAGMATICF
4、AILURE,ANDITALSOPROVIDESSOMEMETHODSTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMSEFFECTIVEMETHODSTOSOLVETHISPROBLEMARETOUNDERSTANDTHECULTUREOFFOREIGNCOUNTRYANDTHEDIFFERENCES,TOUSETHEEMPATHYTOINCREASETHECOMMUNICATIONFLEXIBILITY,TOADMITTHECONSISTENCYOFDIFFERENCESEXISTINGANDIMPROVINGTHEADAPTATIONOFCROSSCULTUREKEYWORDSCULTURALDIFF
5、ERENCESINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONPRAGMATICFAILUREMETHODIVCONTENTSABSTRACTII1INTRODUCTION111BACKGROUNDINFORMATION112LITERATUREREVIEW113PURPOSEOFTHETHESIS22TYPESOFPRAGMATICFAILURE321PRAGMATICLINGUISTICFAILURE322SOCIOPRAGMATICFAILURE43FACTORSLEADINGTOPRAGMATICFAILURE531DIFFERENTIDEASOFVALUE532DIFFERENT
6、MODESOFTHINKING633DIFFERENTSOCIALNORMS64SUGGESTIONSFORFUTUREIMPROVEMENT741UNDERSTANDINGTHECULTUREOFAFOREIGNCOUNTRY742USINGEMPATHYTOINCREASETHECOMMUNICATIONFLEXIBILITY743ADMITTINGTHECONSISTENCYOFDIFFERENCESEXISTING844IMPROVINGTHEADAPTATIONOFINTERCULTURE85CONCLUSION8BIBLIOGRAPHY9ACKNOWLEDGEMENT1011INT
7、RODUCTION11BACKGROUNDINFORMATIONCULTUREISTHEHOLISTICINTERRELATIONSHIPOFAGROUPSIDENTITY,BELIEFS,VALUES,ACTIVITIES,RULES,CUSTOMS,COMMUNICATIONPATTERNS,ANDINSTITUTIONSCARLEYHDODD,2006COMMUNICATIONBETWEENCULTURESDEFINES“CULTURE”ASTHATCULTUREISSHAREDLEARNEDBEHAVIORWHICHISTRANSMITTEDFROMONEGENERATIONTOANO
8、THERFORPURPOSESOFINDIVIDUALANDSOCIAL,ADAPTATION,ANDGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTLARRYASAMOVAR,RICHARDEPORTER,2004GENERALLYSPEAKING,CULTURE,THATISTHETOTALOFWHATPEOPLETHINKING,TALKING,DOINGANDFEELINGDIFFERENTNATIONSHAVECREATEDTHEIROWNSPECIALCULTURESINDIFFERENTECOLOGICALORNATURALENVIRONMENTMEANWHILE,THEYARESHAP
9、EDBYTHEIROWNCULTURES,TOOINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONOCCURSWHENAMEMBEROFONECULTUREPRODUCESAMESSAGEFORCONSUMPTIONBYAMEMBEROFANOTHERCULTURELARRYASAMOVAR,RICHARDEPORTER,2004AMORECOMPREHENSIVEDEFINITIONISOFFEREDBYLUSTIGANDKOESTER“INTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONISASYMBOLIC,INTERPRETIVE,TRANSACTIONAL,CONTEXTUALPR
10、OCESSINWHICHTHEDEGREEOFDIFFERENCEBETWEENPEOPLEISLARGEANDIMPORTANTENOUGHTOCREATEDISSIMILARINTERPRETATIONSANDEXPECTATIONSABOUTWHATAREREGARDEDASCOMPETENTBEHAVIORSTHATSHOULDBEUSEDTOCREATESHAREDMEANINGS”LUSTIGEASTERNPEOPLEADVOCATEHARMONY,WHILEWESTERNPEOPLEPURSUEFREEDOMANDEQUALITYEASTERNPEOPLEPURSUEMORALI
11、TY,WHILEWESTERNPEOPLEBELIEVEINLAWSODIFFERENTVALUESLEADTOPEOPLEHAVEDIFFERENTIDEASABOUTTHESAMETHINGFOREXAMPLE,INCHINESE,WORDSCONNECTEDWITH“DOG”OFTENHAVEADEROGATORYMEANINGCHINESEDONTLIKEDOG,ANDTHEYOFTENUSESOMEWORDSTODESCRIBESOMEBADMANSUCHAS“狗腿子”、“狗东西”、“癞皮狗”、“狗急跳墙”、“狗仗人势”、“狗眼看人低”ANDSOONBUTINWESTERNCOUNT
12、RY,PEOPLEAPPRECIATEDOGASAUDACITYANDLOYALTYTHEYUSUALLYUSEALUCKYDOG幸运儿，LOVEME,LOVEMYDOG爱屋及乌，EVERYDOGHASHISDAY凡人皆有得意日ANOTHEREXAMPLEISTHEWORD“YELLOW”YELLOWINENGLISHCANEXPRESSTHEABJECTANDTIMIDMEANING,SUCHASAYELLOWDOG卑鄙的人；AYELLOWLIVER（胆小鬼）BUTINCHINESE,“YELLOW”MEANSDIRTY,LOWLEVELANDPORNTHINGS,SUCHASTHEYELL
13、OWBOOKORYELLOWFILMANDSOONTHECHINESEDONTLIKETOBEATSOMEBODY,ANDTHEYDONTLIKETOBETHENUMBERONEBECAUSEOTHERPEOPLEWILLTHINKHIMJUSTPAYSATTENTIONTOHISOWNINTERESTSWHILETHEWESTERNPURSUETHEINDIVIDUALISM,THEYCONSIDERTHATTHEINDIVIDUALSUCCESSREPRESENTSHISLIFEVALUE32DIFFERENTMODESOFTHINKINGTHEMODESOFTHINKINGBETWEEN
14、CHINESEANDWESTERNPEOPLEAREDIFFERENTCHINESEPEOPLEPREFERTOTHEIMAGETHINKING,WHILEWESTERNPEOPLEPREFERTOTHEABSTRACTTHINKINGCHINESEFOCUSESONTHESENSE,BUTENGLISHFOCUSESONTHEFORMTHECHINESEPAYATTENTIONTOINTERESTS,WHILEFOREIGNERSPAYATTENTIONTOTHEIRINDIVIDUALINTERESTS,ANDTHEYEMPHASIZEEQUALITYANDRIGHTSOFTHEMSELV
15、ESTHEDIFFERENTMODESOFTHINKINGLEADTODIFFERENTBEHAVIORSINDAILYLIFEFOREXAMPLE“BACK”MEANSTHETIMEOFPAST,AND“FORWARD”MEANSTHETIMEOFFUTUREINENGLISH,WHILEINCHINESE,THEENGLISHWORDSOF“BACK”AND“FORWARD”MEAN“前”AND“后”,SUCHAS“前人栽树，后人乘凉”,“前事不忘，后事之师”,“前不见古人，后不见来者”ANDSOONSUBJECTANDOBJECTINTEGRATETOGETHERINCHINESE,WH
16、ILETHEYAREDISTINCTINENGLISHFORINSTANCE,THEREAREMOREACTIVESENTENCESTHANPASSIVESENTENCESINCHINESE,ANDITISHARDTODISTINGUISHTHEACTIVEORPASSIVEJUSTDEPENDINGONTHESUBJECTANDTHEVERBFOREXAMPLEACHINESESTUDENTSAYS“我要去修车”TOHISENGLISHTEACHERHESAYS“IAMGOINGTOREPAIRMYBIKE”ITWILLMAKETHETEACHERREGARDTHATTHESTUDENTWA
17、NTSTOREPAIRTHEBIKEBYHIMSELFSOPEOPLEWILLSAY“IAMGOINGTOHAVEMYBIKEREPAIRED”INENGLISH6THECHINESEINSISTONHOLISTICVIEW,ANDTHEYTHINKNATUREANDHUMANBEINGSCOMBINEWITHEACHOTHERWESTERNERSCONSIDERHUMANBEINGSDEPARTFROMTHENATURE,ANDTHEREFOREHUMANBEINGSANDTHENATUREAREDIFFERENTWORLDSTHEYWANTTOCONQUERANDCONTROLTHENAT
18、URESUBJECTANDVERBARENOTNECESSARYINCHINESE,WHILETHEYARENECESSARYINENGLISH33DIFFERENTSOCIALNORMSSOCIALNORMSAREIMPORTANTPARTSININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONSUMMER1986DIVIDEDTHESPECIFICATIONSINTOFOLKCUSTOMWHICHINCLUDESTHECUSTOMSANDTHETABOO,ETHICSANDLEGALNORMSDIFFERENTNATIONSHAVEDIFFERENTMORALSTANDARDSTHEYO
19、FTENJUDGEWHETHERTHEMATTERISRIGHTORWRONGACCORDINGTOTHEIROWNSTANDARDSFOREXAMPLE,IFACHILDQUARRELEDWITHANOTHERCHILD,PARENTSINCHINAWOULDLAYTHEBLAMEONTHEIROWNCHILDANDWOULDLETHIMAPOLOGIZETOTHEOTHERTHECHINESETHINKONFAMILYEDUCATIONISVERYIMPORTANTFORTHEIRCHILDRENBUT,INWESTERNCOUNTRY,PARENTSWILLNOTINTERFERETHE
20、THINGSTHATBETWEENCHILDRENTHEYCONSIDERTHATCHILDRENSHOULDSOLVEPROBLEMSBYTHEMSELVESPARENTSSHOULDNOTENFORCETHEIRCHILDRENTOAPOLOGIZEORGIVEPUNISHMENTTOTHECHILDRENBECAUSETHATWILLVIOLATETHEPERSONALSPACEOFTHEIRCHILDRENONTHEOTHERHAND,IFFRIENDSGIVEPRESENTSTOEACHOTHER,THECHINESEWILLACCEPTTHEGIFTANDOPENITAFTERTH
21、EPARTYBUTWESTERNPEOPLEWILLOPENTHEGIFTATONCEANDSHOWTHEIRAPPRECIATIONSFOREACHOTHERCHINESEPEOPLETHINKTHISACTIONISNOTPOLITEANDITWILLMAKEFRIENDSFEELEMBARRASSEDWHATSMORE,CHINESEPEOPLETHINKAPPRECIATIONTOFRIENDSFACEISNOTHONESTBUTTHEWESTERNPEOPLETHINKIFYOUDONTOPENTHEPRESENTIMMEDIATELYINDICATESYOUARENOTSATISF
22、IEDWITHTHEIRGIFTS4SUGGESTIONSFORFUTUREIMPROVEMENTTHEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESTHATEXISTINCULTUREANDOTHERSIDEININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONIFWEWANTTOIMPROVEOURABILITYOFINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATION,WESHOULDPAYATTENTIONTOMANYFACTORSASFOLLOWS41UNDERSTANDINGTHECULTURALDIFFERENCESINAFOREIGNCOUNTRYIFWEWANTTOENHANCEO
23、URINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATION,WESHOULDLEARNOURCULTURALCHARACTERISTICSATFIRSTEVERYONELOOKSUPONTHEWORLDACCORDINGTOHISOWNCULTUREUNDERTHEINFLUENCEOFPEOPLESOWNCULTURE,THEIRIDEASABOUTTHEGENDER,RACE,FAMILY,AGE,RELIGIONANDJOBAREALLASSOCIATEDWITHTHEIRCULTURESO,WESHOULDTHINKOURNATIVECULTURESFEATURESOBJECTIVELY
24、,ANDWESHOULDALSOKNOWTHEKEYVALUE,MODESOFTHINKING,SOCIALSTRUCTUREANDTHEUSEOFLANGUAGESECONDLY,PLEASEUNDERSTANDINGTHEFEATURESOFWESTERNCULTUREUNDERSTANDINGTHEFACTORSABOUTKEYVALUE,MODESOFTHINKING,SOCIALSTRUCTURE,POLITICALSYSTEMANDTHEIROWNDEVELOPMENTCHARACTERISTICSCANHELPUSDOINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATEEFFICIE
25、NTLYLEARNING7THEDIFFERENCESOFCULTURE,RECOGNIZINGTHEDIFFERENCESOFCULTURE,TREATINGTHEDIFFERENCESOFCULTUREOBJECTIVELYARETHETRUEWAYSININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATION42USINGTHEEMPATHYTOINCREASECOMMUNICATIONFLEXIBILITYEMPATHYISTHEBASISOFINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONEMPATHYISAKINDOFABILITY,TOOTHROUGHEMPATHYWECANUN
26、DERSTANDANDAGREEWITHTHEFEELING,SITUATIONANDEMOTIONOFOTHERSIDETHROUGHEMPATHYWECANLOOKATTHEWORLDFROMOTHERSVIEW,PUTTINGOURSELVESINTHECULTURALWORLDTHROUGHTHEVERBALANDNONVERBALCOMMUNICATIONWECANUNDERSTANDTHEOTHERSMOODANDEXPERIENCEININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATION,EMPATHYISTHEEFFECTIVEMETHODANDITISALSOTHEIMPOR
27、TANTABILITYTOSOLVETHECULTURALCONFLICTINADDITION,WESHOULDIMPROVETHEFLEXIBILITYININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONTHECOMMUNICATIONSUBJECTANDOBJECTARENOTTHESAME,ANDEVERYCULTUREORINDIVIDUALHASITSSPECIFICITYINORDERTOCOMMUNICATEEFFECTIVELY,WESHOULDADJUSTOURSTRATEGY,METHODANDBEHAVIORACCORDINGTOTHECHARACTERISTICSO
28、FOTHERSTHEKEYTOINCREASETHEFLEXIBILITYISASFOLLOWSFIRST,WEDONTMAKEADECISIONBEFOREWELEARNMOREABOUTANEWPEOPLEORANEWCIRCUMSTANCESECOND,ITISUSEFULTOTRYANEWMETHODINTHEPROCESSOFCOLLECTINGMESSAGES43ADMITTINGTHECONSISTENCYOFDIFFERENCESEXISTINGUNDERSTANDINGTHEDIFFERENCESOFDIFFERENTCULTURESCANMAKEUSKNOWTHEMEANI
29、NGOFBACKGROUNDMOREEFFECTIVELYIFWEWANTTOREACHTHETWOWAYINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATION,WESHOULDRESPECTANDADMITTHECONSISTENCYOFDIFFERENCESEXISTING,STANDANDACCEPTDIFFERENTOPINIONSANDWEALSOSHOULDBEGOODATCOOPERATINGPEOPLEFROMDIFFERENTCOUNTRIES44IMPROVINGTHEADAPTATIONOFINTERCULTURELEARNINGMOREABOUTTHEWESTERNCUL
30、TURE,UNDERSTANDINGTHEWESTERNMODESOFTHINKING,THECULTUREOFLANGUAGE,RELIGION,SOCIALSYSTEM,READINGTHEWESTERNLITERATURESANDMAGAZINESCANIMPROVEOURCULTURALLITERACYANDTHEABILITYOFCOMMUNICATIONSOTHATWECANIMPROVETHEADAPTATIONOFCROSSCULTURE5CONCLUSIONPRAGMATICFAILURESININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONARETHECOMMONPHE
31、NOMENONININTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONPRAGMATICFAILURESINCLUDEPRAGMATICLINGUISTICFAILUREANDSOCIOPRAGMATICFAILURETHEFACTORSLEADINGTOTHEPRAGMATICFAILUREAREDIFFERENTIDEASOFVALUE,DIFFERENTMODESOFTHINKING,ANDDIFFERENTSOCIALNORMSIFWEWANTTOAVOIDPRAGMATICFAILURE,WESHOULDUNDERSTANDTHEFOREIGNCOUNTRYSCULTUREANDTH
32、EDIFFERENCESUSETHEEMPATHYTOINCREASETHECOMMUNICATIONFLEXIBILITYADMITTHECONSISTENCYOFDIFFERENCESEXISTING,ANDIMPROVETHEADAPTATIONOFCROSSCULTURE8BIBLIOGRAPHYCARLEYHDODD2006DYNAMICSOFINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONMSHANGHAIFOREIGNLANGUAGEEDUCATIONPRESSJENNYTHOMAS1983CROSSCULTURALPRAGMATICFAILUREINAPPLIEDLINGU
33、ISTICSMLINGUISTICS,LONDONOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSLARRYASAMOVARRICHARDEPORTER2004COMMUNICATIONBETWEENCULTURESMBEIJINGUNIVERSITYPRESS蔡荣寿、金芳颖,2009,跨文化交际通论M，苏州大学出版社。窦卫霖,2007,跨文化交际基础M，对外经济贸易大学出版社。何安平,1990，文化差异与语用失误J华南师范大学学报（社会科学版），第3期，120123页。胡文仲，1990,跨文化交际选读M，长沙湖南教育出版社。何兆熊，1987,语用学概要M，上海上海外语教育出版社。贾玉新,1997,
34、跨文化交际学M上海外语教育出版社。秦小红,2010,跨文化交际中语用失误原因初探J,甘肃联合大学学报,第6期,第26卷，167169。施慧英,2004,跨文化交际障碍产生的主要原因及对策J,宁波服装职业技术学院学报，第3期，2325页。吴丽敏,2004,跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策分析J,吉林大学外国语学院，第4期,4446页。许力生,2004,跨文化交流入门M，浙江大学出版社。严文华,2008,跨文化沟通心理学M，上海社会科学院出版社。张海欣,2010,浅析中西文化之差异J山东英才学院外国语学院，第5期，8993页。9ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSICANNOTSUFFICIENTLY
35、THANKMYSUPERVISORQIUJIA,WHOSEINVALUABLEADVICEANDPAINSTAKINGINSTRUCTIONSOFTHEEARLIERDRAFTSHAVEAMAJORIMPACTONTHEFINALSHAPEOFTHISTHESISMYSINCERETHANKSAREDUETOALLTHETEACHERSWHOHAVETAUGHTMEDURINGTHEBACOURSEIAMALSOGRATEFULTOJIAXINGUNIVERSITYTHATHASPROVIDEDMEWITHACHANCEOFTHISSTUDYFINALLY,THECOMPLETIONOFMYBAPROGRAMCOULDNOTHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUTTHECONSTANTSUPPORT,ENCOURAGEMENTSANDENDURINGLOVEFROMMYPARENTS,ANDMYCLASSMATESIWANTTOEXPRESSMYSPECIALGRATITUDETOTHEMALL
