1、毕业论文开题报告英语儿子与情人并非是对俄狄浦斯情结的继承一、选题的背景、意义（所选课题的历史背景、国内外研究现状和发展趋势）20世纪初，奥地利精神病医生心理学家西格蒙德弗洛伊德（SIGMUNDFREUD,18561939）创立了精神分析学派。该学说对西方社会、文学、艺术等许多领域产生了极为深刻的影响。20世纪英国文坛最受争议的劳伦斯（DHLAWRENCE,18851930）被应该现代简明百科全书评价为“第一个赋予心理分析以血肉之躯的英国小说家。”人们之所以认为儿子与情人包含有强烈的恋母情结，是因为他们相信在劳伦斯创作小说之间，即1910年至1913年之间，受到了弗洛伊德的俄狄浦斯情结“的影响。
2、儿子与情人一出版，西方的学者就敏感的意识到小说与弗洛伊德精神分析学说的相似之处。他们认为保罗的情感和精神困境证实俄狄浦斯情结的典型表现。“主要是因为儿子与情人具有“俄狄浦斯情结”儿子与母亲联合起来反对父亲，儿子被母亲的占有欲弄得残缺无能劳伦斯才常常被描述为弗洛伊德主义者。”【1】1916年，阿布库特纳ALFREDBOOTHKUTTNER在精神分析学评论（THEPSYCHOANALYTICREVIEW）中发表文章弗洛伊德派的鉴赏。他认为这部作品把弗洛伊德理论形象化了，并欣喜若狂的对这部作品的问世额首称庆。这是儿子与情人与精神分析理论的第一次合作；此后，这篇文章被书本劳伦斯评论集收录，精神分析成为
3、这部作品研究的视角。而这种影响来自于劳伦斯的夫人弗里达。有资料显示，约在1907年，在认识劳伦斯之前，弗里达曾是两名弗洛伊德弟子的情人。但我们应该注意到，在那时让弗洛伊德“臭名昭著”的是他宣扬的性自由，而不是他的精神分析学说。因此，即使弗里达在她的情人受到弗洛伊德的影响，听到的也只不过是关于性自由的只言片语罢了。而且，到目前为止，谁也没有确凿的证据证明劳伦斯在创作儿子与情人时，是否真的听说过弗洛伊德的俄狄浦斯情结。所有的讨论都只是猜测而已。国内的劳伦斯研究界，也要为数不少的学者应用“俄狄浦斯情结”阐释和评论这本小说。“保罗沉浸在母亲的感情之中。与母亲在一起，他的爱会像泉水一样喷涌，他的灵魂会像
4、火焰一样闪光。这种恋母情结使得保罗失去了情感和理智上的和谐，使他的感情遭到扭曲。”【2】有人撰文指出儿子与情人中能看到一种畸形的爱，即弗洛伊德的“俄狄浦斯情结”。小说描写了儿子与母亲之间爱恨缠绵，欲罢不能的情感体验，正所谓“爱之深，使之切”。【3】“儿子与情人是一部揭示主人公心理发展过程的现代意义小说。这部作品的主要意义不仅在于生动的描述了主人公保罗的生活经历，而且还在于成功的将弗洛伊德主义小说化和艺术化，并使这位心理学家的理论首次从教科书走向文艺小说，通过主人公的生活实践得到进一步的证明。”【4】“小说本身就是一个“俄狄浦斯情结”故事，是作者对无意识心理活动的探索，也是他早期生活的真实写照。
5、”【5】二、相关研究的最新成果及动态随之研究的层层深入，精神分析的局限早已被突破。人们开始从其他角度开始研究。有人从个人心理分析理论出发，指出儿子与情人不仅是儿子与母亲之间的交往，而且把这种关系建立在实际生活的核心环境之中。通过重塑复杂环境，产生出乎意料的写作效果。正如作家解析小说是为了解析男人和女人之间的关系，或者如何调节与长辈的关系。作者敲响了现代人对性关系的警钟，留给我们无尽的沉思。一些学者把目光转为更加广阔的社会背景，探究保罗悲剧形成的社会原因，经济原因等。这些学者认为资本主义工业社会特有的残酷的劳动环境和冷漠的生活状况扭曲了人们的精神世界，破坏了家庭的稳定与和谐，摧残了个体的身心健康
6、。莫瑞尔夫妇和保罗的不幸本质上是对资本主义社会的强烈批判，他们的悲剧是英国工业社会发展的必然结果。藉此，学者们突破了精神分析的局面，赋予了小说社会评判的功能，使之具有了社会学的意义。而有人从两性关系的和谐的角度解析DHLAWRENCE，指出只有建立和谐的两性关系，灵与肉的统一才是真正的爱情。更有人通过分析人的异化现象在小说中的体现，揭示了资本主义社会压迫人的本质。追求两性和谐与纯净自然，主张灵肉合一、天人合一才是才是现代文明的出路。其他角度如被轻视的父亲角色、母亲原型、二元性、爱情观、时代变迁、女性功能等等，不一而论。三、课题的研究内容及拟采取的研究方法、技术路线及研究难点，预期达到的目标（一
7、）课题研究的内容本文通过针对弗洛伊德理论存在的缺点及比较儿子与情人和“俄狄浦斯情结”的区别，说明劳伦斯的儿子与情人并不是“俄狄浦斯情结”验证，并列出了一些造成保尔悲剧的真正原因。从而来验证劳伦斯写这部小说的真正意图一方面揭露资本主义社会工业化过程对人们的种种摧残，另一方面也是想和广大读者一道探讨男女之间所追求的真正和谐的关系。（二）研究方法、技术路线及研究难点本文通过实证对弗洛伊德理论进行评判，以及比较儿子与情人与俄狄浦斯情结的不同点，同时，结合当时的社会背景，探讨造成保罗悲剧的原因。（三）预期达到的目标本文通过针对弗洛伊德理论存在的缺点及比较儿子与情人和“俄狄浦斯情结”的区别。说明从“俄狄浦
8、斯情结”的角度来阐释儿子与情人颇为牵强。要深刻的认识一个人，我们决不能只把他看成一个孤立的个体。一个人的成长不仅受到自身发展规律的支配，还受到其他因素的影响，比如社会背景，家庭环境等等。同时，这也提醒我们在分析文本时，不能直接简单地套用某一种理论，否则就会穿凿附会，对文本产生偏颇的理解。四、论文详细工作进度和安排2010年9月20日10月24日确定论文题目2010年10月24日2009年12月20日指导老师下达任务书，学生提交开题报告，文献综述，2011年1月底前提交论文初稿2011年3月底前初稿、二稿的修改2011年4月底前三稿、四稿的修改2011年5月10日前定稿，提交按要求装订的论文终稿
9、一式四份五、主要参考文献【1】BRENDAMADDOX，DHLAWRENCEMNEWYORKSIMON弗洛伊德儿子与情人劳伦斯IIABSTRACTSONSANDLOVERSISREGARDEDASDHLAWRENCESMASTERPIECEANDITISEVENCONSIDEREDTHEONLYMAJORNOVELBYSOMESCHOLARSSOMECRITICSBELIEVESONSANDLOVERSISVIVIDLYANDCOMPLETELYILLUSTRATEDFREUDSOEDIPUSCOMPLEXBUTATTHATTIMELAWRENCE,BYHISOWNADMISSION,DIDN
10、OTACKNOWLEDGEFREUDSWRITINGSANDINPSYCHOANALYSISANDTHEUNCONSCIOUSPOINTEDOUTDIFFERENTVIEWTHEFIRSTPARTOFTHISPAPERISAQUICKOVERVIEWOFLAWRENCE,SONSANDLOVERSANDOEDIPUSCOMPLEXTHESECONDPARTOFTHISPAPERMAINLYANALYSESANDPROVESTHATSONSANDLOVERSDOESNOTSUCCEEDTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEXFROMTHREEFACETSULTIMATELYTHEAUTHORWANTST
11、OSTRESSTHATWHATLAWRENCEADVOCATEDWASTHATINDUSTRIALCIVILIZATIONSTIFLEDHUMANNATUREANDTOEXPLORETHEHARMONIOUSRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSEXESTHEREFORE,UTILIZINGOEDIPUSCOMPLEXTOANALYZETHENOVELISUNTENABLEKEYWORDSOEDIPUSCOMPLEXFREUDSONSANDLOVERSLAWRENCECONTENTSABSTRACTII1INTRODUCTION211ABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOLAWRENCEA
12、NDSONSANDLOVERS212FREUDIANTHEORYANDITSCONTRADICTORY32THEPROOFOFNOHEIRTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEX421DIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEPLOTOFTHENOVELANDOEDIPUSCOMPLEX522LAWRENCESADMISSIONANDINTENTIONTOWRITETHISNOVEL523THEREALREASONSOFABNORMALLOVEBETWEENTHESONANDTHEMOTHER7231SOCIALBACKGROUND7232FAMILYBACKGROUND9233PAULSPERSON
13、ALITY113CONCLUSION12BIBLIOGRAPHY13ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS131INTRODUCTION11ABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOLAWRENCEANDSONSANDLOVERSDAVIDHERBERTLAWRENCEWASBORNON1ST,SEPTEMBER,1885INTHEMIDLANDMININGVILLAGEOFBESTWOOD,NOTTINGHAMSHIREHEHADBEENCONSIDEREDTOBEONEOFTHEGREATESTWRITERSIN20THCENTURYENGLISHLITERATUREINTHEBRIEFTWENT
14、YORSOYEARSOFLAWRENCESWORKINGLIFE,HEHADWRITTENMORETHANTENNOVELSANDSEVERALVOLUMESOFSHORTSTORIESBESIDESBEINGAGREATNOVELIST,LAWRENCEWASALSOAPROFICIENTPOET,ACOMBATIVEESSAYIST,ANATMOSPHERICTRAVELWRITER,ANDAPROLIFICLITERARYCORRESPONDENTFURTHERMORE,HEEXTENDEDHISTALENTSTOBOOKREVIEWING,TRANSLATION,PHOTOGRAPHI
15、CDISCOURSEANDPAINTING“DURINGHISLIFETIMEANDEVENAFTERWARDSLAWRENCEWASACONTROVERSIALFIGUREBECAUSEOFHISFRANKTREATMENTOFSEXANDHISOUTSPOKENINSISTENCEUPONANEEDFORAREADJUSTMENTINTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEXESHISMOSTCONTROVERSIALNOVELWASLADYCHATTERLEYSLOVER,THEBESTPROBABLYTHERAINBOW”1SONSANDLOVERSPERHAPSHISM
16、OSTPOPULARNOVEL,REGARDEDASAPIONEERINGACHIEVEMENTINENGLISHFICTIONSONSANDLOVERSWASCREATEDBYTHEBACKGROUNDOFLAWRENCESCHILDHOODANDADULTLIFE,TELLINGTHESTORYOFTHEMORELSFROMWALTERMORELTOPAULMORELINACOALMINEVILLAGEOFBESTWOODWALTERMORELISAMINERMEETINGGERTRUDECOPPARDWHOCOMESFROMAGOODOLDBURGHERFAMILYINABALLTHEY
17、FALLINLOVEATFIRSTSIGHTANDAREMARRIEDVERYSOONAFTERMARRIAGE,MRSMORELISDISSATISFIEDWITHTHEROUGH,DRUNKEN,UNEDUCATEDHUSBANDAFTERSEVERALQUARRELS,MRSMORELISEXTREMELYDISAPPOINTEDINHISHUSBANDANDTURNSALLHERLOVETOFOURCHILDRENESPECIALLYHEROLDESTSONWILLIAMWHOISAHANDSOMEANDANINTELLIGENTBOY,FINDINGASATISFIEDPOSITIO
18、NINLONDONHOWEVER,DUETOTHEEMOTIONALPROBLEMANDOVERWORK,HEDIESATEARLYAGETHEREISNODOUBTAFTERWILLIAMSDEATHTHATMRSMORELINVESTSINHERYOUNGERSON,PAUL,ALLHERHOPESANDPASSIONSINORDERTOMAKEUPTHEFAILUREOFMARRIAGE,MRSMORELDECIDESTOCONTROLANDPOSSESSPAULPSYCHOLOGICALLYSHECANNOTBEARPAULFALLINLOVEWITHOTHERGIRLSPAULSFI
19、RSTGIRLFRIENDISMIRIAMWHOPURSESPSYCHOLOGICALLOVEANDLOOKSDOWNONCARNALDESIREALTHOUGHPAULANDMIRIAMAREVERYINTIMACY,PAULFEELSMIRIAMSLOVEEGOCENTRICANDINTOLERABLEMOREOVER,MRSMORELSINTERVENTIONMAKESPAULUNABLETOLOVEMIRIAMPSYCHOLOGICALLYANDPHYSICALLYDISAPPOINTED,PAULMAKESLOVEWITHCLARAWHOISBEAUTIFUL,ENERGETIC,A
20、NDOPENMINDEDHAVINGSOMETIMESSEXESWITHCLARA,PAULFINDSHECANNOTBALANCETHEMENTALANDPHYSICALWORLDPERFECTLYTHEFAILUREOFRELATIONSHIPWITHTWOGIRLSILLUSTRATETHATWHENHISMOTHEREXISTS,HECANNOTFINDREALLOVEFINALLY,WHENMRSMORELISSERIOUSLYILL,PAULANDHISSISTERANNIEPUTANOVERDOSEOFMORPHINEINHERMILKTOENDHERLIFELIBERATEDF
21、ROMHISMOTHERSMENTALOPPRESSION,PAULWALKSTOWARDSTHEFAINTLYHUMMING,GLOWINGTOWN,SEEKINGANEWLIFEANDNEWFUTURE12FREUDIANTHEORYANDITSCONTRADICTORYINORDERTOCONFIRMTHETRUTHOFCONTROVERSIALISSUEWHETHERSONSANDLOVERSISANOEDIPUSNOVEL,ITISIMPERATIVETOINTRODUCEFREUDIANTHEORYOEDIPUSCOMPLEXTHEOEDIPUSCOMPLEX,APSYCHOLOG
22、ICALTERM,WASEMPLOYEDBYSIGMUNDFREUD,THEFATHEROFMODERNPSYCHOLOGYTHECOMPLEXWASNAMEDAFTERTHEGREEKMYTHICALCHARACTEROEDIPUS,WHOKILLEDHISFATHERANDMARRIEDHISMOTHERACCORDINGTOSIGMUNDFREUD,THEOEDIPUSCOMPLEXISAUNIVERSALPHENOMENONBORNINPHYLOGENETICALLY,ANDRESPONSIBLEFORMUCHSUBCONSCIOUSGUILT,WHICHCONCENTRATESONT
23、HEDESIRETOPOSSESSTHEPARENTOFTHEOPPOSITESEXANDELIMINATETHEPARENTOFTHESAMESEX2SPECIFICALLY,FREUDEXPLOITEDLIBIDOWHICHALLCHILDRENWEREMOREORLESSAFFECTEDBYSEXUALLYBASEDFEELINGSABOUTTHEIRPARENTSTOEXPLAINTHISPHENOMENONHEBELIEVEDTHATTHELIBIDOHADEXISTEDDURINGTHEPERIODOFINFANTTHE“ORALSTAGE”ISTHEFIRSTSTAGETHATT
24、HEINFANTEXPERIENCESTHEINFANTTAKESADVANTAGEOFBREASTTOSATISFYHISLIBIDOFROMTHEAGEOFONETOTHREE,THEINFANTENTERSINTOTHE“ANALSTAGE”INTHISPERIOD,THEINFANTRECEIVESPLEASURETHROUGHEXCRETIONTHISISALSOASATISFACTORYOFSEXANDTHENTHEBABYENTERSINTOTHE“PHALLICSTAGE”AFTERTHATHEORSHEWILLEXPERIENCE“OEDIPUSCOMPLEX”INTHIST
25、IMECHILDRENSTARTTOIDENTIFYTHEROLEOFPARENTSNATURALLY,CHILDRENHAVECLOSERELATIONSHIPWITHTHEIRMOTHERWHOISLIKELYTOPAYMOREATTENTIONTOTHEMSOONONESIDE,CHILDRENAREWILLINGTOGIVETHEIRLOVETOTHEMOTHERWHILEONTHEOTHERSIDE,THEYINTENDTOHATETHEIRFATHERGIVINGRISETOTOTALLYSEIZINGTHEIRMOTHERSLOVEACCORDINGTOFREUDIANTHEOR
26、Y,IFBOYSGIVETHEIRLOVETOTHEIRMOTHERMORETHANTHEIRFATHER,ONEWILLSUSPECTWHETHERGIRLSLOVETHEIRFATHERMORETHANTHEIRMOTHERFREUDEXPLAINEDTHISQUESTIONASFEMALEDIDEXPERIENCEANOEDIPUSCOMPLEXACCORDINGTOFREUD,GIRLS,ASBOYS,WEREORIGINALLYATTACHEDTOTHEMOTHERFIGUREHOWEVER,DURINGTHE“PHALLICSTAGE”,WHENTHEYDISCOVEREDTHAT
27、THEYLACKEDPENIS,THEYBECAMELIBIDINALLYATTACHEDTOTHEFATHERFIGURE,ANDIMAGINEDTHATTHEYWOULDBECOMEPREGNANTBYHIM,ALLTHEWHILEBECOMINGMOREHOSTILETOWARDTHEIRMOTHERFREUDATTRIBUTEDTHECHARACTEROFTHISDEVELOPMENTALSTAGEINGIRLSTOTHEIDEAOF“PENISENVY”,WHEREGIRLSWEREENVIOUSOFTHEMALEPENISALTHOUGHFREUDIANTHEORYMAKESSEN
28、SETOSOMEPOINT,ITISINESCAPABLETHATFREUDIANTHEORYHASSOMECONTRADICTIONSPRIMARILY,THECOMPLEXBETWEENBOYSANDGIRLSARETOTALLYOPPOSITERECEIVINGMOTHERSLOVEEQUALLYTHEMOTHERCARESFORBOYSANDGIRLSINTHESAMEWAY,BUTWHYBOYSLOVETHEMOTHERWHILEGIRLSLOVETHEFATHERSECONDLY,ITISUNIVERSALACKNOWLEDGEDTHATWHETHERKIDSAREININFANT
29、PERIODORCHILDHOOD,THEIRMOTHERGIVESMOREATTENTIONTOTHEM,ANDBOTHEXPERIENCEANDCOMMONSENSEINDICATETHATCHILDRENAREEASYTOHAVEAFFECTIONFORTHEIRMOTHERNOTFATHERSINCETHEMOTHERHASCLOSERELATIONSHIPWITHTHEIRDAUGHTERS,WHYGIRLSWILLTURNTHEIRLOVETOTHEFATHERANDHATETHEIRMOTHERFREUDEMPLOYEDTHEIDEAOF“PENISENVY”TOEXPLAINM
30、AKINGUSUNCONVINCEDREGARDLESSOFBEINGDOUBTEDBYSOMECRITICS,MANYFAMOUSPSYCHOLOGISTSOPPOSEFREUDIANTHEORYSUCHASMELANIEKLEINWHOFOCUSESMOREONTHEEARLYRELATIONSHIPWITHTHEMOTHERHERINSISTENCETHATOEDIPALMANIFESTATIONSCANEVENBESEENDURINGTHEFIRSTYEAROFLIFEWASAFEATUREOFTHESOCALLED“CONTROVERSIALDISCUSSIONS”WHICHTOOK
31、PLACEINTHEBRITISHPSYCHOANALYTICALASSOCIATIONBETWEEN1942AND1944KLEINIANSBELIEVETHATUNDERLYINGTHEOEDIPUSCOMPLEXASFREUDDESCRIBEDIT,THEREISANEARLIERLAYEROFMOREPRIMITIVERELATIONSHIPSWITHTHEOEDIPALCOUPLE2INKLEINSWORKTHEOEDIPUSCOMPLEXISALSO“DETHRONED”TOSOMEEXTENT,ITSCENTRALROLEINDEVELOPMENTBEINGUSURPEDBYHE
32、RCONCEPTOFTHEDEPRESSIVEPOSITION34ITISCLEARTHATINKLEINSOPINION,SOCALLED“OEDIPUSCOMPLEX”ISRELATEDTOFAMILYBACKGROUNDNOTTHELIBIDOANDALSOCANBEDETHRONEDTOSOMEEXTENTSIMILARLY,USINGOEDIPUSCOMPLEXTOEXPLAINTHEABNORMALPHENOMENONBETWEENSONANDMOTHERINSONSANDLOVERSLACKSCONSIDERATIONOFCOURSE,ITISNOTENOUGHTOEXPLAIN
33、JUSTFROMFREUDIANTHEORYONENEEDSTOSTUDYDEEPLYINTHENOVELTOFINDTHEDIFFERENCESANDCONTRADICTIONS2THEPROOFOFNOHEIRTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEXWHETHEROEDIPUSCOMPLEXINSONSANDLOVERSORNOTISDIVERGENTFROMPERSONTOPERSONMANYCRITICSBELIEVETHENOVELMANIFESTSFREUDIANTHEORYONTHECONTRARY,BECAUSEFREUDIANTHEORYISCRITICIZEDSERIOUSLYAN
34、DLAWRENCEPERSONALLYDENIEDTHATHEFOLLOWEDOEDIPUSCOMPLEX,DISSENTERSALSODONOTGIVEINTHEAUTHORCOULDNOTAGREEMOREWITHTHELATTERANDINTHEFOLLOWINGPARTWILLLISTSOMEEVIDENCESTOPROVE21DIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEPLOTOFTHENOVELANDOEDIPUSCOMPLEXATFIRSTGLANCE,ITSEEMSTOARGUETHATTHEPLOTOFSONSANDLOVERSISSIMILARTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEX
35、LOVEMOTHERANDHATEFATHERBUTAFTERCLOSERINVESTIGATIONREVEALSTHATTHETWOAREEXTREMELYDIFFERENTTHEMORELSHAVEFOURCHILDRENWILLIAM,ANNIE,PAUL,ARTHURACCORDINGTOFREUD,OEDIPUSCOMPLEXISAUNIVERSALPHENOMENONTHATTHETHREEBOYSSHOULDALLHATEEVENHAVEDESIRETOKILLTHEIRFATHERBUTFROMNOVEL,FROMTHESHALLOWVIEWONECOULDSEETHEYOUN
36、GESTSONDOESNOTHATEHISFATHERATALLBUTHASASORTOFADMIRATIONONOTHERHAND,THEDAUGHTERANNIEHASNOTJEALOUSYTOWARDHERMOTHEREITHERINTHEOPPOSITION,ANNIELOVESHERMOTHERDEEPLYINANUTSHELL,INMORELSFAMILY,ALTHOUGHTWOOLDERSONSHATETHEIRFATHER,THEYOUNGESTSONADMIRESHISFATHERANDTHEDAUGHTERFONDSOFHERMOTHERTOTALLYAGAINSTWHAT
37、OEDIPUSCOMPLEXCONTAINS,WHICHISTHEFIRSTDIFFERENCEINADDITION,PAULSINTENTIONTOKILLHISFATHERISDEBATABLEINTHENOVELOFCHAPTERFOURTHEREARESOMELINESTHATPAULPRAYSTOGOD“MAKEHIMSTOPDRINKING,”HEPRAYEDEVERYNIGHT“LORD,LETMYFATHERDIE,”HEPRAYEDVERYOFTEN“LETHIMNOTBEKILLEDATPIT,”HEPRAYEDWHEN,AFTERTEA,THEFATHERDIDNOTCO
38、MEHOMEFROMWORK5ACCORDINGTOTHESELINES,ONECOULDLITERALLYFINDPAULDOESNOTWANTHISFATHERTODIEHEWORRIESHISFATHERWHENHISFATHERCOMESHOMELATEPAULORALLYWISHESHISFATHERTODIEREPRESENTINGTHATHEWANTSTOVENTHISANGERANDTHISKINDOFREBELLIONNEITHERISTHEMANIFESTATIONOFOEDIPUSCOMPLEXNORCOMESFROMLIBIDOTHIRDLY,INTHECHAPTERF
39、OURTEENOFTHENOVEL,PAULPUTSOVERDOSEMORPHINEPILLSINTOTHEMILKANDKILLSHISMOTHERINTHESURFACE,PAULRENDERSHISMOTHERABLETORELEASEFROMPHYSICALAGONY,BUTVIRTUALLY,INHISSUBCONSCIOUSHEURGESTOBREAKAWAYFROMHISMOTHERSMENTALCONTROLSIMPLYPUT,PAULSUBCONSCIOUSLYDESIRESTORELEASEHIMSELFFROMHISMOTHERSMENTALCONTROL,ANDHEPU
40、TSHISTHOUGHTINTOPRACTICETHATISWHYTHISCHAPTERISCALLED“RELEASE”INTHISPOINT,ITRUNSINTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTIONOFOEDIPUSCOMPLEX22LAWRENCESADMISSIONANDINTENTIONTOWRITETHISNOVELASFARASTHENAMEOFTHISBOOKWASCONCERNED,LAWRENCEIMPLIEDITWASNOTANOEDIPUSNOVELIN1912,LAWRENCECHANGEDTHEORIGINALNAMEOFTHENOVELPAULMORELTOSON
41、SANDLOVERSITWASNOTDIFFICULTTODISCOVERTHATTHEORIGINALNAMECOMESFROMTHEVIEWOFTHESONANDTHELATTERPUTSTHEMOTHERANDTHESONINTHESAMEPOSITIONIFLAWRENCEIMITATEDOEDIPUSCOMPLEX,ITWASNOTNECESSARYFORHIMTOCHANGENAMEBECAUSEOEDIPUSCOMPLEXWASFROMTHEVIEWOFTHESONLOVEMOTHERANDKILLFATHERWHATSMORE,NOTONLYCOULDONEDIGOUTWHAT
42、LAWRENCEIMPLIEDINTHENAMEOFHISNOVEL,ONECOULDCLEARLYSEEHOWHEOPPOSEDFREUDIANBY1916,FOLLOWINGPROMINENTPSYCHOANALYTICASSESSMENTSOFSONSANDLOVERS,HEFELTLESSINCLINEDTOBEMEASUREDINHISCOMMENTSTOHISFRIENDBARBARALOW,ANANALYST,HEWROTE,“IHATETHEPSYCHOANALYSISREVIEWOFSONSANDLOVERSYOUKNOWITHINK“COMPLEX”AREVICIOUSHA
43、LFSTATEMENTSOFTHEFREUDIANSSORTSOFCANNOTSEETHEWOODFORTHETREES”6FROMTHEVIEWOFLIBIDO,FREUDTHOUGHTTHATLIBIDOWASBORN,HOWEVER,LAWRENCEARGUEDTHATSEXWASNOTNATUREBUTDEVELOPEDBYGROWINGUPLAWRENCECRITICIZEDFREUDIANTHATITWASFILLEDWITHFLAVOROFLABORATORY7“ITWOULDHELPYOUMAKEOUTYOUREMOTIONCOMPLETELYBUTYOUWOULDNEVERH
44、AVEYOURREALEMOTION”LAWRENCEONCESAIDANDANOTHEREVIDENCEWASLAWRENCEONCERESENTEDALFREDKUTTNERSEARLYSEIZUREOFTHEBOOKFORPSYCHOANALYTICCASELAWANDCOMPLAINEDTOAFRIEND,“WHENYOUVESAIDMUTTERCOMPLEX,YOURESAIDNOMORETHANIFYOURECALLEDHYSTERIAANERVOUSDISEASEHYSTERIAISNOTNERVES,ACOMPLEXISNOTSIMPLYASEXRELATIONFARFROMI
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