1、 外文翻译 原文 THE DYNAMICS OF A COASTAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT attitudes, perceptions and processes Material Source: EBSCO Author: Christof pforr, Jim Macbeth, Kath Clark, Joanna Fountain, David Wood INTRODUCTION The Dynamics of Tourism Development Australias coastal zone supports around 86%of the total pop
2、ulation (Pirie 1995:3). Over the past 20 years coastal areas have experienced significant increases in development, population, and tourism. The coastline provides the highest proportion of recreational and tourism opportunities in Australia and has been deemed priceless national treasure (RAC 1993
3、cited in Barker 2002:1).Similar to other forms of development, tourism development occurs in an environment where diverse interests compete for control of scarce resources. This competition for, and consumption of resources represent the politics of tourism(Fallon 2001:481).Land use and the conflict
4、 over whether and where development is appropriate as in the case of the Mauds Landing Proposal(the case study area)constitute the political and economic essence of any locality with local communities existing as aggregates of land-based interest(Molotch1976cited in Madrigal 1995:87).Thus as Liu(199
5、4:20)argues tourism development is a dynamic process which occurs in an ever changing environment and is a blend of economic, political, cultural, technological and geographical realities and events .It involves a wide range of actors, public and private and non-profit, at various levels(e.g.local,r
6、egional,national and international)with diverse interests, roles and responsibilities(Pearce 1991:55).The process of tourism development, policy making and planning thus involves the values of individuals, groups, organizations, governments (HallMurphy 1985;Pearce et al.1996).In this context, many p
7、rojects have been conducted in the past to better understand local resident opposition to tourism development. This view restricts our thinking to the local while the community of interest in relation to some developments is far wider than residents and other local stakeholders as outlined previousl
8、y. Evidence is now available that suggests that opposition to some development proposals has broadened over recent years to include both the general public and visitors to specific regions. Notably, this community of interest is far wider than the residents of planned development sites(particularly
9、given that relatively undeveloped areas often do not Attitudes, Perceptions and Processes technically have residents)and appears to include the general population of a state and intrastate, interstate and international visitors to specific regions. Key Findings The research suggested that the Coral
10、Coast region was seen to typify the best of Western Australia in terms of its unique beauty, its isolation, and fragile ecosystem and identified the Ningaloo Reef as the jewel in the crown for Western Australian tourism. While the majority of respondents were generally positive about the promotion a
11、nd development of Western Australian tourism and more specifically for the Coral Coast region, caution was observed regarding the potential for additional tourism growth to incur irreversible environmental damage on the area. Specifically, respondents felt that the regions pristine environment could
12、 easily be spoilt by inappropriate development threatening the current visitors attraction for the area. While a few people felt that there should be no further expansion of tourism in the area, the remaining respondents stressed that any tourism growth would need to be sensitive to the environment
13、and sustainable in the long term. It was emphasized that any development needs to be site specific in relation to its scope, scale and appearance. Moreover, respondents felt that any future tourist development in the region should remain small scale and unobtrusive so the height, materials, landscap
14、ing and colors tones were consistent with the surrounding landscape. Specifically, any development should be limited to the existing accommodation types, particularly more camping and caravan sites with the possibility of the development of eco-lodges, safari camps or other low impact developments.
15、There was a resounding No to the prospect of any high rise or large-scale developments in the currently undeveloped parts of the region. Respondents stressed that any future tourist development needed to be well planned and managed, with strict and well policed controls and regulations in place and
16、educational opportunities for visitors to further protect the environment. Respondents attitudes to tourism development in the region in general mirrored the attitudes toward the proposed Mauds Landing development. It is worth noting that while many people had strong views regarding the development,
17、 their depth of knowledge was generally low and in a number of cases, misinformed. Respondents were unsure about many aspects of the proposal, including the location, size and facilities of the resort complex and marina. The majority of respondents had become aware of the development proposal over t
18、he previous two years, corresponding with the advent of the Save Ningaloo Campaign. Most people stated that they had first heard about the development through the news media (television and newspaper coverage), while others became aware of the plans through information displays or conversations with
19、 people while visiting the region. While respondents felt that the news media had been the most influential medium in the formation of their opinion about the Mauds Landing proposal, the role of the Save Ningaloo Campaign in gaining media attention through their spokespeople and protest activities w
20、as recognized as critical to the exposure the issue received. The action group recruited celebrities as spokespeople for their cause, and many respondents were able to name celebrities involved in the campaign. The Save Ningaloo Reef bumper stickers distributed by the action group were the most freq
21、uently mentioned source of awareness about the proposed development, although a number of respondents acknowledged that they were not sure exactly what the stickers were protesting about. Respondents were asked their opinion of the planned Mauds Landing resort complex. A significant number of respon
22、dents were completely opposed to the Mauds Landing development proposal based predominately on environmental grounds. Most of these people were very concerned about the potential impact of the resort complex on the pristine environment, particularly in the construction and use of the marina and also
23、 raised Concern over the potential environmental impact created by the additional people and boats attracted to the area. Furthermore, most did not believe the developers rhetoric that emphasized the development would be sensitive to the environment. A number of those opposed to the development stat
24、ed that a proposal for a smaller resort without a marina might be more acceptable. The impact of the extra tourists in the area on the holiday experiences of existing visitors and the already-strained infrastructure of Coral Bay was another raised concern. Some respondents perceived the development
25、as being the beginning of the end for the area for relaxation and unsophisticated holidaying for Western Australians and suggested the development aimed solely at the international market. For other respondents it was the location of the proposed resort which led to their Opposition suggesting large
26、-scale developments is more appropriate in larger townships such as Emote or Carnarvon. The respondents in favor of the resort complex and further tourism development cited many benefits to the region but emphasized development must be consistent with the environment. Some suggested that a resort at
27、 Mauds Landing might alleviate Coral Bays current problems relating to the overcrowding of people, cars and boats and thereby preserve the existing holiday experience in the township. Others highlighted economic benefits and the additional international visitors it would attract to the region. The p
28、rovision of facilities, services and infrastructure for both the visitors and local community were cited as other important reasons to support the proposal. Many of those in favor of the proposed resort complex felt that opponents had overemphasized the impact the development would have on the flora
29、, fauna and the Ningaloo Reef itself. Moreover, it was suggested that the development would ensure greater environmental protection based on the premise that the development of the Mauds landing site would have occurred in accordance with strict environmental guidelines and regulations rather than t
30、he perceived current ad hoc regulatory nature of development at Mauds Landing. This Attitudes, Perceptions and Processes development proposal was seen also as a way to provide funding and resources to deal with existing infrastructural problems in Coral Bay relating to water and sewage. These respon
31、dents felt that the developers had displayed a commitment to the environment and education and that the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) and the Western Australian government would have played a central role in environmental management of the ongoing development of
32、 the area. Future Action Based on the findings of this research, a number of recommendations can be made for future tourist development in the Coral Coast region. Firstly, it is apparent that visitors to the region are attracted primarily by the unique natural environment of the area, and the activi
33、ties in which they participate are driven by this natural environment. Any future development must be mindful of the current market for the area and be sensitive to the potential to undermine the experience of existing visitors to these remote destinations in their planning, either through the scale
34、 or nature of the development proposal. The continual monitoring of the effects of visitors on The natural environment, supported by greater resources to educate visitors about their impacts on the sensitive environment, is a crucial component of any future development in the region. Furthermore, in
35、 light of the sensitive and fragile environment, it is recommended that any future development in the majority of the Coral Coast region remain small scale, which reflects the current appeal of the region. Outside the main centers of the region, accommodation options should be limited to forms of ca
36、mping(from tenting and caravanning to more permanent safari tents),or eco-lodge accommodation. While there may be the possibility of additional family-style self-contained accommodation, this should remain small scale so as not to detract from the existing experiences on offer. There is fairly wides
37、pread acceptance amongst visitors to the region for the addition of more substantial tourist development in the larger centers of the region, particularly Carnarvon and Emote, which are currently seen as underdeveloped as tourist destinations. 译文 动态的滨海旅游发展研究 态度，观念和过程 资料来源 : EBSCO 作者： 克里斯托夫 ，吉姆麦克白， 卡
38、斯 克拉克 ， 乔安娜喷泉，大卫伍德 简介 旅游业发展的动力 澳大利亚的海岸带旅游支撑着 86%的总人口（皮里 1995:3）。在过去 20 年沿海地区都经历了发展，人口，旅游显着增加。滨海旅游以海岸线“提供娱乐的的最高比例”，“旅游机会在澳大利亚”等各种形式展开，澳大利亚被视为了一个无价国宝（ 1993 年巴克 2002:1 RAC 的引用）。类似的其他形 式的发展 ,旅游业的发展发生在一种环境中 ,让不同的利益争夺控制稀少珍贵的资源。这个竞争为能源的消耗代表旅游的政治 (法伦 2001:481)。土地利用，冲突过是否，发展适当作为至于莫德的降落建议 (案件研究区 ) 而 构成政治，经济的本
39、质在所有的地方当中被视为骨料的陆基的利益 （莫洛克 1976 引用马德里加尔1995:87）。从而，由于刘 (1994:20)争论，旅游发展一个动态过程 发生在一个不断变化的环境，经济的一个混合物，政治，文化，技术，地理的现实和事件 中。它涉及大范围的演员，公众和列兵，非营利的，存在 于在各个的水平 (本地，区域性，国家，国际 )同多种利益，角色和责任 (皮尔斯 1991:55)。旅游过程包括发展，决策，准备以及个体、集体、组织政府的价值 (霍尔 Murphy 1985;Pearce et al.1996). 在此背景下 , 过去进行了许多项目 ,以便更好地了解当地居民反对旅游业的发展。 这种
40、观点限制了我们思想的利益关系与当地社区，一些事态发展远远超过前面提到的居民和其他地方利益相关者。 现在可用的证据表明，一些发展建议，反对最近几年已扩大到包括广大市民及游客的特定区域。 值得注意的是，这个社区的利益远远超过了计划发展用地（特别是考虑到相对不发达的地区往往不态度，观念和工艺技术上拥有“居民”），似乎包括一个国家总人口和居民更广泛州 内，州际和国际游客到特定区域。 研究发现 研究表明珊瑚沿岸地区具有澳大利亚西部的独特的美，被看做最好的造型地区 ,其孤立以及脆弱的生态系统确认了尼加卢珊瑚礁王冠上的澳大利亚西部旅游业的发展。然而比较明确的珊瑚海岸地区进行观察，大部分受访者还是普遍看好深化
41、和发展澳大利亚西部的旅游，而且注意关于潜在的附加旅游增长招致不可逆转的环境破坏的地区。 具体来说，受访者认为，该地区的原始环境，很容易被不当威胁当前游客的吸引力的地区发展宠坏了。 虽然有 少数人认为不应该有在该地区的旅游业进一步扩张，其余受访者强调，任何旅游业的发展将需要敏感的环境和长期的可持续发展。 有人强调，任何发展需要特定地点有关其范围，规模和外观。 此外，受访者认为，任何在该地区未来的旅游发展应保持如此的高度，材料，环境美化和色调与周围景观是一致的规模小，不引人注意。具体来说，任何发展应限于现有的住宿类型，特别是更多的野营和露营地点，随着生态旅馆，狩猎营地或其他低冲击发展，发展的可能性
42、。 有一个响亮的前景否定对上升或大型发展高的目前欠发达的部分地区。受访者强调未来任何的的游客发展可以理 解成两者关系是良好的计划，管理，具有良好的警方管理和条例，并且提供教育机会给游客进一步保护环境。 受访者对整个区域旅游业的发展就如同对对莫德的落地发展的态度。值得注意的是，虽然许多人有强烈的意见，关于发展，他们的知识深度普遍较低，在许多情况下，误导。受访者对许多方面 的建议，包括位置，大小和度假村的复杂性和码头设施。 大多数调查对象的发展已经开始意识到过去两年的建议 ,相应的的到来 ,尼加卢珊瑚礁保护运动的大多数人 ,他们宣称他们的第一次听说发展通过新闻媒体 (电视和报纸的报道 ),而另一些
43、则开始注意到拟通过信息 显示或跟人谈话在参观该地区。 当受访者觉得新闻媒体一直最具影响力的形成中莫德落地发展的意见建议 ,作用尼加卢珊瑚礁保护运动获得媒体的关注 ,通过他们的代言人和抗议活动是公认为问题的关键 ,暴露了。这个行动组招募了一些名人代言人为他们伸冤 ,许多受访者能够参与活动。尼加卢珊瑚礁保护运动的贴纸的行动小组被分配是最常被提到的意识来源关于这一发展 ,尽管一些的受访者承认他们不能确定到底是什么人抗议的贴纸。 受访者被要求他们的意见对计划莫德度假村的落地发展。大量的受访者完全反对莫德落地发展主 要以环保为理由。大部分的这些 人们都很关注潜在影响的度假村的原始质朴的环境中 ,尤其是在
44、码头结构及使用的担忧 ,并提出了可能造成的环境影响由增加吸引和船只的对该地区的影响。 此外，大多数人不相信开发商们的说辞，强调发展将是对环境产生敏感。一部分反对的人说，没有一个度假胜地小码头建议可能更容易接受的发展。这段期间的加班游客在该地区的影响，对现有游客的度假经验和珊瑚湾业已紧张的基础设施是另一个提出的关注。 一些受访者认为休闲区和纯朴的西澳大利亚人度假的发展开始结束前的开始，并建议瞄准了国际市场为其仅开发工作，这是受访者所提出的度假村的位置，而导致这 表明他们反对大规模发展比如埃克斯茅斯或加拿芬较大的乡镇。 受访者赞成这个度假村和进一步的旅游发展引用了许多利益发展区域而强调必须符合环境
45、。一些人认为莫德落地在一处旅游胜地可能减轻珊瑚湾目前的有关问题的拥挤人群、汽车和船 ,从而在这个镇子上保持现有的假期体验。其他的经济效益和突出的额外的国际游客能吸引到本地区。提供设施、服务和基础设施的游客和当地社区的重要而受到表彰的理由去支持这个建议。许多那些赞成该度假村觉得因对手的过度强调影响到植物、动物和尼加卢礁本身。此外 ,提出开发后将确保更大的环境保护的基础上的 前提下 ,莫德落地的发展已经发生了网站的着陆按照严格的环保守则法规而不是认为当前特设监督管理自然莫德落地的发展。这个态度、感知、工艺开发的建议被见可作为一种方法来提供资金和资源来处理已存在的基础设施问题有关珊瑚湾水和废水污染。
46、这些受访者觉得开发商已经展示了一种致力于环境和教育的影响 ,西澳大利亚州环境及自然保育部门 (DEC)和西澳大利亚政府对环境管理的不断发展的区域发挥了关键作用。 未来的行动 基于上述研究 ,对未来该珊瑚沿岸地区旅游发展有很好的可借鉴性建议。首先，很明显，该地区的游客都被该地区独特的自然环境所吸 引，受自然环境驱动使他们参与到其中的活动中。任何未来的发展必须要留意当前市场的容量和敏感度 ,可能存在破坏环境的景区以这些偏远地方经验为参考 ,或者在他们的计划 ,规模或特性发展方面的获取建议。由更大的支持，如教育资源，在敏感环境的影响机制中影响游客对自然环境的作用，对其影响的持续监测，是任何在该地区的未来发展的关键组成部分。 此外 ,在光敏感脆弱的环境 ,任何未来在大多数珊瑚沿岸地区的发展建议保持规模小、反映当前有吸引力的地方。在主要的中心地区 ,住宿选项应该限于形式的露营 (从展开和乘坐敞蓬车旅行到更持久的旅 行帐篷房 ),或生态居住住宿，有更多的可能性是家庭式 的包含住宿形式，当然这应该保持小规模，以免减损所提供的现有经验。
