1、 外文翻译 Electronic Commerce- What is E-Commerce? Material Source: http:/www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Oct2000/pdf/Oct2000p13-23 .pdf Author: V Rajaraman During the past three years a revolution has taken place in the way business is done. This revolution is primarily due to the convergence of computers and
2、telecommunication technologies and the emergence of a number of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) who facilitate connection of computers to the internet - the worldwide network of computers. The internet connects the computers of many companies and also connects individuals and is very much like the
3、 worldwide telephone network but is much cheaper and allows exchange of not only documents but also multimedia information - namely audio,graphics and video information. The internet has spawned a number of innovations in business between commercial organizations, between individuals and commercial
4、organizations and between individuals and individuals. These transactions are commonly known as Business to Business (B2B), Business to Customer (B2C) and Customer to Customer (C2C) .Electronic commerce is abbreviated as e-commerce. These transactions include orders sent to vendors to supply items,
5、invoices sent by vendors, payment usually made by debiting an organizations account with a bank and crediting the vendors account and cash payments made using what is known as electronic cash (e-cash). The important point is that all transactions are carried out electronically using the network conn
6、ection. There are a variety of e-commerce applications. Some of these are: Retail stores such as book stores, music stores, toy stores, etc. Auction sites using which an individual buyer and seller can buy and sell goods. Cooperating businesses connected using their own private telecommunication net
7、work carrying out transactions in a semiautomated way. Banks connected to their customers providing services such as deposits, payments, and giving information on status of an account. Railways/airlines/cinema theatres permitting booking tickets on-line and paying for them on-line using credit cards
8、 or electronic-cash. Filing tax returns with government agencies on-line and obtaining an immediate acknowledgement. Electronic publishing to promote marketing, advertising, sales and customer support. Web-based educational material which allows students to learn anytime and anywhere. Business to Cu
9、stomer E-Commerce We will now take an example of e-commerce involving an individual and a shop selling goods. This is called Business to Customer (B2C) e-commerce. One of the earliest such e-shops was a bookstore known as set up in USA, which primarily sells books. There are many such companies in
10、India now. One of them is called which first sold music cassettes/CDs and now books and several other items. We will now explain how these internet based shops popularly known by several names such as virtual-shops, cyber-shops, dot-com shops, e-stores, etc. function. All these have the following c
11、ommon characteristics. 1.Customers have access to the internet from their homes or work places and wish to purchase items sold by these shops. The major reason is convenience, as one can shop at any time from home and items will be delivered. Customer normally knows the web address of the shop. Thes
12、e shops have a web address ending with .com (hence called Dot Com Shops) and are connected to the world wide web. For example the address of a music and books shop in India is 2.The customer typically uses a web browser such as Netscape or Internet Explorer and enters the web address of the shop. I
13、f he wants a specific item he states that by keying it in a specified place in a form displayed on his terminal. If the item is a book and he wants to look at books on the same subject he gives the subject and the shop searches its data base and gives a list of available books on that subject. The s
14、hop may also give the contents page of each of the books, reviews of the books and cost of the books. 3.If the customer wants to buy one or more books he points to the book details shown on his screen using his mouse and clicks. The vendors computer enters the prices, adds them, provides discount if
15、 any and shows the net amount payable. The customer is then asked to enter his credit card number and address to which the items are to be shipped. Usually an option is also given to the customer to pay cash on delivery. 4.If the payment is by credit card, the vendor electronically (i.e. via a telep
16、hone line) sends credit card details of the customer and the amount of bill to the credit card companys computer. 5.If the customers credit is OK, the credit card company authorises the sale. The e-shop can now proceed to fulfill the order. 6.The e-shops computer sends an order acknowledgement accep
17、ting the order and asks the customer for shipping instruc-tions. Based on the shipping instructions the e-shop specifies the mode of transport and delivery period. 7.The e-shop normally does not have the items in its store and orders them from a distributor (normally electronically). After they are
18、received at vendors warehouse, the items are packed and despatched to the customers address. 8.The credit card company sends a bill to the customer and credits the vendors bank account by the amount of the bill. Customer to Customer E-Commerce Customer to Customer e-commerce is one in which two indi
19、-viduals want to sell/buy items. The items are usually used items,collectors items such as stamps/coins or antiques. The seller posts the description of the item and the expected price of the item on a website maintained by a company, which acts as a broker. An individual who logs on to this site lo
20、oking for items may be interested in the item advertised for sale. He then offers to buy the item and he may quote a price. The price is mutually settled by exchanging messages by email. The broker then arranges to collect the item from the seller and despatches it to the buyer and collects a fee fr
21、om the buyer and the seller for his services. The primary advantage of this transaction is that the internet enables two individuals located at distant places to come together to buy and sell using an intermediarys web address. Business to Business E-Commerce Business to Business transaction between
22、 a vendor and a purchaser of goods will proceeds as follows: 1.A purchase order document is entered via the keyboard of a PC by the customers purchase office and sent by electronic mail(e-mail) to the vendor. (There is a standard format for the purchase order sent by e-mail which is called electroni
23、c data interchange (EDI) standard). 2.The purchase order is stored in a database by the vendor and is acknowledged electronically. Observe that the vendors clerk does not have to manually enter the purchase order in his computer. This is to be contrasted with current computerized systems in which th
24、e purchase order is a document received by the vendor and the vendors clerk has to enter it in his computer to process the order. This manual entry is expensive as a clerks time has to be allocated and there is also a possibility of errors in data entry by the clerk which is avoided if the purchase
25、order is received as an electronic soft copy. However it is essential to use a standard format (such as EDI standard) which will be understood by the vendors computer. 3.The vendor despatches the items physically (may be by rail or truck) and simultaneously a delivery note is sent by e-mail to the c
26、ustomer. Observe that as the delivery note comes electronically there is no need to reenter it manually at the customer site. The receiving office at the customer site will have the purchase order copy in its database and it can be automatically compared by the computer with the delivery note (provi
27、ded there is clear understanding of the format). If they do not match, a discrepancy note is sent electronically to the purchase office. 4.The items which arrive will have a printed delivery note accompanying them and it is sent to the inspection office which physically inspects items received and c
28、ompares them with the delivery note. The accepted items note is electronically sent via the companys LAN to the stores office by the inspection office. The rejected items note is sent electronically to the purchase office. The accepted items are sent to the stores and rejected items to the purchase
29、office. 5.The stores office computer automatically updates the inventory using the note sent by inspection office. The items taken into stock report is sent via the LAN to the accounts office there by authorizing payment to the vendor. 6.The accounts office electronically pays for items accepted. El
30、ectronic payment is made by the accounts office by informing its banker (electronically) to debit its account by the specified amount and credit it to the vendors bank account (which may be with a different bank).This is known as electronic funds transfer (EFT), which is also an important aspect of
31、e-commerce. Observe that it is not necessary to print a cheque and mail it as is presently done. 译文 电子商务 什么是电子商务？ 资料来源： http:/www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Oct2000/pdf/Oct2000p13-23.pdf 作者： V Rajaraman 在过去的三年中发生了一场商业方式的改革。这场革命主要是由于 计算机和电信技术 的融合 ，并出现了全 球 因特网互 联的 网络 服务提供商（ ISP）。 这方便了电脑连接到互联网 全球的计算机网络。互联网与许多
32、公司和个人的电脑连接， 就 像 世界各地的电话网络， 但是它更 便宜 ，而且 不仅允许文件的交换，还可以交换多媒体信息即音频，图形和视频信息。互联网已经 在商业领域中 催生出一些商业 机构 之间 ， 个人与商业机构之间 以及个人和个人的创新业务。这些交易通常被称为企业对企业 （ B2B），企业对 消费者 （ B2C）和 消费者 对 消费者 （ C2C），电子商务简称为 E-Commerce。 交易包括 把项目订单 发送给供应商，供应商提供发 票 ，付款通常使用的是通过银行把钱存入个组织的帐户和从买 方的帐户扣除，现金支付的款项使用电子现金（ E-Cash）。最重要的一点是所有 开展的电子交易都
33、要通过网络连接 。电子商务 有 各式各样的应用。 其中一些是： 零售商店 ， 如书店 、音乐店、玩具店等。 拍卖网站上个人的买方和卖方可以购买和出售商品。 合作企业 通过 他们拥有的 私人电信网络相互连接进行半自动的交易方式。 银行连接他们的客户提供例如存款 、支付、并提供帐户现状资料 的 服务 。 铁路 /航空 /影院剧院允许网上订票并在网上使用信用卡或电子现金支付。 政府机构网上存档报税表并得到即时确认 。 电子出版促进市场营销 ，广告，销售和客户支持。 基于 Web 的教材让学生随时随地学习 。 B2C 电子商务 我们现在 举 一个电子商务的例子，包含 一个 人 购买一 家商店出售 的
34、商品。这就是所谓的企业对消费者 （ B2C） 的电子商务。其中最早的电子商店是一家在美国成立的叫做亚玛逊的书店，其中主要是出售书籍。 现在在印度有许多这类公司。其中 最先卖音乐磁带 或 CD，现在还出售书籍和一些其他的物品。我们现在将解释这些基于互联网的商店 如何会 广为人知 ， 例如虚拟商店，网络商店，电子商店等。所有这些有以下普遍步骤 ： 1.顾客 在 各自的家中或工作场 上网 ，并有意购买这些店铺所出售的物品。最主要的原因是方便，人们可以在任何时候在家里购物 然后商品 将被 送达 。顾客通常知道该店铺的网址。这些店一般有一个以 .com 结 尾的网址（因此称为 点Com 店铺 ）并连接
35、到万维网。例如在印度一家音乐和书籍店的地址是。 2.消费者 通常使用一个如 Netscape 或 Internet Explorer 网 页 浏览器，输入店铺的网址。如果他想要一个 商品 ，他在一个指定的地方 输入 关键字 ， 然后 消费者 的 计算机上就会 显示。如果该 商品 是一本书 ， 他想看他 输入的 题目 的书或书店 中搜寻，并给出了一个 与 这个题目 相关 的可用 书籍的列表。店铺也有可能给出每一本图书的内容页，书籍的评论和书籍的价格。 3.如果客户要购买一本或多本的书籍，他用他的鼠标点击这本书 ， 细节 将显示在屏幕上。 供应商 的电脑输入价格，增加书籍，如果提供任何折扣就显示净
36、支付额。然后 消费者 则要 求输入自己的信用卡号码和 这 个商品可以送到的地址。通常还有 一个选项是消费者可以货到付款 。 4.如果是使用信用卡付款，卖主以电子方式（即通过电话线）传送消费者信用卡的详细资料和帐单数额到信用卡公司的计算机。 5.如果客户的信用好，信用卡公司批准这次交易。现在该电子商店可以着手完成订单。 6.电子商店的计算机发 送订单确认接受订单 ，并要求客户 选择发货方式 。电子商店在 发货 说明的基础上指明 发货 方式及 交货 期限 模式 。 7.该电子商店通常 不会在店里有库存 ， 也不会有 一个分销商（一般为电子形式）订购他们。他们 从 供应商的仓库 接收到 商品后 ，
37、将商品包装并 寄 送 到 消费者那里 。 8.信用卡公司把帐单寄给消费者， 消费者 把帐单的金额存入卖家的银行帐户。 C2C 电子商务 消费者和消费者之间的电子商务是在这两个个人间出售 或 购买物品。这些项目通常 是 使用过的东西，收藏的物品，如邮票 、 硬币或古董。卖家该物品的描述和预期 的 价格发布在一个网站上，这个网站事实上是一个中间人。 个人 登录这个网站寻找商品 时可能对这个登广告出售的商品感兴趣 。他表示愿意购买该 商品并报价 。价格是通过电子邮件相互交换讯息决定的。然后，该中间人安排从卖方收集该商品 ， 将它 送到 到买方的手中，并从买 方和卖方收取费用。这种交易最主要的优点是利
38、用中介机构的网络能够使两个位于遥远地方的人走到一起做交易。 B2B 电子商务 企业对 企业 之间的交易 ，购买的商品将所得款如下 ： 1.一个 采 购单 是 通过由 消费者采购办公室的 个人电脑的键盘 的输入并 发送电子信箱（ E-mail）给供应商 的 。（采购订单以电子信件发送是有一定的标准格式，这就是所谓的电子数据交换（ EDI）标准）。 2.订货单储存在供应商的数据库内，并以电子形式确认。供应商的秘书不一定要手动在他的计算机中输入采购订单。与目前计算机系统相比，该采购订单是以文件形式收到 ， 由 供应商 或 供应商的秘书在计算机中打开它来处理该订单。手工输入 占用 秘书分配 好 的时间
39、和可能输入数据有错，如果接到的采购订单是一个电子 “ 软件拷贝 ” ， 这是可以避免的。 但是 ，它必须使用一个标准的格式（如电子数据交换标准） 才能 被供应商的计算机 “ 理 解 ” 。 3.供应商将货物实际发送（可能通过铁路或卡车），同时将送货单以电子邮件发送给顾客。观察发现由于送货单变成电子数据不再需要重新手工输入客户的网点。客户现场接收的 将是 在其数据库 的 复制订货单，计算机可以自动地将它与送货单比较（提供清楚明白的格式）。如果他们不匹配，差异记录以电子 形式发送到供应商办公室。 4.该 商品 将有一个打印的送货单陪同到达，这是发送到检验办 事处 检查所收到货物 将他们与 送货单比较。检验办事处将货物接收单通过公司局域网以电子形式发送到储藏办公室。被拒收的货物单以电子形式发送到采购办公室。被接收的货物发送到储藏室而拒绝的货物发送到采购办公室。 5.货物储存 办公室的电脑根据检查办公室发出的自动更新库存使用说明。会计办公室通过局域网接收到货物验收报告而批准付款给供应商。 6.会计办公室电子支付收到的货物 。 电子支付是由会计办公室通知其银行（电子银行）从他的帐户扣除指定数额将款 项存入供应商的银行帐户（可能是不同的银行） 。 这就是所谓的电子资金转帐（ EFT），这也是进行电子商务一个重要的方面。 注意， 这样没有必要打印支票，目前正在使用的做法是通过电子邮件发送。
