1、 外文翻译 Differences between forward and reverse logistics in a retail environment Material Source: Supply chain Management: An international Journal Author: Ronald S.Tibben-Lembke and Dale S.Rogers Overview of differences In this paper, we focus on the differences between the forward and reverse logis
2、tics associated with the retail channel. As Fleischmann et al. (1997, p. 7) point out, reverse logistics is “not necessarily a symmetric picture of forward distribution”. We will look at a variety of differences between forward and reverse logistics. Difficult to forecast As many authors have discus
3、sed, planning for reverse logistics is made more difficult than planning for forward distribution by the greater uncertainty involved in reverse logistics (e.g. Guide et al., 2000; Flapper, 1995). In remanufacturing, forecasts are needed not only of customer demand, which is always challenging, but
4、also of the availability of product to be remanufactured. Many to one transportation As Fleischmann et al. (1997) point out, one of the largest differences between forward and reverse logistics is the number of origin and destination points. Whereas forward logistics is generally the movement of pro
5、duct from one origin to many destinations, the reverse movement of a product is the opposite, from many origins to one destination. In the retail context in the USA, the reverse transportation of product is generally performed by the retailers logistics function. Trucks make milk runs to each store,
6、 picking up the product to be returned, delivering it either back to the DC or to a CRC. In theory, it would appear that combining forward and reverse transportation might lead to significant transportation savings: why send a second truck to a location to pick up returned product, when one truck ha
7、s already been sent there to deliver new product? Fleischmann et al. (1997) wrote that they knew of no models dealing with the combined routing for forward and reverse shipments. The authors of this paper still are unaware of any implementation of such a system. The reasons are likely twofold. In th
8、e first, maintaining the independence of forward and reverse systems allows the two to function independently, and avoids the difficulties present in trying to create schedules acceptable to both parties. If the DC and the CRC are located far apart, the savings from combining transportation may be l
9、imited. The second reason why forward and backward shipments are difficult to combine has to do with the physical difficulties in accomplishing this. Trucks from a forward DC may stop at multiple stores. Any returned merchandise loaded on the truck must be offloaded at subsequent stops to allow the
10、new product to be offloaded. As the following section elaborates, returned product is much more difficult to handle than new product, making such double-handling undesirable. Product and packaging quality Aside from damage in transit, new, first-quality product from the vendor comes in complete pack
11、aging which protects it during transit. It also allows the product to be handled easily. New product can be palletized easily, stacked neatly for floor storage, and conveyed readily. Uniformly packaged new product stacked on a pallet or in a truck does not easily become dislodged. By contrast, most
12、product in the reverse channel may not have complete packaging. If the product is unsold product coming back from a retailer, some of the packaging may have become damaged during handling or while on the shelf, and other packages may have been opened by customers curious to examine the product. It i
13、s likely that these customers have not properly put the product back into the packaging. Product returned by customers is even less likely to be properly packaged. If the packaging is present, it is very unlikely that the customers or the return desk personnel at the retailer will have put the produ
14、ct completely and properly into its packaging. Even when the product is properly in its packaging, shipping returned product is more difficult than shipping new product. New product is typically sent in large quantities. The large number of boxes going to a particular destination allows pallets to b
15、e stacked neatly. In contrast, most stores typically have smaller shipments (of the order of one pallet per week) of product going to a CRC. With these small volumes, it is harder to create a well-formed pallet. The result is that a majority of pallets arriving at returns centers consist of unorgani
16、zed piles of merchandise, held together with shrink-wrap. Because the returned product is not properly packaged, it is more susceptible to damage in transit. The increased damage comes from two sources. First, if the product should fall off a stack or pallet, the lack of proper packaging renders the
17、 product more vulnerable to damage. Second, because the product is not in uniform packaging, it is harder to stack, and more likely to fall or be crushed. In the forward channel, the final advantage that packaging gives to new product is increasing the ease of identifying the product number of an it
18、em. In the reverse channel, if a product is not in packaging, the returns-processing personnel will have difficulty identifying exactly what the stock keeping number (SKU) of the product is, or perhaps even who the manufacturer is. Destination/routing not clear Once a product reaches a CRC from a st
19、ore, its further destination is unclear. The same can be said about forward distribution; once a product reaches the DC, it will sit until a decision is made about to which customer the item should be sent. There is, however, an important difference in how the next stop for the item is determined. W
20、hen a new product arrives at a forward DC, it is known that the product will eventually be sent to one of the DCs customers. Which customer, and when, will be determined based on customer needs. However, for make-to-order environments, cross-dock operations, and urgent shipments (in a make-to-stock
21、environment), the name and location of the destination of the inbound shipment are known at the time the product arrives at the facility. Unlike a forward DC, then, a reverse logistics facility may need to spend a significant amount of time determining where a particular item will be shipped. Dispos
22、ition options not clear As described above, a crucial decision for the success of reverse logistics is the disposition decision. However, before a disposition decision can be made, the CRC must first identify the possible destinations for the product. Different brokers specialize in different produc
23、t types, and are willing to purchase different qualities of product. The CRC must also include any restrictions by the manufacturer in its decision. Some vendors will require certain products to be “demarked”, that is, all traces of the vendors identity must be removed from the product before it can
24、 be re-sold. Some vendors may allow this demarking to be performed by approved brokers. The vendor may allow sales to some brokers only if the retailer performs the demarking, and may forbid outright sales to other brokers. By contrast, in forward logistics, rarely, if ever, is any type of screening
25、 done regarding shipments to potential customers. 译文 在零售环境下正向物流和逆向物流的区别 资料来源 :供应链管理 作者： Ronald S.Tibben-Lembke and Dale S.Rogers 1 概述不同点 在这篇文章中，我们主要着眼于正向物流与逆向物流在零售渠道中相关的不用点。比如，弗莱舍曼等人指出逆向物流不是一个“必须的分布着得对称图型”。我们可以考虑正向物流和逆向物 流之间各种不同之处。 正如许多学者讨论的， 逆向物流规划 伴随着 更大的不确定性 使其比正 向物流规划 变得更加困难 （例如： Guide 等， 2000；
26、Flapper， 1995）。在再制造业，不仅 要有挑战性的预测 客户的需求， 而且要预测产品可循环再制造的可用性 。 在零售业，由于个人客户是引发逆向物流活动的最终端，因此未来的逆向物流规划和预测是困难的。但不管怎样，一些总的趋势可以观察到。 逆向物流的流动往往遵循着流动的趋势 ，有一定的滞后性 。 在 假日销售的新产品大顺流之后 紧随着的是一股产品 节后 销售 浪潮。 在一个较小的规模下的 个别 产品销售和特殊促销活动将增加销售 份额 ， 也会增加收益。 当安排销售和促销活动 时 ，营销部门 要已经 与正向物流 一起运转 ，以确保物流功能将能够满足 营销手段 产生的 市场 需求。 像正向物
27、流，逆向物流也能受益于有关于这样的计划。 当一个项目的庞大的销售预计跟随大回卷 时， 启联资源中心在实际 获得收益前可能就已经联系了 经纪人。 在更加 复杂化 的预测背景下的事实是， 不同的产品具有 极为 不同的回报率。客户决 定退回 产品 将会 受到 一些 因素 的影响 ，如经营产品 的易用性 ， 说明的清晰度 和买家 的后悔度 ，这些因素可能 显著的影响一个制造商的 一个产品到下一个产品 。 2 多对一运输 根据弗莱舍曼等 1997 年指出的，其中正向物流和逆向物流最大的区别在于产品来源地和目的地数量。而产品的正向物流通常是从一个原产地转移到多个目的地，产品的逆向物流则正好相反的，是从许多
28、个起源地到一个目的地。 在美国零售方面，产品进行反向运输一般是零售商的物流功能。卡车将牛奶运送到每一家商店，再运回那些需要退货的商品，将其交付回到正向流通或者到一个集中返回中心。从理论上看来，结合正向物流和逆向物流运输可能会导致严重的交通储蓄 :为什么当第一辆卡车 已经被送往指定位置提供新的产品的同时， 要派出另一辆 卡车到那里运回那些回流商品？弗莱舍曼等（ 1997）写道，他们指定没有模型处理正向和反向物流相结合的路线模型。 本文的作者还没有注意到任何实施这样一个系统 ，其原因可能有两个方面：第一， 保持正向和反向允许两个独立的系统独立运作，同时避免了目前试图创造安排双方都能接受的聚会。如果
29、配销中心和集中返回中心位置相距遥远，运输相结合的储蓄可能有限。 第二个原因是 为什么 向前和向后的出货量已难以结合与物质上的困难完成这一模型的原因。货车从正向直流可能会停止在多个商店，任何的退货装上卡车时必须腾出位置，让新产品可以自由卸载。由 于下面的部分详细阐述，返回的产品比新产品更加难以处理，使得这种双重处理不可取的。 3 产品和包装质量 除了在运输途中损坏，新的，一流的质量以及来自于产品的供应商的完整的包装可以在运输过程中保护产品。它还允许产品操做方便，新产品容易装托盘，可以整齐的堆放在地板上存储，并且容易传达。新产品包装上的一致托盘或在一辆卡车上不容易脱落成为堆放。 相比之下，大多数的
30、返回商品在逆向渠道里可能没有完整的包装，如果该产品是来自零售商的未售出产品，包装一些可能已在处理或在货架上而受损，其他软件包装可能已被客户好奇地检查产品打开 ，这很可能是这些客户没有正确将产品放回包装里，由顾客退回的产品更是不太可能被妥善包装。 如果包装是存在的，那它不太可能是客户或产品零售商在返回服务台工作人员将其包上完全和适当的包装。 即使这个产品包装妥善，运送退货产品也比运送新产品更加困难。新产品通常是大批量发送，前往特定的目的地，而且允许托盘和整齐堆放。相比之下，大多数商店一般都规模较小，产品出货量（对于一个每周托盘顺序）将一个集中返回中心。这些小的范围内，它是很难创造一个完备的托盘，
31、 其结果是，大多数的托盘在无组织 的状态下 返回中心举行的商品收缩包装在一起， 组成抵达。 由于没有正确包装返回的产品，它们更容易在运输途中受到损坏。增加的伤害主要来自于两个源头，首先，如果产品从堆栈或托盘上掉落，在缺乏适当的包装使得产品更容易受到伤害。其次，因为产品的不统一包装，较难堆栈，更容易发生下降或粉碎。 在正向渠道，对新产品的包装的最后优势是提高缓解之别产品数量的一个项目，在逆向渠道，如果产品不包装，那么回报处理人员将很难确定究竟是产品的库存单位，甚至是无法确定谁是制造商。 4 目的地 /路径不明确 一旦产品从商店到达集中返回中心，其目的性是不明确的。也可以这样说先前的配送，一 旦一
32、个产品达到的配送中心，它会在那直到知道是哪个客户的产品才决定应该被配送去那儿。然而，有一个重要的争论就是如何确定产品的下一个配送点。 众所周知，当一个新产品到达配销中心时，它们最终会被配送到配销中心的客户手中，无论何时和哪些客户，都将根据客户的需求提供服务。然而，对于按要求制造的环境，转运操作和紧迫转运（在有存货的环境下），当货物抵达场馆设施时，这入境装货的目的地名字和位置就已经知道了。 不同于正向物流配销中心，这时的一个逆向物流设施可能需要花费大量时间去确定发货的地点 5 配置选项不明确 如上所述，对 于逆向物流的成功是至关重要的决定是处理决策。然而，在一个处理决策做出决定之前，集中返回中心必须首先确定产品的可能目的地。不同的经纪人专攻不同产品类型，并愿意购买产品的不同特性。 集中返回中心包括制造商在内必须受其决定的限制。 有些厂商会要求某些产品是“划出一定面积”，也就是说，供应商的身份的所有痕迹必须从产品中删除，然后才能重新出售。一些厂商可能会允许这种被批准的经纪人划分的活动的执行，供应商才可能让在划分在范围内的经纪人销售，并可能禁止直接销售给其他经纪人。相反地，在正向物流方面，很少甚至根本没有实行对关于 潜在客户的任何类型的筛选。
