1、2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 (英语二 )试题 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anon
2、ymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber -czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “ volunt
3、ary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to
4、8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government. Google and Micro
5、soft are among companies that already have these“ single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “ walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “ neighborhoods” and bright “ streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13
6、 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “ voluntary ecosystem” in which “ individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs” . Still, the administrations plan has 16 p
7、rivacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “ drives license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “
8、voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1 A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2 A.for B.withi
9、n C.while D.though 3 A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless 4 A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D.proposal 5 A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6 A.by B.into C.from D.over 7 A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared 8 A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9 A.recall B.sug
10、gest C.select D.realize 10 A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11 A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12 A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13 A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing 14 A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15 A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16
11、 A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17 A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18 A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19 A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20 A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced Section II Reading Comprehension Part A
12、Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points) Text 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For
13、 the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons
14、 had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said. Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief
15、executives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989
16、and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “ surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the
17、probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between t
18、hem leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “ trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms. But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier
19、 time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside
20、 directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus. 21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . Againing excessive profits Bfailing to fulfill her duty Crefusing to make compromises Dleaving the board in tough times 22. We learn from Paragraph 2 t
21、hat outside directors are supposed to be . Agenerous investors Bunbiased executives Cshare price forecasters Dindependent advisers 23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to . Abecome more stable Breport increased earnin
22、gs Cdo less well in the stock market Dperform worse in lawsuits 24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors . Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firm Bhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firm Care accustomed to stress-free work in the firm Dwill decline i
23、ncentives from the firm 25. The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is . Apermissive Bpositive Cscornful Dcritical Text 2 Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already
24、 fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soo
25、n. But the discussions now seem out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not
26、the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same. It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer pr
27、oducts. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and adver
28、tisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference. A “ southern” camp he
29、aded by French wants something different: ” European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eu
30、robonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs. It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds lar
31、gest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign. 36. The EU is faced with so many problems that . A it has more or less lost faith in markets B even its supporters begin to feel concerned C some of its member countries plan to abandon euro D it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
