1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题组织账户上的一个战略方针应收账款管理一些实证证据资料来源管理治理学报1999(03)作者安特卫普1简介企业很少要求对方立即支付其商品款。例如,在英国企业部门的日常业务交易超过80,应收构成企业的资产负债表(总资产的35)(萨默斯和威尔逊,1997)的主要资产之一的信用条件和账户。只要商业债家结账,现金就流入企业。然而,与此同时,新的销售产生应收账款的新账户。债家的水平因而依然是恒定的,当销售数据是稳定时,而它增长,销售数据增加(草,1972)虽然企业扩大贸易信贷的大量投资,应收账款由此产生的金融需要是贸易信贷决策的唯一原因,值的更仔细的关注。对于本文的研讨
2、,增加了两个额外的考虑。首先,信用销售的企业开放自己的道德风险。当交换关系的信息不完善,在交易的这不确定性结果下花费。卖方因为鼓励发展组织结构,降低交易成本,造成这种信息不对称的问题。无论是自制的规划和销售结构以及平衡的产品和市场组合,可以减少这种不确定性,而风险外表性变得有吸引力时,这些自制的机构失败。第二,提供商业信用的供营商必须采取各种各样新的责任决定是否给予信贷(新)的客户,信用,管理和收集政策和假设关系涉及的信贷风险。从一个管理的角度,1)这意味着卖主提供经费给买主购买存货;2)从事额外的会计和征集活动;3)监测现有和潜在客户的财务健康情况;4涉及估计和承担新的风险。不是所有的信贷管
3、理都起作用,然而,必须由卖主执行。的确,当扩展商业信用没有被认为增加真正的价值到企业时,它的管理能收缩对第三方。一个销售公司决定扩大贸易信贷,从而也要求卖方决定是否纳入管理应收账款。此外,当卖方决定进入市场交易,可以雇几个组织结构。在他们的论文中,勉和史密斯(1992)检查要在信贷管理过程中的决定是否将工程分包这些2功能的第三方专家中执行的功能之间的关系。在本文,然而,商业信用引伸从一个更加战略和一个针对风险的观点被视为。战略方法根据声称的广泛的财务管理文学商业信用引伸可能变得有利对供应商,将有对灵活性的需要在应收帐款处理的。针对风险的观点,在另一只手,根据应付投保人不可靠所冒风险问题的那些原
4、则。终于,这些诱导理论的涵义与在垂直的结合的产业组织文学连接。被认为是三种类型的外包。起初,已选择了保理合同来实施应收账款的管理外,由于保理业务,是一家公司的应收账款管理外包最全面的类型。下一步,我们清楚地隔离的决定将工程分包的管理过程中,决定将工程分包所产生的风险,假设它们是基于不同的过程,不同的决策变量。事实上,我们承担的成本优势和需要在应收账款管理的灵活性将导致该公司的信用管理一体化。信贷风险的假设,但是,不会被委派给第三方时的交易可以在一个稳定和可预见的环境设置(导致用于监测和控制的需要低)执行。在第2节我们描述的替代账户的应收账款管理政策研究。第3节发展的假说用来解释的决定,以转包或
5、分包责任。提供贸易信贷和拖延支付信息不完善的条件下创建的道德风险问题的讨论是基于卖方的动机。第4和第5节描述的抽样程序和变量来衡量,而分析程序和结果包公案在第6部分。在文末,我们总结了我们的结论。外包合同的性质分析政策选择和他们各自的决定因素之前,我们首先给出一个基本的治理结构的描述的研究。21保理其等效基本析因提供三个业务类型1财务,2风险控制和3销货帐管理。然而,并非所有的保理合同提供这种服务的全阵列。根据他的管理需求的范围,卖方可以决定合同的广泛性。保理合同之间最重要的区别是,追索权和无追索权的协议。因素使得信贷延期决定的,无追索权的协议意味着,监视和收集的应收账款和承担信贷风险。一个追
6、索权写一下的信用销售的公司,保留非恢复债务的风险。此外,当合同提供融资,保理合同被称为提前保理合同。一个完整的保理协议,然后是无追索权的协议,所有信用销售(包括全国的销售和出口)提供资金。等值内在其应收账款的管理,其应收账款融资,一般企业信用和管理的内部信用风险评估,授信,信用的收集和信贷风险的轴承功能。22行政管理合同3使用行政管理合同的公司被定义为这些公司使用的信用信息机构,以评估贸易信用风险,收取应收账款,当他们因或东盟地区论坛(应收账款融资)的合同和提供的服务合约的一个因素。因此,虽然应收账款的管理已外判,该公司仍带有贸易信用风险。23风险管理合同定义为一个合同,招致公司对未来应收账款
7、的损失,但没有考虑公司的信用管理过程中的护理风险管理合同。这些第三方专家的例子是如信用保险合同和部分保理协议。3候补政策的决定因素从事交易费用方法,如开发由科斯(即,1991年)和威廉姆森(即,1975年),交易(或货物和服务交换)是分析基本的单位。每次进行交易,交易成本产生。这些可以定义为谈判,监测和执法成本,允许双方之间的交流发生摩擦或人类的特点(有限理性和机会主义)和环境因素相结合所带来的困难的结果,要花费(不确定性,“小数目”,信息不对称和资产的特殊性)。因此,替代性的治理结构,市场和企业(层次),其中最重要的例子,是评估自己的能力,节约交易成本(琼斯和希尔,1988年,威廉姆森,19
8、75年,1987年)。这意味着要有该公司本身控制战略资产。接下来,一个活动的内化变得更容易,只要有需要在其管理的灵活性,因为这样的灵活性,使其及其困难的准备完整的合同(例如,哈特,1991年,克莱因,1991)。不确定性和一定合理性,然而,引起相反作用是难控制或者增加在管理的不确定性。因此参量是可能导致摩擦并且是易于的对外表性(安徒生和维兹1986)。如前所述,保理合同已被选中来实施应收账款的管理外。下一步,我们认为这种管理外包的决定是需要在扩大贸易信贷和收集,一方存在规模经济和范围,减少对其他单位的管理成本支出的灵活性的影响。此外,这种灵活性和控制的需要,是假设存在的真正动机诱导扩大贸易信贷
9、。事实上,这些动机时举行,贸易信贷有助于最大化股东财富,传统的目标在财务管理方面的文献的过程中,并成为一种战略资产,是没有可能扩展到第三方。下一步,应收账款管理的不确定性何有限理性的影响进行了研究,假设供应商的风险,为客户的支付行为的不确定性和供应商的营商环境的不确定性增加。较难预测客户的支付4行为,在供应商的财务需求的不确定性越高,其他所有的事情都是平等的。因此,承担的信用风险时,客户的支付行为是很难预测变得不那么有吸引力。此外,一直隐瞒了两种类型的环境的不确定性的可能性,以控制客户的支付行为(基于信息不对称的情况下)和传播的风险发生的可能性。在本文的第二部分,我们清楚地隔离转包决定转包发生
10、的风险管理过程中的决定。因此,贸易信贷管理的监测和搜集的应收未收账款的过程。此外,由于无法承受的后果由第三方控制的决定,这是合理的假设,公司决定在内部收集他们的应收账款也将内在的授信决策。承担风险,包括后期和坏付款的情况下所有责任的假设。5外文文献原文TITLEASTRATEGICAPPROACHONORGANIZINGACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEMANAGEMENTSOMEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEMATERIALSOURCEJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTANDGOVERNANCEAUTHORANTWERP1INTRODUCTIONFIRMSRARELYREQUIRE
11、IMMEDIATEPAYMENTFORTHEIRMERCHANDISEFOREXAMPLE,INTHEUKCORPORATESECTORMORETHAN80OFDAILYBUSINESSTRANSACTIONSAREONCREDITTERMSANDACCOUNTSRECEIVABLECONSTITUTEONEOFTHEMAINASSETSONCORPORATEBALANCESHEETS35OFTOTALASSETSSUMMERSANDWILSON,1997ASSOONASTRADEDEBTORSSETTLETHEIRACCOUNTS,CASHFLOWSINTOTHECOMPANYATTHESA
12、METIME,HOWEVER,NEWSALESGENERATENEWACCOUNTSRECEIVABLETHELEVELOFDEBTORSTHUSREMAINSCONSTANTWHENSALESFIGURESARESTABLE,WHILEITGROWSASSALESFIGURESINCREASEGRASS,1972ALTHOUGHFIRMSEXTENDINGTRADECREDITHEAVILYINVESTINACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE,THERESULTINGFINANCIALNEEDISNOTTHEONLYREASONWHYTRADECREDITDECISIONSMERITMORE
13、CAREFULATTENTIONTHISPAPERDEVELOPSANDDISCUSSESTWOADDITIONALCONSIDERATIONSFIRST,FIRMSSELLINGONCREDITOPENTHEMSELVESTOMORALHAZARDWHENEXCHANGERELATIONSARESUBJECTTOIMPERFECTINFORMATION,THISUNCERTAINTYRESULTSINTRANSACTIONCOSTSSELLERSTHUSHAVEINCENTIVESTODEVELOPORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURESTHATREDUCETHETRANSACTIO
14、NCOSTSRESULTINGFROMTHISASYMMETRICINFORMATIONPROBLEMBOTHHOMEMADEPLANNINGANDSALESSTRUCTURINGASWELLASBALANCEDPRODUCTANDMARKETPORTFOLIOSCANREDUCETHISUNCERTAINTY,WHILEEXTERNALIZATIONOFRISKBECOMESATTRACTIVEWHENTHESEHOMEMADEINSTITUTIONSFAILSECOND,VENDORSOFFERINGTRADECREDITHAVETOADOPTAVARIETYOFNEWRESPONSIBI
15、LITIESTHEDECISIONWHETHERORNOTTOGRANTCREDITTOANEWCUSTOMER,THEASSUMPTIONOFCREDIT,ADMINISTRATIONANDCOLLECTIONPOLICIESANDTHEBEARINGOFTHECREDITRISKINVOLVEDFROMAMANAGERIALPOINTOFVIEWTHISMEANSTHATTHESELLER1FINANCESTHEBUYERSINVENTORY,2ENGAGESINADDITIONALACCOUNTINGANDCOLLECTING6ACTIVITIES,3MONITORSTHEFINANCI
16、ALHEALTHOFBOTHEXISTINGANDPOTENTIALCUSTOMERSAND4GETSINVOLVEDINASSESSINGANDBEARINGNEWRISKSNOTALLCREDITMANAGEMENTFUNCTIONS,HOWEVER,HAVETOBEPERFORMEDBYTHESELLERINDEED,WHENEXTENDINGTRADECREDITISTHOUGHTTOADDNOREALVALUETOTHEFIRM,ITSMANAGEMENTCANCONTRACTEDTOATHIRDPARTYASELLINGFIRMSDECISIONTOEXTENDTRADECREDI
17、TTHUSALSOREQUIRESTHESELLERTODECIDEWHETHERORNOTTOINTEGRATEINTOMANAGINGACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEMOREOVER,WHENTHESELLERDECIDESTOENTERAMARKETTRANSACTION,SEVERALORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURESCANBEEMPLOYEDINTHEIRPAPER,MIANANDSMITH1992EXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEFUNCTIONSTOBEPERFORMEDINTHECREDITADMINISTRATIONPROCES
18、SANDTHEDECISIONWHETHERORNOTTOSUBCONTRACTTHESEFUNCTIONSTOATHIRDPARTYSPECIALISTINTHISPAPER,HOWEVER,THEEXTENSIONOFTRADECREDITISLOOKEDUPONFROMBOTHAMORESTRATEGICANDARISKORIENTEDPOINTOFVIEWTHESTRATEGICAPPROACHISBASEDONTHEEXTENSIVEFINANCIALMANAGEMENTLITERATURECLAIMINGTHATTHEEXTENSIONOFTRADECREDITCANBECOMEA
19、DVANTAGEOUSTOTHESUPPLIER,INWHICHTHEREWILLBEANEEDFORFLEXIBILITYINMANAGINGACCOUNTSRECEIVABLETHERISKORIENTEDPOINTOFVIEW,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISBASEDUPONTHOSEPRINCIPLESTHATDEALWITHTHEMORALHAZARDPROBLEMFINALLY,THEIMPLICATIONSOFTHESEMOTIVATIONALTHEORIESARELINKEDTOTHEINDUSTRIALORGANIZATIONLITERATUREONVERTICALINT
20、EGRATIONTHREETYPESOFOUTSOURCINGARECONSIDEREDATFIRST,THEFACTORINGCONTRACTHASBEENCHOSENTOOPERATIONALIZETHEEXTERNALIZATIONOFACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEMANAGEMENT,SINCEFACTORINGISTHEMOSTCOMPREHENSIVETYPEOFOUTSOURCINGAFIRMSACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEMANAGEMENTNEXT,WECLEARLYISOLATETHEDECISIONTOSUBCONTRACTTHEADMINISTRATIONP
21、ROCESSFROMTHEDECISIONTOSUBCONTRACTTHERISKSINCURRED,ASSUMINGTHATTHEYAREBASEDONDIFFERENTDECISIONPROCESSESWITHDIFFERENTDECISIONVARIABLESINDEED,WEASSUMETHATBOTHCOSTADVANTAGESANDANEEDFORFLEXIBILITYINMANAGINGACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEWILLCAUSEINTEGRATIONOFTHEFIRMSCREDITADMINISTRATIONTHEASSUMPTIONOFCREDITRISK,HOWE
22、VER,WILLNOTBEDELEGATEDTOATHIRDPARTYWHENTHETRANSACTIONCANBEPERFORMEDINASTABLEANDPREDICTABLEENVIRONMENTALSETTINGINDUCINGALOWNEEDFORMONITORINGANDCONTROL7INSECTION2WEDESCRIBETHEALTERNATEACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEMANAGEMENTPOLICIESSTUDIEDSECTION3DEVELOPSTHEHYPOTHESESUSEDTOEXPLAINTHEDECISIONTOSUBCONTRACTORNOTTOSU
23、BCONTRACTTHERESPONSIBILITIESINVOLVEDTHEDISCUSSIONISBASEDONTHEMOTIVESOFSELLERSTOOFFERTRADECREDITANDTHEMORALHAZARDPROBLEMCREATEDBYDELAYINGPAYMENTSUNDERCONDITIONSOFIMPERFECTINFORMATIONSECTIONS4AND5DESCRIBETHESAMPLINGPROCEDUREANDTHEWAYINWHICHTHEVARIABLESAREMEASURED,WHILETHEANALYSISPROCEDURESANDRESULTSAR
24、EREPORTEDINSECTION6ATTHEENDOFTHEPAPER,WESUMMARIZEOURCONCLUSIONS2THENATUREOFOUTSOURCINGCONTRACTSBEFOREANALYZINGPOLICYCHOICESANDTHEIRRESPECTIVEDETERMINANTS,WEFIRSTGIVEADESCRIPTIONOFTHEBASICGOVERNANCESTRUCTURESSTUDIED21FACTORINGANDITSEQUIVALENTFACTORINGBASICALLYOFFERSTHREETYPESOFSERVICES1FINANCE,2RISKC
25、ONTROLAND3SALESLEDGERADMINISTRATIONHOWEVER,NOTALLFACTORINGCONTRACTSPROVIDETHISFULLARRAYOFSERVICESBASEDUPONTHESCOPEOFHISMANAGERIALNEEDSTHESELLERCANDECIDEONTHEEXTENSIVENESSOFTHECONTRACTTHEMOSTIMPORTANTDISTINCTIONBETWEENFACTORINGCONTRACTSISTHATBETWEENRECOURSEANDNONRECOURSEAGREEMENTSANONRECOURSEAGREEMEN
26、TIMPLIESTHATTHEFACTORMAKESTHECREDITEXTENSIONDECISION,MONITORSANDCOLLECTSTHEACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEANDBEARSTHECREDITRISKUNDERARECOURSEAGREEMENTTHEFIRMSELLINGONCREDITRETAINSTHERISKOFNONRECOVERYOFTHEDEBTMOREOVER,WHENTHECONTRACTPROVIDESFINANCING,THEFACTORINGCONTRACTISCALLEDANADVANCEFACTORINGCONTRACTAFULLFACT
27、ORINGAGREEMENTTHENISANONRECOURSEAGREEMENT,PROVIDINGFINANCINGFORALLCREDITSALESBOTHNATIONALSALESANDEXPORTTHEEQUIVALENTSINTERNALIZINGTHEIRACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEMANAGEMENTFINANCETHEIRACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEOUTOFGENERALCORPORATECREDITANDMANAGEINTERNALLYTHECREDITRISKASSESSMENT,CREDITGRANTING,CREDITCOLLECTIONANDCRE
28、DITRISKBEARINGFUNCTIONS22THEADMINISTRATIVEMANAGEMENTCONTRACTTHECOMPANIESUSINGANADMINISTRATIVEMANAGEMENTCONTRACTAREDEFINEDASTHOSECOMPANIESTHATUSECREDITINFORMATIONAGENCIESTOASSESSTHETRADECREDITRISKS,8TOCOLLECTACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEWHENTHEYAREDUEORARFACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEFINANCINGCONTRACTSANDSERVICECONTRACTSO
29、FFEREDBYAFACTORTHUS,ALTHOUGHTHEADMINISTRATIONOFACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEHASBEENOUTSOURCED,THEFIRMSTILLBEARSTHETRADECREDITRISK23THERISKMANAGEMENTCONTRACTTHERISKMANAGEMENTCONTRACTISDEFINEDASACONTRACTTHATINDEMNIFIESFIRMSAGAINSTLOSSESONUNCOLLECTEDACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEBUTDOESNOTTAKECAREOFTHEFIRMSCREDITADMINISTRATI
30、ONPROCESSEXAMPLESOFSUCHTHIRDPARTYSPECIALISTSAREEGCREDITINSURANCECONTRACTSANDPARTIALFACTORINGAGREEMENTS3DETERMINANTSOFALTERNATEPOLICIESFOLLOWINGTHETRANSACTIONCOSTAPPROACH,ASDEVELOPEDBYCOASEEG,1991ANDWILLIAMSONEG,1975,THETRANSACTIONORTHEEXCHANGEOFGOODSANDSERVICESISTHEBASICUNITOFANALYSISEACHTIMEATRANSA
31、CTIONISPERFORMED,TRANSACTIONCOSTSARISETHESECANBEDEFINEDASTHENEGOTIATING,MONITORINGANDENFORCEMENTCOSTSTHATHAVETOBESPENTTOALLOWANEXCHANGEBETWEENTWOPARTIESTOTAKEPLACEANDRESULTFROMFRICTIONSORDIFFICULTIESENTAILEDBYACOMBINATIONOFBOTHHUMANCHARACTERISTICSBOUNDEDRATIONALITYANDOPPORTUNISMANDENVIRONMENTALFACTO
32、RSUNCERTAINTY,“SMALLNUMBERS”,INFORMATIONASYMMETRYANDASSETSPECIFICITYTHEREFORE,ALTERNATIVEGOVERNANCESTRUCTURES,OFWHICHMARKETSANDFIRMSHIERARCHIESARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTEXAMPLES,AREASSESSEDINTERMSOFTHEIRCAPACITIESTOECONOMIZEONTRANSACTIONCOSTSJONESANDHILL,1988WILLIAMSON,1975,1987THISMEANSTHATSTRATEGICASSETS
33、ARETOBECONTROLLEDBYTHEFIRMITSELFNEXT,INTERNALIZATIONOFANACTIVITYBECOMESMORELIKELYWHENEVERTHEREISANEEDFORFLEXIBILITYINITSMANAGEMENTSINCESUCHAFLEXIBILITYWOULDMAKEITEXTREMELYDIFFICULTTOPREPAREFULLCONTRACTSEG,HART,1991KLEIN,1991UNCERTAINTYAND/ORBOUNDEDRATIONALITY,HOWEVER,GENERATETHEOPPOSITEEFFECTPARAMET
34、ERSTHATAREHARDTOCONTROLAND/ORINCREASETHEUNCERTAINTYINMANAGEMENTAREMORELIKELYTOCAUSEFRICTIONSANDARETHEREFOREAPTTOEXTERNALIZATIONANDERSONANDWEITZ,1986ASMENTIONEDBEFORE,THEFACTORINGCONTRACTHASBEENCHOSENTOOPERATIONALIZE9THEFULLEXTERNALIZATIONOFACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEMANAGEMENTNEXT,WEASSUMETHATTHEDECISIONTOOU
35、TSOURCETHISMANAGEMENTISINFLUENCEDBYTHENEEDFORFLEXIBILITYINEXTENDINGTRADECREDITANDCOLLECTINGPAYMENTSONTHEONEHANDANDTHEEXISTENCEOFECONOMIESOFSCALEANDSCOPEREDUCINGTHEUNITCOSTOFMANAGEMENTONTHEOTHERFURTHER,SUCHANEEDFORFLEXIBILITYANDCONTROLISASSUMEDTOBEINDUCEDBYTHEEXISTENCEOFREALMOTIVESFOREXTENDINGTRADECR
36、EDITINDEED,WHENTHESEMOTIVESHOLD,TRADECREDITCONTRIBUTESTOTHEPROCESSOFMAXIMIZINGSHAREHOLDERWEALTH,ATRADITIONALOBJECTIVEINFINANCIALMANAGEMENTLITERATURE,ANDBECOMESASTRATEGICASSETTHATISNOTLIKELYTOBEEXTENDEDTOATHIRDPARTYNEXT,THEEFFECTSOFUNCERTAINTYANDBOUNDEDRATIONALITYINMANAGINGACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEARESTUDIE
37、D,ASSUMINGTHATTHESUPPLIERSRISKINCREASESASARESULTOFUNCERTAINTYINTHECUSTOMERSPAYMENTBEHAVIORANDUNCERTAINTYINTHESUPPLIERSBUSINESSENVIRONMENTTHELESSPREDICTABLETHECUSTOMERSPAYMENTBEHAVIOR,THEHIGHERTHEUNCERTAINTYINTHESUPPLIERSFINANCIALNEEDS,ALLOTHERTHINGSBEINGEQUALTHEREFORE,THEASSUMPTIONOFTHECREDITRISKBEC
38、OMESLESSATTRACTIVEWHENEVERTHECUSTOMERSPAYMENTBEHAVIORISHARDTOPREDICTINADDITION,TWOTYPESOFENVIRONMENTALUNCERTAINTYHAVEBEENWITHHELDTHEPOSSIBILITYTOCONTROLTHECUSTOMERSPAYMENTBEHAVIORBASEDONTHEABSENCEOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRYANDTHEPOSSIBILITYTOSPREADTHERISKSINCURREDINTHESECONDPARTOFTHISPAPERWECLEARLYISOLAT
39、ETHEDECISIONTOSUBCONTRACTTHEADMINISTRATIONPROCESSFROMTHEDECISIONTOSUBCONTRACTTHERISKSINCURREDTHEREFORE,TRADECREDITADMINISTRATIONISDESCRIBEDASTHEPROCESSOFMONITORINGANDCOLLECTINGTHEOUTSTANDINGACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEMOREOVER,SINCEONECANNOTBEARTHECONSEQUENCESOFDECISIONSCONTROLLEDBYATHIRDPARTY,ITISREASONABLETOASSUMETHATFIRMSDECIDINGTOINTERNALIZETHECOLLECTIONOFTHEIRACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEWILLALSOINTERNALIZETHECREDITGRANTINGDECISIONTHERISKASSUMPTIONINCLUDESTHEASSUMPTIONOFALLRESPONSIBILITIESINCASEOFLATEAND/ORBADPAYMENTS