1、1 外文翻译 原文 Social psychological factors affecting the employment of graduate students in Taiwan Material Source: Society for Personality Research (Inc.)DOI 10.2224/sbp.2010.38.9.1259 Author: King-Jang Yang Shun-Hsing Chen and Hsin-I Fan In this study the researchers use principal factor analysis to i
2、dentify the factors affecting the competitiveness of college graduate students in the job market, based on a sample of senior students enrolled in an undergraduate school. The analysis revealed 5 factors that influence the students employment prospects: learning ability, foreign language ability, co
3、operation, information technology, and interpersonal relations. We also analyze the effect of differences in gender and family economic circumstances in relation to the 5 factors, and conclude that these influence both students employment prospects and their career planning. Keywords: social psychol
4、ogical factors； college graduate students； career planning； employment； Taiwan. Until recently, Taiwan had a positive economic growth rate. In contrast to European countries and the United States, with a rate of unemployment of less than 3%, unemployment was not an immediate problem in Taiwan. Howev
5、er, owing to political changes, stagnation of the world economy, and the magnet effect of economic development in Mainland China, Taiwan is not only experiencing negative economic growth, but also the unemployment rate has risen above 5%. At the same time, many university students have chosen to con
6、tinue their education in order to postpone employment and thus, so-called hidden unemployment has emerged as a human resource issue in Taiwan. In 2002, with a total number of 450,000 unemployed persons, the rate of unemployment reached 4.57%, excluding persons in the category of hidden unemployment.
7、 For the economy as a whole, the rate of unemployment continues to rise and has now reached 6.13% (Directorate General of Budget,Accounting, and Statistics, Taiwan, 2009). The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) has predicted that in 2010, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of Taiwan will be
8、 -9%and the number of unemployed persons in Taiwan will exceed 1 2 million, thus doubling the present unemployment rate of 5%. Overall, the economic situation in Taiwan is expected to worsen (40, 2009). In recent years, a number of universities have been established in Taiwan, and in 2003, enrolment
9、 rates reached almost 100% at all universities. The rapid growth in the number of universities has lowered the quality of the students, while, at the same time, consuming scarce educational resources (Chen, Yang, this has also affected the human resources of the universities. To cope with this diffi
10、cult situation, some college graduate students have opted either to continue with their education by enrolling for advanced degrees or to postpone their graduation. Since these students would otherwise be entering the job market, their consideration for recruitment will become an important issue in
11、the job market of the future. Given this situation, the government is faced with the problem of how to allocate human resources effectively so as to create jobs for these graduates and at the same time avoid wasteful or unproductive allocation of educational funds. While there is no shortage of labo
12、r in a stagnant economy, the quality of the workforce is poor in comparison to the quality of the workforce of a growing economy. In this economic situation the labor supply exceeds the demand for labor. An important issue facing both the government and business enterprises is how to utilize the col
13、lege graduate students effectively. What types of skills should be imparted to them at the college level so that they can find jobs in the future? For their part, students need to plan their careers in advance so that they are in a position to cope with the challenging work environment. This will al
14、so ensure that national and social resources are not exhausted in that the best enterprises can select the best of the available talent and vice versa. Literature Review Career Planning While employment is the first step toward starting a career and joining society, it is also an important indicator
15、 of the development of the human resources of a nation. It is, therefore, important to identify the issues that prevent improvement of the services that help graduates enter society. Morrison and Zebelman (1982) described three aspects to life: individual development, family development, and career
16、3 development. Generally, life, as understood by scholars, refers to all activities performed in a lifetime, including work, family, emotions, entertainment, health, and monetary earning. Career planning involves making appropriate plans and arrangements for ones life realizing ones potential by mak
17、ing use of environmental resources to realize growth at individual stages and, finally, arriving at self-actualization and successfully reaching ones desired career goal. Career planning is therefore an ongoing process of development through which learners attempt to understand their personal, famil
18、y, school, work, and community experiences and the importance of these in making career and lifestyle choices. In fact, career planning involves a wide range of activities, which include not only work-related activities but also those that go beyond work (Cascio, 1995). It involves setting a career
19、goal and taking a series of actions towards realizing those goals (Lin, 2005), and also indicates ones expectations and desires for each stage of life. In other words, career planning is the blueprint for realizing ones ambitions. Often, after satisfying their basic desires and requirements, individ
20、uals want to have more money, achieve more, and have higher status. In order to fulfill these desires, it is important to plan ones future carefully. Discussion In this study we found that learning ability, foreign language ability, cooperation, information technology skills, and interpersonal relat
21、ionships are indispensable for gaining employment and pursuing a successful career. According to most of the students, learning ability is the most important asset for improving ones competitiveness. The students believed that each individual has to take the responsibility for doing his or her best
22、at the work he/she is involved in to achieve the best outcome, even though difficulties may be encountered in that process. This suggests that most of the students have a positive attitude toward life, and that they have a definite plan with respect to their future. Based on the opinions expressed b
23、y the students in terms of skills and qualities required for career planning, colleges can design career planning courses for graduate students and start career guidance services. This will help the undergraduate students to plan their careers before they leave school. At the same time, graduate stu
24、dents too can make solid plans for their future before they graduate. According to the college graduates in our study, success does not occur by accident but is a result of much hard work and taking every opportunity. Regarding 4 attitude toward work, they were of the opinion that social position or
25、 high status at work are not necessarily important compared to being able to use ones talents so long as one can make personal progress. At the same time, they stated that they were unable to predict with any certainty when they would secure a job, marry, and start a family. When planning for their
26、future, graduates often move forward in a general direction initially, and then make detailed plans at specific stages of their life. The results in our study suggest that college students should make good use of the resources available within their colleges; for example, by attending employment-rel
27、ated lectures. They should visit a variety of enterprises, and explore different occupations. To reduce employment-related anxiety, they could utilize psychological testing services for career planning. Career guidance resources in colleges can assist these students in formulating attainable career
28、plans. Getting work while studying helps students in career development, but most students work part-time and tend to choose positions in service industries, that require low educational qualifications and few or no professional skills. While such jobs give students the opportunity to learn job skil
29、ls and help in the preparation for employment, they offer limited benefits for successful employment in the future. Students are, therefore, advised to consider their career interests when selecting a job or when exploring the future prospects of a job opportunity, by seeking a position that will al
30、low them to combine learned knowledge with practical knowledge. 译文 台湾的社会心理的学生毕业就业的因素影响 资料来源 : 人格与社会行为 2010 作者： King-Jang Yang ， Shun-Hsing Chen and Hsin-I Fan 摘要：在这项研究中，研究人员使用主要因素分析法来找出对学生在就业市场上竞争力影响大的因素，以本科就读学生为样本。分析显示 5个因素影响学生的就业前景：学习能力，外语能力，合作能力，信息技术和人际关系。我们还分析家庭经济情况、性别差异对这些因素的影响，并得出结论，这些都影响到学生的就
31、业前景和职业生涯规划。 关键词：社会心理因素 大学毕业生 职业生涯规划 就业 台湾 直到最近，台湾都有着快速的经济增长速度。相反，欧洲国家和美国经济增长 3%却有着较低的失业率，但是失业率并没有反映台湾当前的问题。由于政治5 变革，世界经济的停滞不前和中国内地经济发展的磁吸效应，台湾不仅面临经济负增长，而且失业率上升也超过 5。与此同时，许多大学生选择了继续教育以推迟就业。因此，所谓的隐性失业人员已成为在台湾的一个人力资源。 2002年，失业总人数 45万，失业率达 4.57，其中不包括隐性失业人士。对于整体经济而言，失业率的不断上升，现已达到 6.13（ 2009年总预算局，会计，统计，台湾
32、地区）。经济学人信息部（ EIU）预测，在 2010年，国内生产总值（ GDP）的增长速度将超过台湾的 9，台湾的失业人数将超过 1百万，从而增加一倍失业率。从整体而言，台湾的经济形势恶化。 近几年来，台湾本土大学的入学率在所有大学中几乎达到 100。大学的人数迅速增长，降低了教学质量。与此同时，也消耗了大量教育资源。由于滞胀因素，台湾的许多企业被迫削减员工人数，以增加他们的竞争力。因此，竞争上岗已加强，这也影响到了高校的人力资源。为了应付这个困难的情况下，一些大学毕业的学生都选择要 么继续接受教育或推迟毕业。由于这些学生本来可以进入就业市场，他们的招聘代价将成为未来在就业市场的重要问题。鉴于
33、这种情况，政府面临着资金问题，如何有效地配置人力资源，以教育为这些毕业生创造就业机会，并在同一时间避免毕业生资源的浪费与教育经费分配。 虽然经济停滞不前没有造成劳动力短缺，劳动力的素质差是相对于经济增长时期的高质量劳动力而言的。在这种经济形势下的劳动力供大于求。既面临一个重要问题，政府和企业是如何利用有效的大学毕业生。 大学水平应该给他们传授应有的水平，以使他们在今后的能够找到工作？对他们来说，学生需要提前计划自己的职业生涯，以便他们有能力应付和挑战以后的工作环境。这也将确保国家和社会资源不枯竭，因为最好的企业可以选择最好的可用之才，反之亦然。 文献评论 职业计划 尽管就业是加入社会的第一步，
34、同时这也是一个国家人力资源发展的一个重要指标。正因为如此，重要的是找出问题，改善援助毕业生进入社会的服务。莫里森和 Zebelman（ 1982）所描述的生活三个方面：个人发展，家庭发展和职业发展。一般来说，指的是生活中的所有活动，包括工 作，家庭，情感，娱乐，健康。职业生涯规划需要做出为自己的生活适当的计划和安排，实现理想是使用潜力并利用环境资源的目标之一，以实现在各个阶段的经济增长，最后到达自我实现，顺利达到自己期望的职业目标。因此，职业规划是一个不断发展的过程，通过学习试图理解他们的个人，家庭，学校，工作，社会经验和选择的重要性，使事业和生活方式精彩。事实上，职业生涯规划涉及多种多样的活
35、动，不仅包括与工作相关的活动，而且还要超越那些工作。它涉及一个职业目标，并且竭尽所能6 以实现这个目标。也表明生活每个阶段的预期。 换句话说，职业生涯规划是实 现一个人的梦想的蓝图。 通常，在满足他们的基本愿望和要求，希望自己更有钱，得到更多，更高的地位。为了满足这些愿望，仔细的计划未来是很重要的。 讨论 在这项研究中我们发现，学习能力，外语能力，合作能力，信息技术能力和人际关系是就业不可或缺的因素，以追求一个完美的事业。据大多数学生所说，学习能力是一个人的竞争力中一个最重要的财富。学生们认为，每个人都有采取在做他 /她是参与以达到最好的结果他或她的最好的工作责任，尽管过程中可能遇到困难。这表
36、明，大多数的学生有一个积极的生活态度，他们对自己的未来一个明确的计划与尊重。 基于职业生涯规划的意见表示，在条款中规定为学生的技能和素质，高校可以设计职业生涯规划课程的学生毕业，开始职业指导服务。这将有助于高校大学生在他们离开学校之前做好职业生涯规划。同时，研究生也可以在毕业之前做好充分的计划。 根据我们对大学毕业生的研究，成功并非偶然， 而是要辛勤工作并抓住每一个机会。至于工作态度，他们认为社会地位高或在工作中的重要地位不一定相比能够使用自己的人才，只要有一个可以让个人进步。与此同时，他们指出无法有把握地预测时，他们会找到工作，结婚并开始组建一个家庭。当为他们的未来规划时，应届毕业 生往往确
37、定最初的大方向，然后确定在不同阶段的详细计划。 我们的研究结果表明，大学生应该很好地利用他们的学院内的现有资源。例如，参加就业有关的讲座。应该访问各种企业，体验不同的职业。为了减少就业有关的焦虑，他们可以利用职业规划为心理测试服务。高校职业指导的资源也可以帮助这些学生的职业规划可以完成。 虽然这样的工作让学生有机会学习职业技能，并帮助就业准备， 而学习有利于发展学生的职业生涯，但大多数学生做的兼职工作，往往选择在服务行业，学历要求较低，很少或没有学到专业技能。鉴于这种情况，学生们被建议当他们找工作或者探 索未来的工作机会时考虑到自己的职业兴趣，可以让他们寻找工作职位时将课本知识和实践知识相结合。
