1、外文翻译 原文 Crises, sustainable tourism and achieving critical understanding Material Source:： Journal of Sustainable Tourism Vol. 19, No. 1, January 2011, 13 Author: Bramwell, Bill1 Abstract:An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses sustainable tourism, critical understa
2、nding, and climate change. Our editorial in January 2009 addressed the then impending international financial crisis (Bramwell & Lane, 2009). We feared that lack of finance might reduce the willingness of business and governments to pay for investment in the infrastructure, facilities and training n
3、eeded to support more sustainable products and for environmental and social enhancements. Our editorial in January 2010 examined the possibility that the financial and economic crisis might increase the likelihood of greater government intervention in the free market, which might help to promote the
4、 objectives of sustainable tourism (Bramwell & Lane, 2010). But, alternatively, we also noted that the financial crisis might encourage a growing neo-liberalism that seeks salvation through more price competition and reduced public sector activity. That clearly could be inimical to furthering the ai
5、ms of sustainable tourism. We now face at least two kinds of crisis that affect the prospects ofmoving towards more sustainable tourism. First, there is a global environmental crisis, in response to which many people focus only on the threats from climate change. As these words are being written, ho
6、wever, the relatively hidden issues surrounding biodiversity conservation are also being highlighted. The United Nations declared 2010 to be the International Year of Biodiversity, with one focal point of the year being the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP) on the Convention on Biological Diversi
7、ty, held in Nagoya, Japan. This COP marked the 20th anniversary of the Convention. The Conference sought to adopt a new strategic plan for the Convention, including new biodiversity targets to stem species and habitat loss. The multiple manifestations of the global environmental crisis and their lin
8、ks to tourism have long been discussed, but they need to be more fully understood if we are to deal with this II long term but nevertheless real challenge (Gossling & Hall, 2005). Secondly, the economic and financial crisis that we first noted in 2009 has now become the most profound and challenging
9、 in decades. This is in some ways a short term challenge, and it directly affects business and income and as such it gets much more immediate and meaningful attention. This economic threat continues to have repercussions for sustainable tourism. One result is that it has halted the growth in tourism
10、: provisional UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) figures show a decline in international tourist arrivals to 880 millions in 2009, a fall of 4% from 2008 (www.wto.org). The expected expansion to 1.6 billion international tourist arrivals by 2020 forecast by UNWTO (2001) now seems unlikely. Crises
11、 are moments of paradox and possibility out of which various alternatives can spring. Thus, the global environmental crisis might be expected to encourage a growing interest in a more sustainable world and to increase government engagement with sustainable tourism initiatives. Yet it appears that ma
12、ny governments may be responding to the financial and economic crisis following initial state support to stabilise the banking sector through an intensification of free market neo-liberalism, including cuts in welfare and a retreat from environmental protection. In this context the future paths towa
13、rd a more sustainable tourism industry remain unclear. Our role as researchers and commentators is to seek to help the world to recognise,understand and critically assess the influences, possibilities and obstacles relevant to tourism and sustainable development. We need to understand why and how bo
14、th the environmental crisis and the economic system and its crises affect sustainable tourism. Research is certainly providing improved insights into the scale, scope and implications of the environmental crisis. There is an increasing amount of research on the connections between tourism and the en
15、vironment. But how well placed is the academy to help us to gain a critical understanding of the economic system, its periodic crises of various types, and how it may obstruct or promote more sustainable forms of tourism? Recently, the radical sociologist David Harvey contended that university resea
16、rchers since the 1980s generally have failed to provide the necessary large frameworks for understanding about how capitalism has operated, how crisis is systemic in the way that it operates and how it exploits and degrades the environment. Further, he links this failure in thinking to the “deeply e
17、ntrenched mental conceptions associated with neoliberal theories and the neo-liberalisation and III corporatisation of the universities” (Harvey, 2010, p. 237). He argues that there is a need for a revolution in thinking, involvingmore critical and radical currents of thought within academic debate.
18、 Whether or notwe agreewith Harveys analysis and prescription, it is clear that the economists and analysts both within the academy and outside generally failed to predict the current financial crisis. And at the least this should cause professional intellectuals to pause for thought and reflection.
19、 To encourage sustainable tourism researchers to be more self-critical, we are publishing two opinion pieces which question the emerging dialogues around climate change and the tourism industry. The complexity of this discussion was illustrated by the special issue of Journal of Sustainable Tourism
20、(2010, Volume 18, Issue 3) on “Tourism: Adapting to Climate Change and Climate Policy”. Now, in this issue, DavidWeaver contends that tourisms current expanding engagement with climate change may not necessarily be conducive to the interests of tourism sustainability. He puts forward seven key unres
21、olved questions associated with climate change in the sustainable tourism debate. These questions relate to there being so many cost implications, somany uncertainties, so many problems in adapting to climate change and so little knowledge or interest among the numerous relevant parties (Weaver, 201
22、1). That last question is also explored in a paper by BobMcKercher and Bruce Prideaux to be published in 2011. In the present issue there is also a response byDaniel Scott to Weavers arguments about the unresolved questions associated with climate change and sustainable tourism (Scott, 2011). He con
23、tends that tourisms response to climate change is absolutely critical to tourism and sustainable development. Further, he asserts that any retreat from engagement with climate change issues by the tourism industry would be to its substantial detriment. He seeks to “clear the air” on some common clim
24、ate science myths that hamper scientific progress and obfuscate public debates related to tourism and climate change. While recognising the uncertainties, he calls for action by researchers to inform business, communities and government about the issues and potential ways forward. Opinion pieces are
25、 designed to allow substantial and important arguments to be put forward concerning key debates about tourism and sustainable development. They are normally by invitation of the Editors, and are subject to the full refereeing process. Finally, we can report a continuing rapid increase in both subscr
26、iptions and numbers of papers submitted to the Journal of Sustainable Tourism. In response to IV the rising interest in the Journal in China and the growing importance of Chinas tourism industry, we are publishing abstracts in Mandarin as well as English in the Journals online version, beginning wit
27、h this issue. This innovation is being led by Dr. Yi Wang of Nottingham Universitys Ningbo Campus in China. V 译文 社论：危机，实现可持续旅游业和批判性理解 资料来源：可持续旅游杂志 第一卷。 19 日，第 1 号， 2011 年 1 月 1-3 作 者 ： 博 莱 威 尔 摘要：是对杂志的介绍中，提出了可持续旅游的编辑讨论，批判性的理解，以及气候变化。 我们在 2009 年 1 月，当时的编辑处理即将发生的国际金融危机（布拉姆韦尔和巷， 2009）。我们担心缺少资金可能会降低企业和政
28、府愿意支付的基础设施，设施和需要支持的产品和更 可持续的环境和社会增强培训的投资。我们在 2010年 1 月编辑审查的可能性，即金融和经济危机可能会增加在自由市场的政府干预的可能性更大，这可能有助于促进可持续旅游业（布拉姆韦尔和巷， 2010）的目标。但是，另一方面，我们也注意到，金融危机可能促使越来越多的新自由主义，寻求通过更多的价格竞争和减少公共部门活动的拯救。这显然不利于促进可可持续旅游业的目标。 我们现在面临至少二种的危机影响的前景向更可持续的旅游业 ofmoving。首先，有一个全球性的环境危机反应，许多人只从气候变化的威胁焦点。由于这些话被写入，但是， 相对隐藏的生物多样性保护的种
29、种问题也被强调。联合国宣布 2010 年为国际生物多样性年的一项当其时对生物多样性在日本名古屋举行的公约缔约方（ COP）的第 10 次会议当年的焦点。本届缔约方会议标志着该公约 20 周年。会议旨在通过对公约的新的战略计划，包括新的生物多样性目标，以阻止物种和栖息地的丧失。全球环境危机，它们与旅游业的多重表现一直讨论，但他们需要得到更充分的理解，如果我们要处理这个长期但却真正的挑战（ Gossling 和 Hall， 2005）。 其次，经济和金融危机。我们首先注意到， 2009 年，现已成为最深刻，几十年来的挑战。这是在某些方面一个短期的挑战，它直接影响业务和收入，因此它得到更直接和有意义
30、的关注。这种经济的威胁继续对可持续旅游业的影响。其结果之一是，它已经停止了旅游业的发展：临时联合国世界旅游组织（ UNWTO）的数字显示，在国际入境旅游人数下降至 880 万 2009 年，从 2008 年的 4（ www.wto.org）下降。预期到 2020 年扩大世界旅游组织预测（ 2001 年）至 1.6亿国际游客人数现在看来不太可能。 危机引发的矛盾和可能性的时刻了各种备选方案，其中春天。因此，全球VI 环境危机可能将鼓励在一个更可持续的世 界越来越大的兴趣，并增加政府的参与与可持续旅游发展重点项目。然而，这似乎许多政府可能应对金融和经济危机，国家的支持下初步稳定银行部门通过对自由市
31、场的新自由主义加剧，包括削减福利和从环保撤退。在这方面向更可持续的旅游业的未来路径仍不清楚。 我们作为研究人员和评论家的作用是寻求帮助世界认识，了解和严格评估的影响，可能性和障碍有关旅游与可持续发展。我们需要了解为什么和如何既对环境危机和经济危机影响系统及其可持续旅游。研究当然是提供成规模，范围和对环境危机的影响，提高认识。有一个研究增加对旅 游业与环境之间的连接数量。但是，如何很好地是香港演艺学院，以帮助我们加深对经济体制的批判性理解，不同类型的周期性危机，以及它如何可能妨碍或促进旅游业的可持续形式。 最近，激进的社会学家大卫哈维辩称，自 20 世纪 80 年代大学的研究人员一般都没有提供关
32、于如何认识资本主义运作所需的大框架，如何在金融危机的系统性，它的运作方式以及如何利用和降低环境。此外，他的联系，思维到“与新自由主义根深蒂固的理论和新的自由化和大学的公司化相关的精神理念”这种失败（哈维， 2010 年，第 237 页）。他认为，有一个在思想上的革命，involvingmore 临界电流和思想激进的在学术辩论的必要性。无论 notwe agreewith 哈维的分析和处方，很显然，经济学家和学院的内部和外部分析师普遍未能预测目前的金融危机。而且，至少这应当引起专业知识分子重视和深思。 鼓励可持续旅游研究人员更自我批评，我们出版了两件意见，然后回答问题围绕气候变化和旅游业的新兴对
33、话。这次讨论的复杂性表现在对可持续旅游（ 2010 年 18 卷第 3 期）杂志特刊“旅游：适应气候变化及气候政策”。现在，在这个问题上， DavidWeaver 争辩说，旅游业目前的扩大与气候变化接触不一定 有利于旅游业的可持续性的利益。他提出了七个关键在与气候变化相关的可持续旅游业的辩论尚未解决的问题。这些问题涉及到有这么多费用问题， somany不确定性，因此许多问题在适应气候变化等知识，或在一些小很多（织女， 2011年）有关各方的利益。这最后一个问题，也是一个探讨关于 BobMcKercher 和布鲁斯普里多斯在 2011 年发表的论文。在目前的问题也有一个反应，关于 Daniel斯
34、科特对与气候变化和可持续旅游（斯科特， 2011 年）有关的悬而未决的问题的论点。他争辩说，旅游业的应对气候变化是绝对重要的旅游与可持续发 展。此外，他声称，任何与旅游业的气候变化问题的参与撤退将是其主要的损害。他试图“澄清”对一些常见的气候科学神话，阻碍科学的进步和混淆相关的旅游业和气候变化的公共辩论。虽然认识的不确定性，他打电话告知社区和政府潜在的问题和远期交易的方式来支持研究人员的行动。 VII 意见的设计，让实质和重要的论点提出的关于将有关旅游与可持续发展的关键辩论。他们通常由编辑的邀请，并受到裁判的全部过程监控。 最后，我们可以得出在订阅量和一些书面提交可持续旅游学报两者的继续迅速增长的报告。在反应中，在中国杂志利率上升和中国旅游业的重要性增 长，说明中国旅游业这个新兴利益领域提升，增长重要性的中国的旅游业，我们用中文以及英语将摘要发布在期刊网站上，开始用这种方式发布。这种创新正由诺丁汉大学宁波校区的王易博士在中国创造的。
