1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题成本和质量控制资料来源工程管理杂志作者RICHARDDUTTENHOEFFER摘要成本和质量在任何项目中都是不可分离的两个问题。一般“品质知觉”观念直接影响着承担“费用”的主人，通常假设所有程序都是被有效管理和执行的。然而,许多地区在一个项目中，从构思到如何高质量的完成，都存在困难，除非是老板，设计人员和承包商都能明确避免陷阱。可以升级为成本的典型区域有财产购置和搬迁，规划和工程，融资成本，实用搬迁服务，建设，维护与操作。视乎设计专业的工作范围，他可能在任何这些区域有重大影响。一个好的质量管理计划，应该是所有方面的设计专业共同参与的项目，这样才能最有效的来
2、达到理想的结果。本文将就此讨论一些思路和方法，可以用于设计专业人士在执行他们的职责时更好地来管理成本和质量。简介成本和质量问题，对于专业的设计者来说是每一个项目中都必须彻底解决的问题。这两者是分不开的，一般的有深远影响的成功项目，业主满意，和未来的工程师和业主之间的关系。这两个问题是分不开的,通常对一个项目成功与否，业主是否满意，以及未来的工程师和业主之间的关系都有深远的影响的。这个地区一个典型的工程成本的项目组成有1物业购置和搬迁。2规划与工程。3融资成本。4实用搬迁服务。5建设。6维护与操作。虽然所有的当事人在一定程度上都可以影响一个项目的成本，但是本文将重点放在设计专业。设计职业可能会影
3、响这些成本，这取决于他的工作范围。物业购置和搬迁物业购置成本可能受到设计的影响，一个设计不考虑的影响有该项目剩余的财产或相邻的性质。贫乏或没有获得剩余财产与物业收购成本和间接损害邻近性能有直接关系。2施工要求将建设项目排序，使多个紧邻的财产受到损害，这往往引起投诉和或诉讼邻近所有者要求赔偿的行动。规划与工程一个不明显的工作范围会导致工程的一部分协议产生额外的费用，或者如果设计专业额外的费用不能协商以补偿产生的额外成本，他必须承担这些费用，更不用说因他的关系对业主造成的伤害。糟糕的计划和工作执行的进度问题可能会导致增加应急承包商的定价和或承包商索赔的后果。缺少互相之间沟通参与的项目可能会由于不协
4、调的设计和规格导致承包商代价不菲的索赔。缺少会议文件和理解，往往会产生昂贵的修改设计费，或可能导致施工过程中由于工作变化或不得不由业主来支付的额外费用。有时业主将采取行动，让设计人员参与赔偿额外费用。在设计的发展过程中缺乏充分的认识也会造成相同的结果，各方都对设计问题各持己见。经常产生不同看法的同时，就会产生显著的成本和浪费宝贵的时间。缺乏或不存在质量控制和质量保证程序，会使设计合同文件中的错误不容易被发现，这将导致承包商索赔和成本回收。业主往往要求专业设计认识参加这些影响施工过程中发生的费用。当纠正行动发生在设计阶段，它会影响设计的预算和进度。通常，项目经理会为了权宜之计进一步牺牲质量控制和
5、质量保证成本以抵消弥补以前的错误，因为他认为这些领域是他唯一可以自由裁量预算和进度保存的地方，以达到他的财务目标。这是“悖论”综合征，进一步暴露了项目缺乏质量，反过来，还有成本的影响。这些费用必须由专业设计人员或者最好是业主共同承担。融资成本虽然设计人员通常没有直接参与到项目融资，但他的经验和历史表现项目需要融资的风险投资和投资银行的参与，例如，收费公路，有一个影响的信心水平，融资公司的估计费用，规划，可行性建筑，调度，设计制作的专业。换句话说，一些设计人员比别人更“有利可图”。风险因素相关的设计专业察觉到融资公司可以影响资金成本。另一个会被专业的设计所影响的融资成本，往往成为项目经理的，是他
6、的经营计划的实施能力和现金“降落”。当出售债券融资的项目，有定期提供大量现金的人。而不是让钱，那其实不是需要一段时间，只是留在业主的银行帐户里，他可以投资未使用的现金。短期投资收益率高于他支付的长期融资的利率。不同的收益和利息率之间的套利，被用于所有者计算他的一些项目费用或债务服务。如果程序被允许不按“计划”的道路执行，它会使的成本的所有者3通过减少套利收益，由于一个高于计划使用现金的早期阶段的一个项目，或有一个通货膨胀影响项目成本和收入损失，由于在建设进度。它会给业主带来显著的成本变化，由于减少套利收入高于有计划的使用现金，在早期项目或按有通货膨胀影响项目的成本和收入的巨大损失来自于施工期间
7、。在这些领域中表现不佳的看法，金融公司会有新的项目，包括设计专业。实用的搬迁服务搬迁工具可以是一个重要的部分项目。运输项目尤其可以对现有的公用设施造成严重损坏。早期和仔细的规划和与业主的协调时影响事业的关键，可以尽量减少搬迁费用和公用事业维护的费用。根据条例和协议，同意效用业主在他们的项目地点，搬迁的成本可能应由业主或实用项目来承担。协调不力的实用搬迁，即，需要多个移动的同时，将导致额外的成本，通常是他们需承担的项目。应该指出的是，情况多个动作是无法避免的，当双方当事人认可的，费用列入预算。这是意想不到的多个搬迁，这本来是可以避免的，有影响的项目预算。专业的设计通常有一个主要的责任计划协调公用
8、设施迁移与实用的主人；因此，如果他在这方面的表现不好，他可以严重影响项目成本。4外文文献原文TITLECOSTANDQUALITYMANAGEMENTMATERIALSOURCEJOURNALOFMANGEMENTINENGINEERINGAUTHORRICHARDDUTTENHOEFFERABSTRACTCOSTANDQUALITYAREINSEPARABLEISSUESONANYPROJECTTHEGENERALLYPERCEIVEDNOTIONTHAT“QUALITY“HASADIRECTBEARINGON“COST“TOTHEOWNERISGENERALLYVALIDASSUMINGA
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