1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题解释公司治理信息披露的质量因素加拿大的证明资料来源WWW点BUSINESS点ILLINOISEDU/ACCOUNTANCY/RESEARCH/VKZCENTER/CONFERENCES/HAWAII/PAPERS/BENAMAR20BOUJENOUI点PDF作者WALIDBENAMAR,AMEURBOUJENOUI摘要这份以加拿大许多上市公司为例子的研究探讨了公司治理信息披露质量的决定因素。结果显示公司内部关系,即执行总裁的二元性和公司治理实践信息的质量问题是负相关的。同时我们也证明了董事会的独立性与公司治理的披露质量是正相关的。与自愿性的披露文学相一致,
2、我们也发现公司规模,美国交叉上市和信息披露质量之间存在着正相关的联系。关键字公司信息披露,信息质量,公司治理,加拿大1介绍在过去的十年里,上市公司的管治一直受到机构投资人,法规机构和金融界的倍加关注。几起财务丑闻以及投资者不断增加的风险问题敦促一些国家(美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚、法国以及其他国家)的监管机构建立了一些特殊任务小组,目的是为各上市公司的管治提出建议或建立“最佳实践规范”(AGUILERAANDCUERVOCAZURRA,2004;COLLETTANDHRASKY,2005;BROSHKOANDLI,2006)。加拿大多伦多证券交易所公司治理委员会创立于1994年,受命提出一系
3、列建议旨在改善加拿大公司治理实践。一年后的DEY报告的结论,在多伦多证券交易所通过了加拿大的最佳实践准则和披露要求。加拿大公司不被强制要求落实这14项准则。他们只需要在他们的年度报告或代理函件中发表关于公司治理实践的声明,并描述公司治理制度即可(SECTION472OFTSXCOMPANYMANUAL)。此外,TSX指导方针最初并没有规定此项实践声明的标准格式,这就给公司管理者提供了很大的自由裁量权来选择公司治理披露的媒介、程度和质量(LABELLE,2002;BUJAKIANDMCCONOMY,2002。2加拿大的公司治理披露加拿大治理制度的引进是为了响应DEY报告的结果(TSX,1994)
4、。多伦多证券交易所在1995年发布了一系列最佳实践指导方针以及资料披露规定。类似于英国和澳大利亚,该治理制度也是“自愿性的”(ANANDETAL,2006;BROSHKO2ANDLI,2006)。加拿大的公司没有被强制要求实施所有已发布的14项指导方针。但是,所有公司须在一份关于公司治理实践的声明中公开披露他们将多大程度地遵守这些最佳方针,并且解释和证明他们不实施这些方针的原因。几年后,多伦多证券交易所(TSX,1999)和JCCG(2001)评估了加拿大公司的治理实践。他们的分析证明了TSX方针的执行情况的改善。然而,虽然披露制度对于TSX上市公司来说是强制性的,但JCCG得出的结论是许多公
5、司并没有披露遵守符合他们的最佳实践指南。JCCG(2001)的最终报告表明“并不是所有多伦多证券市场的上市公司都全心全意地遵守披露制度规定的另外,披露制度正趋向于退化成样板文件,变得更不具意义和不完整。”此外,为了提升CG的信息披露质量,TSX于2003年颁布了最佳披露指南,充分披露TSX的上市公司他们遵守对14项准则的程度。然而,之后的复核(TSX,2003B,2004)也表明TSX上市公司所验证的公司治理披露具有很大的可变性。近来,安大略省证监委员会已通过了一项新的公司治理政策NP58201“公司治理准则”和国家仪器NI58101“公司治理实践守则披露”于2005年6月30日正式起效。这项
6、新政策是为了让公司在选择他们的管治制度的时候提供建议或指南。但是,TSX各注册公司仍旧未被要求全面实施治理准则。NI58101推出了一种规范格式来披露公司治理实践。TSX各公司被要求披露相关的制定项目,如董事会的构成,董事会授权,职位的描述,方向和继续教育,商业道德行为,董事的提名,薪资以及在其他董事委员会。这份研究是为了在采用NI58101之前,以加拿大上市公司为例,调查公司治理披露的质量因素。3公司治理信息披露质量的决定因素在采用2005年6月发布的NI58101之前,TSX各公司的管理者享有了一个很大的自由裁量权来选择他们发言的媒介以及他们公司治理披露的程度和质量(LABELLE,200
7、2;BUJAKIANDMCCONOMY,2002)。TSX指导准则被认为是信息披露的最低要求,但是各公司可以自愿提供高质量的信息给其他投资者或利益相关者。本研究是建立在公司治理以及自愿性信息披露的会计研究上的,以确定解释CG信息披露质量的因素。31治理结构和上市公司信息披露质量最近研究调查了治理结构和信息披露关系的政策(FORKER,1992;CHENANDJAGGI,2000;GULANDLEUNG,2004;ENGANDMAK,2003;CHENGANDCOURTENAY,2006)。这些机制包括所有权结构,董事会的组成和领导体制。311股权结构JENSENANDMECKLING(1976
8、)建议所有权和控制权分离由于管理者和股东之3间的利益冲突而产生的代理成本。当管理者所有权低,即所有权扩散,代理成本就会高,从而导致了高需求的信息披露的监控(FAMAANDJENSEN,1983;HOSSAINETAL,1994)。312董事会的组成董事会是上市公司的治理制度的重要组成部分。根据代理理论,董事会由大部分无关董事组成会更有效。313董事会领导结构根据代理理论(JENSENCOLLETTANDHRASKY,2005BROSHKOANDLI,2006THETORONTOSTOCKEXCHANGECOMMITTEEONCORPORATEGOVERNANCEINCANADADEYCOMMI
9、SSIONWASCREATEDIN1994WITHTHEMANDATETOPROPOSEASETOFRECOMMENDATIONSINTENDEDTOIMPROVECORPORATEGOVERNANCEPRACTICESOFCANADIANPUBLICCOMPANIESAYEARLATERANDINRESPONSETOTHEDEYREPORTCONCLUSIONS,THETORONTOSTOCKEXCHANGETSXADOPTEDALISTOFBESTPRACTICEGUIDELINESANDADISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTCANADIANCOMPANIESWERENOTREQUI
10、REDTOIMPLEMENTTHESE14GUIDELINESTHEYWEREONLYREQUIREDTOPRESENTINTHEIRANNUALREPORTORINTHEIRPROXYCIRCULARSASTATEMENTOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPRACTICESWITHADESCRIPTIONOFTHEIRCORPORATEGOVERNANCESYSTEMSECTION472OFTSXCOMPANYMANUAL5MOREOVER,THETSXGUIDELINESDIDNOTINITIALLYPRESCRIBEASTANDARDFORMATFORTHEPRESENTATIO
11、NOFTHESTATEMENTOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPRACTICESALLOWINGMANAGERSAGREATDISCRETIONTOCHOOSE,THEMEDIUM,THEEXTENTASWELLASTHEQUALITYOFTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEDISCLOSURESLABELLE,2002BUJAKIANDMCCONOMY,20022CORPORATEGOVERNANCEDISCLOSUREINCANADATHECANADIANGOVERNANCEREGIMEHASBEENINTRODUCEDINRESPONSETOTHECONCLUSIONS
12、OFTHEDEYREPORTTSX,1994THETORONTOSTOCKEXCHANGEISSUEDIN1995ALISTOFBESTPRACTICEGUIDELINESASWELLASADISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSIMILARTOTHEUKANDAUSTRALIA,THECANADIANGOVERNANCEREGIMEWAS“VOLUNTARY”ANANDETAL,2006BROSHKOANDLI,2006CANADIANCOMPANIESWERENOTREQUIREDTOIMPLEMENTEACHOFTHEFOURTEENPUBLISHEDGUIDELINESHOWEVE
13、R,COMPANIESWEREREQUIREDTODISCLOSEINA“STATEMENTOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPRACTICES”THEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYCOMPLYWITHTHEBESTPRACTICEGUIDELINESANDTOEXPLAINANDJUSTIFYWHYTHEYVOLUNTARYCHOOSENOTTOIMPLEMENTTHEGUIDELINESFEWYEARSLATER,THETORONTOSTOCKEXCHANGETSX,1999ANDTHEJCCG2001EVALUATEDTHEGOVERNANCEPRACTICESOFCANAD
14、IANFIRMSTHEIRANALYSISHASCONFIRMEDANIMPROVEMENTINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHETSXGUIDELINESHOWEVER,ANDALTHOUGHTHEDISCLOSUREREGIMEWASMANDATORYFORTSXLISTEDFIRMS,THEJCCG2001CONCLUDEDTHATMANYCOMPANIESWERENOTDISCLOSINGTHEIRCOMPLIANCEWITHTHEBESTPRACTICEGUIDELINESTHEFINALREPORTOFTHEJCCG2001,PAGE8INDICATESTHAT“NOTA
15、LLTSXLISTEDCOMPANIESCOMPLYWITHTHEDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTINTHESPIRITINWHICHITISINTENDEDINADDITION,THEREHASBEENATENDENCYFORDISCLOSURETODEGENERATEINTOBOILERPLATETOBECOMELESSMEANINGFULASWELLASLESSCOMPLETE”MOREOVER,ANDINORDERTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFCGDISCLOSURE,THETSXTSX,2003AISSUEDIN2003AGUIDETOGOODDISCLOSUR
16、ETOGIVEINSIGHTSTOTSXLISTEDCOMPANIESTOFULLYDISCLOSETHEEXTENTOFTHEIRCOMPLIANCEAGAINSTEACHOFTHE14GUIDELINESHOWEVER,SUBSEQUENTREVIEWSTSX,2003B,2004HAVEALSOSHOWNAGREATVARIABILITYINTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEDISCLOSUREMADEBYTSXLISTEDFIRMSRECENTLY,THEONTARIOSECURITIESCOMMISSIONHASADOPTEDANEWCORPORATEGOVERNANCEP
17、OLICYNP58201“CORPORATEGOVERNANCEGUIDELINES”ANDANATIONALINSTRUMENTNI58101“DISCLOSUREOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPRACTICES”EFFECTIVEONJUNE302005THENEWPOLICYISINTENDEDTOPROVIDEGUIDANCETOLISTEDCOMPANIESWHENCHOOSINGTHEIRGOVERNANCESYSTEMHOWEVER,TSXLISTEDCOMPANIESARESTILLNOTREQUIREDTOFULLYIMPLEMENTTHEGOVERNANCEGU
18、IDELINESTHENATIONALINSTRUMENTNI58101INTRODUCEDAPRESCRIBEDFORMATTOTHEDISCLOSUREOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCE6PRACTICESTSXLISTEDFIRMSAREREQUIREDTODISCLOSESPECIFIEDITEMSWITHREGARDSTOTHEBOARDCOMPOSITION,TOTHEBOARDMANDATE,TOTHEPOSITIONSDESCRIPTION,ORIENTATIONANDCONTINUINGEDUCATION,TOETHICALBUSINESSCONDUCT,NOMINA
19、TIONOFDIRECTORS,COMPENSATIONANDOTHERBOARDCOMMITTEESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEFACTORSEXPLAININGCORPORATEGOVERNANCEDISCLOSUREQUALITYFORASAMPLEOFTSXLISTEDCOMPANIESPRIORTOTHEADOPTIONOFNI58101WHICHHASINTRODUCEDAPRESCRIBEDFORMATFORTHEDISCLOSUREOFINFORMATION3CORPORATEGOVERNANCEDISCLOSUREQUALITYDETERMINANTSPR
20、IORTOTHEADOPTIONOFNI58101INJUNE2005,TSXLISTEDCOMPANIESMANAGERSENJOYEDAGREATDISCRETIONONTHECHOICEOFTHEMEDIUMOFPRESENTATIONASWELLASTHEEXTENTANDTHEQUALITYOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEDISCLOSURELABELLE,2002BUJAKIANDMCCONOMY,2002TSXGUIDELINESWERECONSIDEREDASMINIMALREQUIREMENTSFORINFORMATIONDISCLOSURE,BUTCOMPANIE
21、SCOULDVOLUNTARILYPROVIDEHIGHQUALITYINFORMATIONTOEXTERNALINVESTORSAND/ORTOOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSTHISSTUDYBUILDSONTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEASWELLASTHEVOLUNTARYDISCLOSUREACCOUNTINGRESEARCHTOIDENTIFYFACTORSEXPLAININGCGDISCLOSUREQUALITY31GOVERNANCEMECHANISMSANDCORPORATEDISCLOSUREQUALITYRECENTRESEARCHHASEXAMINEDT
22、HERELATIONSHIPBETWEENGOVERNANCESTRUCTUREANDDISCLOSUREPOLICYFORKER,1992CHENANDJAGGI,2000GULANDLEUNG,2004ENGANDMAK,2003CHENGANDCOURTENAY,2006THESEMECHANISMSINCLUDEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTURE,BOARDCOMPOSITIONANDLEADERSHIPSTRUCTURE311OWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREJENSENANDMECKLING1976SUGGESTTHATTHESEPARATIONOFOWNERSHIPANDCO
23、NTROLRESULTSINAGENCYCOSTSDUETOTHECONFLICTOFINTERESTSBETWEENMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSWHENMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPISLOW,IEOWNERSHIPDIFFUSION,AGENCYCOSTSAREHIGHRESULTINGINAHIGHDEMANDFORINFORMATIVEDISCLOSURETOMONITORMANAGERSFAMAANDJENSEN,1983HOSSAINETAL,1994312BOARDCOMPOSITIONTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSISANIMPORTANTEL
24、EMENTOFTHEGOVERNANCESYSTEMOFALISTEDFIRMACCORDINGTOAGENCYTHEORY,THEBOARDSHOULDBEMOREEFFECTIVEWHENCOMPOSEDOFAMAJORITYOFUNRELATEDDIRECTORS313BOARDLEADERSHIPSTRUCTUREACCORDINGTOAGENCYTHEORYJENSENFAMAAHMEDANDCOURTIS,1999HEALYANDPALEPU,2001RELATESFIRMFINANCIALATTRIBUTESTOTHEDISCLOSURELEVELINTHEANNUALREPOR
25、TBUILDINGONTHEVOLUNTARYDISCLOSURELITERATURE,THISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENFIRMSIZE,LEVERAGE,FINANCIALPERFORMANCE,GROWTHOPPORTUNITIES,NEWSHARESISSUE,USCROSSLISTINGANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEDISCLOSUREQUALITY4DATAANDMETHODOLOGYSAMPLEOURINITIALSAMPLECONSISTSOFNONFINANCIALFIRMSLISTEDONTHESPTSXCO
26、MPOSITEINDEXWITHGOVERNANCERANKINGSINTHEGLOBEMAILREPORTONBUSINESSROBANNUALSTUDYOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPRACTICESIN2002,2003AND2004STARTINGINSEPTEMBER2002,THECANADIANNEWSPAPERTHEGLOBEMAILHASPUBLISHEDANNUALRANKINGSOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPRACTICESOFCANADIANLISTEDFIRMSGIVENTHATTHISSTUDYUSESTHEGMDISCLOSURESCOR
27、ESASAMEASUREOFCGDISCLOSUREQUALITY,WELIMITOURANALYSISTOFIRMSWITHAVAILABLEGOVERNANCERANKINGSFURTHERMORE,OURANALYSISISLIMITEDTOTHEPERIODPRIORTOTHEADOPTIONOFTHENATIONALINSTRUMENTNI58101WHICHBECAMEEFFECTIVEONJUNE302005PRIORTOTHISDATE,MANAGERSENJOYEDAGREATDISCRETIONINTHECHOICEOFTHEEXTENTASWELLASTHEQUALITY
28、OFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEINFORMATIONOWNERSHIPANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEINFORMATIONISGATHEREDFROMPROXYCIRCULARSAVAILABLEONSEDARWEBSITEALLDOCUMENTSFILESBYCANADIANLISTEDCOMPANIESAREAVAILABLEONTHISWEBSITESINCE1997FINANCIALINFORMATIONISCOLLECTEDFROMSTOCKGUIDEDATABASEANDCOMPANYANNUALREPORTSAFTERELIMINATINGFIRMSWITHMISSINGCORPORATEGOVERNANCEORFINANCIALINFORMATION,WEENDUPWITHAFINALSAMPLEOF587FIRMYEAROBSERVATIONS214FIRMSIN2002,182IN2003AND191IN2004