1、2本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题美国劳动力市场的僵化有组织的劳工的影响资料来源乔治梅森大学,费尔法克作者JAMESTBENNETTI简介为了不经意的读者在本次研讨会的论文,“不同作者的参量和观察似乎切向工会的问题,这是劳动研究杂志”中央重点。但仔细观察,读者会发现经验证据,并在这些研究中提供包含重大的新的见解,到目前存在的问题和有组织的劳工集体谈判和组织,以抵消下降成员的未来前景的分析。这些作者已经确定,塑造工会功能的环境的重要趋势,在美国经济结构的变化,雇佣关系,人口统计和技术的作用的性质的发展趋势。II美国经济结构的变化学者们早就认识到深入研究对工会在经济结构变化的影响,包括从制造业
2、向服务业的转变,从蓝领到白领的就业,并从工会在东北强持有大卫桦木和罗纳德KUTSCHER和康斯索伦蒂诺SOUTHTHE文件中添加一个新的层面的概念结构的变化美国经济的动态。此前的研究通常采用的国家或国家一级的汇总数据,以评估联盟的成员的经济结构的影响。但是往往行动迟缓,他们不捕捉许多迅速发生变化的组件包括总数。这两项研究采用分类数据桦木个别企业为单位的观察和KUTSCHER和索伦蒂诺使用员工个人使用。他们的研究结果表明,变化正在以惊人的速度。桦木断言,约一半的经济,就业和企业每五年打开。KUTSCHER索伦蒂诺报告,相当数量的员工,不仅每年更换雇主,而且他们也转换职业和行业以及地理位置。这个伟
3、大的动荡,潜在滞销总量,美国经济是远远超过大多数动态研究者所认识到的桦木也指出,这动荡是一个“换岗”结果就业是在大型企业下降,而小公司(员工人数少于100)迅速创造新的就业机会。由于这方面的发展,经济变得更加分散。MARVINKOSTERS认为,主要由小企业所产生的新的就业机会比那些丢失更好,为低收入工人的比例下降,而高收入的份额有所增加。这些结论对工会造成不良的后果,这是是众所周知的。它是更低的成本效益和更加困难的工会组织,尤其是那些公司的工人与20个或更少的员工,其中有大部分新的就业机会的来源在这些小公司里。企业和就业的短暂性也降低了成本效益的组织活动,一样的服务部门,工会没有在招募成员,
4、但是特别的是他们在相对增长。此外,许多工会的发展方向是不作为的,让员工有可能执行3各种任务,而不是专门的工作在较大的组织中发现的小企业有密切关系。传统上由工会青睐的工作规则,竞争激烈的小企业往往强调灵活性较差有关。III雇佣关系的性质一个重要的问题这是否是经济交流活动的碎片还在继续。桦木没有提供新的就业机会,在小企业的爆炸性增长的解释(1980年和1987年间创造了16万元的净新的就业机会,绝大多数在100或更少的员工的公司),并在大型企业中就业的下降(净在财富500强的310万就业机会的损失COM公司1980年至1987年)。毫无疑问,有许多因素,如全球竞争和放松管制,促成了这种趋势在未来将
5、继续这样做。但强烈的情况下,可以改变技术,特别是计算机技术,发挥了重大作用。当商业计算机首次投入使用,他们大,成本高,脾气古怪的机器,只有大公司可以负担得起。低成本的个人电脑在20世纪70年代末开发了小企业和个人用户友好,高度可靠的计算机访问。小企业在技术上没有处于不利地位。经济的规模小,大型企业受益消失。近年来,技术也消除了一次规模较大的公司在复印享有的优势,如电信和传真传输。事实上,重要的业务曾一度被视为复杂和昂贵的设备,但是现在越来越多地发现在家庭办公室。如果诺曼马克雷设想,技术进步继续减少计算和通信的成本,经济走向的趋势是不可能减弱。它甚至可能加快,成本较低的小企业间的竞争更加高效。技
6、术是改变世界雇佣关系的本质这是毫无疑问。全球竞争和19811982年严重的经济衰退对许多员工和企业造成的痛苦的错位。因此,RICHARDBELOUS称,雇主重新思考作为一种方法来提高人力资源的灵活性和降低成本的雇佣关系。RICHARDBELOUS强调“核心”员工之间的区别,而传统的全职工人与公司长期的附件和一个“队伍”的雇员,其地位是远远更加脆弱。工作队伍,包括顾问,“终身合同”谁是完成特定的任务雇用工人临时,兼职,租赁员工。队伍的工作力量不仅大,而且增长迅速。RICHARDBELOUS报告中,总劳动人口在1980年和1986年之间增加了I0,而队伍的劳动力增加了20,四分之一的美国工人,现在
7、队伍的工作力量的一部分在租用的员工队伍中工作力量的增长尤为明显。据“华尔街日报”,仅5000租赁员工IN19821986年,有18万到1987年有31万对这些工人,即使出现1986年的税收改革法案,以使雇员租赁牵引力由这些员工的退休金福利(麦卡锡,1988年)。公司还寻求人力资源管理,改变核心工人的就业安排的灵活性。补偿和工作保障,越来越多地涉及到利润以及性能和收益分享。在过去,工会组织的努力都集中在核心员工,他们与公司的雇佣关系有一个长远的角度。工人有一个更短的时间跨度,更重要的是,可能无法直接受雇于公司,他们执行他们的工作。工会会发现,它更加困难和组织昂贵职工队伍,而不是核心的工人和集体4
8、谈判将更加复杂。灵活就业为核心的工人,公司采取的方法也有悖于工会作为薪酬和晋升的主要决定因素长期存在的论资排辈的重点。IV人口统计学在过去的十年中,劳动力市场一直背负着吸收到劳动大军,实际上是完成了“婴儿潮”。劳动大军,在战后时期女性的参与率迅速增加也显着扩大。雇主现在必须调整,以“出生的缺乏”低得多的出生率自20世纪60年代中期的结果。女性劳动力参与率预计将继续显着增加。因此,雇主必须学会如何应对劳动力短缺问题,而不是盈余。不仅有工人进入美国劳动力市场下降到四十年来的最低水平,而且正在创造新的就业机会往往需要较高的技能水平比流离失所或新的工作已取得(里奇曼,1988年)。雇主必须寻求创新的方
9、法来节约劳动和诱导边际工人进入劳动力市场。例如,劳工密集的服务企业将越来越多地转向以科技来解决劳动力短缺问题。如果可行的话,机器(例如,自动检票员在银行业和扫描设备在杂货结账柜台)将被替换为劳动。企业可能越来越多地使用电信出口文书工作,以较低的成本和更丰富的劳动力出国(贵族,1984年),以及他们可能会做出更多的工作在家里的安排,以招募表明个人谁也不会寻求就业(米切尔,1988)。雇主将满足劳动力的潜力池的喜好,如高龄,通过提供灵活的工作时间和兼职岗位,他们将提高工资和福利,以吸引高度熟练的员工。工会从来没有在组织工作的白领雇员再培训计划取得了显著成就,资本对劳动力的替代并不是一个好兆头入会。
10、创新和灵活就业安排(如在家里工作,包括持续的绅士就业变种)也将组织更多成本效益较差的。历史上,工会有表现良好劳动力市场趋紧期间集体谈判是比较成功的,雇主耐罢工和组织活动。不过仍有待观察,然而,无论是有组织的劳工将能够利用所造成的劳动力市场条件出生缺乏技术正在迅速改变世界的工作和就业的关系。工会必须调整自己的战术,以适应新的工作场所,并呼吁更多的教育和训练有素的员工。V技术的作用技术起到了重塑工作场所和经济结构的核心作用。诺曼马克雷预测,在计算和通信技术进步的影响刚刚开始显现出来,并取得进一步的进步和成本的降低,远远更多的变化是迫在眉睫。麦克雷的可视化有几个令人不安的影响,为工会成果。首先,大多
11、数制造业或“动手”的进程将自动在未来二十年。其次,中国和印度将成为明天的分包台湾。“在这两个国家的低工资劳动的丰度会给予他们在那些不合算自动化的制造工艺,强大的竞争力。由于制造业长期以来一直是美国工会的堡垒,这两个趋势预示着持续,经济部门的成员的侵蚀。第三项成果在麦克雷的观点,是创造新的就业机会,大部分将在信息处理行业,需要高度熟练的,白领没有适合工会组织的工人。最后,麦克雷认为,5小公司将继续扩散和经济的碎片,将伴随着全球经济交流活动的分散。在电信和信息处理的进展将使管理者和员工的工作在世界上和通信的几乎任何地方通过卫星。这方面的发展,限制政府权力的,因为表明个体能够更容易地“用脚投票”。公
12、共部门的工会组织,这在过去三十年繁荣,已经在很大程度上免疫从困扰他们的私营部门的同行问题,可能会发现自己的未来要少得多安全,如果马克雷的预言是正确的。斯文阿恩特指出,技术变化不仅改变了产品和工艺,但它也使过时的技能和人力资本。基础教育的历史上,准备了一辈子的工作员工,但随着技术变革的加速,人力资本的恶化。届时将有需要增加额外的教育,再培训,并加强对员工的技能和就业期间将发作的培训和教育离子中断。在集体谈判,工会都强调安全工作的重要性,在同一地理图形的位置(英文,1984年)在同一家公司工作的延续但更有关的问题是,员工接受技能提升和教育需要跟上技术变革的步伐。工会可以吸引新成员和谈判的成员为教育
13、提供了宝贵的服务,再培训,就业安置好处。6外文文献原文TITLEMANDATEDRIGIDITIESINUSLABORMARKETSTHEIMPLICATIONSFORORGANIZEDLABORMATERIALSOURCEGEORGEMASONUNIVERSITY,FAIRFAXAUTHORJAMESTBENNETTIINTRODUCTIONTOTHECASUALREADEROFTHEPAPERSINTHISSYMPOSIUM,THEVARIOUSAUTHORSARGUMENTSANDOBSERVATIONSMIGHTSEEMTANGENTIALTOLABORUNIONISSUES,WHIC
14、HISTHECENTRALFOCUSOFTHEJOURNALOFLABORRESEARCHBUTONCLOSERINSPECTION,READERSWILLFINDTHATTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEANDTHEANALYSESOFFEREDINTHESESTUDIESCONTAINSIGNIFICANTNEWINSIGHTSINTOTHECURRENTPROBLEMSOFANDTHEFUTUREPROSPECTSFORORGANIZEDLABORINCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGANDINORGANIZINGTOOFFSETDECLININGMEMBERSHIPTHES
15、EAUTHORSHAVEIDENTIFIEDIMPORTANTTRENDSTHATSHAPETHEENVIRONMENTINWHICHUNIONSFUNCTION,TRENDSINTHECHANGINGSTRUCTUREOFTHEUSECONOMY,THENATUREOFTHEEMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHIP,DEMOGRAPHICS,ANDTHEROLEOFTECHNOLOGYIITHECHANGINGSTRUCTUREOFTHEUSECONOMYSCHOLARSHAVELONGRECOGNIZEDANDINTENSIVELYSTUDIEDTHEEFFECTSOFCHANGEIN
16、THESTRUCTUREOFTHEECONOMYONUNIONS,INCLUDINGTHESHIFTFROMMANUFACTURINGTOSERVICES,FROMBLUECOLLARTOWHITECOLLAREMPLOYMENT,ANDFROMUNIONSTRONGHOLDSINTHENORTHEASTTOTHESOUTHTHEPAPERSBYDAVIDBIRCHANDBYRONALDKUTSCHERANDCONSTANCESORRENTINOADDANEWDIMENSIONTOTHECONCEPTOFSTRUCTURALCHANGETHEDYNAMICSOFTHEUSECONOMYEARL
17、IERRESEARCHGENERALLYEMPLOYEDAGGREGATEDATAATTHENATIONALORSTATELEVELTOASSESSTHEEFFECTSOFECONOMICSTRUCTUREONUNIONMEMBERSHIPBUTAGGREGATESTENDTOMOVESLOWLYANDTHEYDONOTCAPTUREMANYRAPIDLYOCCURRINGCHANGESINTHECOMPONENTSTHATCOMPRISETHETOTALSTHESETWOSTUDIESEMPLOYDISAGGREGATEDDATABIRCHUSESTHEINDIVIDUALFIRMASTHE
18、UNITOFOBSERVATIONANDKUTSCHERANDSORRENTINOUSETHEINDIVIDUALEMPLOYEETHEIRFINDINGSDEMONSTRATETHATCHANGEISTAKINGPLACEATAREMARKABLERATEBIRCHASSERTSTHAT,INTERMSOFJOBSANDCORPORATIONS,ABOUTHALFOFTHEECONOMYISTURNEDOVEREVERYFIVEYEARSKUTSCHERANDSORRENTINOREPORTTHATASUBSTANTIALNUMBEROFEMPLOYEESNOTONLYSWITCHEMPLO
19、YERSEACHYEAR,BUTTHEYALSOSWITCHOCCUPATIONSANDINDUSTRIESASWELLASGEOGRAPHICLOCATIONWITHTHISGREATTURBULENCEUNDERLYINGTHESLOWMOVINGAGGREGATES,THEUSECONOMYISFARMOREDYNAMICTHANMOSTRESEARCHERSHAVERECOGNIZEDBIRCHALSOPOINTSOUTTHATTHISTURBULENCEISRESULTINGINA“CHANGINGOFTHEGUARD“EMPLOYMENTISDECLININGINLARGEFIRM
20、SWHILESMALLCOMPANIESTHOSEWITHFEWERTHAN100EMPLOYEESARERAPIDLYCREATINGNEWJOBSBECAUSEOFTHISDEVELOPMENT,THEECONOMYISBECOMINGMOREFRAGMENTEDANDATOMISTICMARVINKOSTERSARGUESTHATTHENEWJOBSGENERATEDPRIMARILYBYSMALLBUSINESSAREBETTERTHANTHOSEBEINGLOST,FORTHEPROPORTIONOFLOWEARNINGWORKERSHASFALLENWHILETHESHAREWIT
21、HHIGHEARNINGSHASINCREASEDTHESECONCLUSIONSHAVEOMINOUSCONSEQUENCESFORLABORUNIONSASISWELLKNOWN,ITISLESSCOSTEFFECTIVEANDMOREDIFFICULTFORLABORUNIONSTOORGANIZEWORKERSATSMALLFIRMS,ESPECIALLYTHOSEFIRMSWITH20ORFEWEREMPLOYEES,WHICHHAVEBEENTHESOURCEOFMOSTNEW7JOBSTHETRANSIENTNATUREOFFIRMSANDJOBSALSOREDUCESTHECO
22、STEFFECTIVENESSOFORGANIZINGACTIVITY,ASDOESTHERELATIVEGROWTHOFTHESERVICESECTOR,WHEREUNIONSHAVENOTBEENNOTABLYSUCCESSFULINRECRUITINGMEMBERSMOREOVER,THECRAFTORIENTATIONOFMANYUNIONSISNOTASGERMANETOSMALLFIRMSWHEREEMPLOYEESARELIKELYTOPERFORMAVARIETYOFTASKSRATHERTHANTHESPECIALIZEDWORKFOUNDINLARGERORGANIZATI
23、ONSWORKRULESTRADITIONALLYFAVOREDBYUNIONSARELESSRELEVANTINSMALL,HIGHLYCOMPETITIVEFIRMSWHICHTENDTOEMPHASIZEFLEXIBILITYANIMPORTANTQUESTIONISWHETHERORNOTTHISFRAGMENTATIONOFECONOMICACTIVITYISLIKELYTOCONTINUEBIRCHOFFERSNOEXPLANATIONFORTHEEXPLOSIVEGROWTHOFNEWJOBSINSMALLBUSINESS16MILLIONNETNEWJOBSWERECREATE
24、DBETWEEN1980AND1987,THEVASTMAJORITYINFIRMSWITH100ORFEWEREMPLOYEESANDFORTHEDECLINEINEMPLOYMENTATLARGEFIRMSANETLOSSOF31MILLIONJOBSINFORTUNE500COMPANIESBETWEEN1980AND1987UNDOUBTEDLY,ANUMBEROFFACTORS,SUCHASGLOBALCOMPETITIONANDDEREGULATION,HAVECONTRIBUTEDTOTHESETRENDSANDWILLCONTINUETODOSOINTHEFUTUREBUTAS
25、TRONGCASECANBEMADETHATTECHNOLOGY,PARTICULARLYCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,HASPLAYEDAMAJORROLEWHENCOMMERCIALCOMPUTERSFIRSTCAMEINTOUSE,THEYWERELARGE,COSTLY,ANDCANTANKEROUSMACHINESTHATONLYLARGEFIRMSCOULDAFFORDWITHTHESEEARLYCENTRALPROCESSORS,SUBSTANTIALECONOMIESOFSCALEWEREPRESENTTHENTHEDEVELOPMENTOFLOWCOSTPERSONA
26、LCOMPUTERSINTHELATE1970SGAVESMALLCOMPANIESANDINDIVIDUALSACCESSTOUSERFRIENDLY,HIGHLYRELIABLECOMPUTERSSMALLFIRMSARENOTTECHNOLOGICALLYDISADVANTAGEDNOWTHEECONOMIESOFSCALETHATHADBENEFITTEDLARGEFIRMSDISAPPEAREDANDNOLONGEROFFSETTHEDISECONOMIESINHERENTINLARGE,BUREAUCRATICORGANIZATIONSDURINGRECENTYEARS,TECHN
27、OLOGYHASALSOELIMINATEDTHEADVANTAGESTHATLARGERFIRMSONCEENJOYEDINPHOTOCOPYING,TELECOMMUNICATIONS,ANDFACSIMILETRANSMISSIONINDEED,ESSENTIALBUSINESSEQUIPMENTTHATWASONCEREGARDEDASSOPHISTICATEDANDEXPENSIVEISNOWINCREASINGLYFOUNDINHOMEOFFICESIF,ASNORMANMACRAEENVISIONS,TECHNOLOGICALADVANCESCONTINUETOREDUCETHE
28、COSTSOFCOMPUTATIONANDCOMMUNICATION,THETRENDTOWARDFRAGMENTATIONOFTHEECONOMYISNOTLIKELYTOABATEITCOULDEVENACCELERATEASMOREEFFICIENT,LOWERCOSTSMALLFIRMSCOMPETEAGGRESSIVELYWITHTHEIRLARGER,LESSEFFICIENCOUNTERPARTSTHEREISNOQUESTIONTHATTECHNOLOGYISCHANGINGTHEWORLDOFWORKANDTHENATUREOFTHEEMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHI
29、PIIITHENATUREOFTHEEMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHIPGLOBALCOMPETITIONANDTHESEVERERECESSIONOF19811982CAUSEDWRENCHINGDISLOCATIONSFORMANYEMPLOYEESANDBUSINESSESASARESULT,RICHARDBELOUSASSERTS,EMPLOYERSARERETHINKINGEMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHIPSASAWAYTOINCREASEHUMANRESOURCEFLEXIBILITYANDTOREDUCECOSTSBELOUSEMPHASIZESTHEDISTI
30、NCTIONBETWEENA“CORE“EMPLOYEETHETRADITIONALFULLTIMEWORKERWITHALONGTERMATTACHMENTTOTHEFIRMANDA“CONTINGENT“EMPLOYEEWHOSESTATUSISFARMORETENUOUSTHECONTINGENTWORKFORCEINCLUDESCONSULTANTS,“LIFEOFCONTRACT“WORKERSWHOAREHIREDTOCOMPLETEASPECIFICTASK,TEMPORARIES,PARTTIMERS,ANDLEASEDEMPLOYEESTHECONTINGENTWORKFOR
31、CEISNOTONLYLARGE,BUTITISALSORAPIDLYGROWINGBELOUSREPORTSTHATBETWEEN1980AND1986THETOTALLABORFORCEINCREASEDBYI0PERCENTWHILETHECONTINGENTLABORFORCEINCREASEDBY20PERCENTONEFOURTHOFUSWORKERSARENOWPARTOFTHECONTINGENTWORKFORCETHEGROWTHINTHECONTINGENTWORKFORCEISPARTICULARLYEVIDENTINTHENUMBEROFLEASEDEMPLOYEESA
32、CCORDINGTOTHEWALLSTREETJOURNAL,THEREWEREONLY5,000LEASEDEMPLOYEESIN1982BY1986,THEREWERE180,000ANDBY1987THEREWERE310,000OFTHESEWORKERS,EVENTHOUGHTHETAXREFORMACTOF1986APPEAREDTOMAKEEMPLOYEELEASINGLESSAT8TRACTIVEBYEXTENDINGPENSIONBENEFITSTOTHESEEMPLOYEESMCCARTHY,1988COMPANIESAREALSOSEEKINGFLEXIBILITYINM
33、ANAGINGHUMANRESOURCESBYALTERINGTHEEMPLOYMENTARRANGEMENTSOFCOREWORKERSCOMPENSATIONANDJOBSECURITYAREINCREASINGLYRELATEDTOPROFITS,PERFORMANCE,ANDGAINSHARINGINTHEPAST,UNIONORGANIZINGEFFORTSHAVEFOCUSEDONCOREEMPLOYEESWHOHAVEALONGTERMPERSPECTIVEONTHEIREMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHIPWITHTHECOMPANYCONTINGENTWORKERSHA
34、VEAMUCHSHORTERTIMEHORIZONAND,MOREIMPORTANTLY,MAYNOTBEDIRECTLYEMPLOYEDBYTHEFIRMWHERETHEYPERFORMTHEIRWORKUNIONSWILLFINDITMUCHMOREDIFFICULTANDCOSTLYTOORGANIZECONTINGENTWORKERSRATHERTHANCOREWORKERSANDCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGWILLBEMORECOMPLEXASWELLTHEFLEXIBLEEMPLOYMENTMETHODSTHATCOMPANIESADOPTFORCOREWORKERSA
35、LSORUNCOUNTERTOTHEUNIONSLONGSTANDINGEMPHASISONSENIORITYASAMAJORDETERMINANTOFPAYANDPROMOTIONIVDEMOGRAPHICSDURINGTHEPASTDECADE,THELABORMARKETHASBEENBURDENEDWITHTHEABSORPTIONOFTHE“BABYBOOMERS“INTOTHEWORKFORCE,APROCESSTHATISVIRTUALLYCOMPLETETHEWORKFORCEWASALSODRAMATICALLYEXPANDEDDURINGTHEPOSTWARPERIODBY
36、THERAPIDINCREASEINTHEPARTICIPATIONRATESOFFEMALESEMPLOYERSMUSTNOWADJUSTTOTHE“BIRTHDEARTH,“THERESULTOFAMUCHLOWERBIRTHRATESINCETHEMID1960SFURTHER,THEPARTICIPATIONRATEOFFEMALESINTHELABORFORCECANNOTBEEXPECTEDTOCONTINUETOINCREASEMARKEDLYASARESULT,EMPLOYERSMUSTLEARNHOWTODEALWITHLABORSHORTAGESRATHERTHANSURP
37、LUSESNOTONLYHASTHENUMBEROFWORKERSENTERINGTHEUSLABORMARKETFALLENTOITSLOWESTLEVELINFOURDECADES,BUTTHENEWJOBSBEINGCREATEDOFTENREQUIREHIGHERLEVELSOFSKILLTHANDISPLACEDORNEWWORKERSHAVEACQUIREDRICHMAN,1988EMPLOYERSMUSTSEEKINNOVATIVEWAYSTOECONOMIZEONLABORANDTOINDUCEMARGINALWORKERSTOENTERTHELABORFORCEFOREXAM
38、PLE,LABORINTENSIVESERVICEFIRMSWILLINCREASINGLYTURNTOTECHNOLOGYTOSOLVELABORSHORTAGESWHENFEASIBLE,MACHINESEG,AUTOMATICTELLERSINTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYANDSCANNINGEQUIPMENTATCHECKOUTCOUNTERSINGROCERIESWILLBESUBSTITUTEDFORLABORBUSINESSESMAYINCREASINGLYUSETELECOMMUNICATIONSTOEXPORTCLERICALWORKTOLOWERCOSTANDMOR
39、EABUNDANTLABORABROADNOBLE,1984,ANDTHEYMAYMAKEMOREWORKATHOMEARRANGEMENTSINORDERTORECRUITINDIVIDUALSWHOWOULDNOTOTHERWISESEEKEMPLOYMENTMITCHELL,1988EMPLOYERSWILLCATERTOTHEPREFERENCESOFPOTENTIALPOOLSOFLABOR,SUCHASSENIORCITIZENS,BYOFFERINGFLEXIBLEHOURSANDPARTTIMEPOSITIONS,ANDTHEYWILLENHANCEPAYANDBENEFITS
40、TOATTRACTHIGHLYSKILLEDEMPLOYEESUNIONSHAVENEVERACHIEVEDNOTABLESUCCESSINORGANIZINGWHITECOLLARWORKERS,ANDTHESUBSTITUTIONOFCAPITALFORLABORDOESNOTBODEWELLFORMEMBERSHIPINNOVATIVEANDFLEXIBLEEMPLOYMENTARRANGEMENTSINCLUDINGVARIANTSOFCONTINGENTEMPLOYMENT,SUCHASWORKINTHEHOMEWILLALSOMAKEORGANIZINGMORECOSTLYANDL
41、ESSCOSTEFFECTIVEHISTORICALLY,UNIONSHAVEFAREDWELLDURINGPERIODSOFTIGHTLABORMARKETSCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGISMORESUCCESSFULANDEMPLOYERSARELESSRESISTANTTOSTRIKESANDORGANIZINGACTIVITYITREMAINSTOBESEEN,HOWEVER,WHETHERORGANIZEDLABORWILLBEABLETOEXPLOITTHELABORMARKETCONDITIONSCAUSEDBYTHEBIRTHDEARTHTECHNOLOGYISRA
42、PIDLYALTERINGTHEWORLDOFWORKANDEMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHIPSUNIONSMUSTTAILORTHEIRTACTICSTOFITTHENEWWORKPLACEANDTOAPPEALTOMOREEDUCATEDANDHIGHLYTRAINEDEMPLOYEESVTHEROLEOFTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYHASPLAYEDACENTRALROLEINRESHAPINGTHEWORKPLACEANDTHESTRUCTUREOFTHE9ECONOMYNORMANMACRAEPREDICTSTHATTHEEFFECTSOFTECHNICALPR
43、OGRESSINCOMPUTATIONANDTELECOMMUNICATIONAREJUSTBEGINNINGTOBEFELTANDTHATFARMORECHANGEISIMMINENTASFURTHERADVANCESANDCOSTREDUCTIONSAREACHIEVEDMACRAEVISUALIZESSEVERALOUTCOMESTHATHAVEDISTURBINGIMPLICATIONSFORUNIONSFIRST,MOSTMANUFACTURINGOR“HANDSON“PROCESSESWILLBEAUTOMATEDDURINGTHENEXTTWODECADESSECOND,CHIN
44、AANDINDIAWILL“BECOMETOMORROWSSUBCONTRACTINGTAIWANS“THEABUNDANCEOFLOWWAGELABORINTHOSETWOCOUNTRIESWILLGIVETHEMAPOWERFULCOMPETITIVEEDGEINTHOSEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESTHATAREUNECONOMICALTOAUTOMATEBECAUSETHEMANUFACTURINGSECTORHASLONGBEENASTRONGHOLDFORUSUNIONS,THESETWOTRENDSPORTENDCONTINUEDEROSIONOFMEMBERSH
45、IPINTHATSECTOROFTHEECONOMYTHETHIRDOUTCOME,INMACRAESVIEW,ISTHATMOSTOFTHENEWJOBSCREATEDWILLBEINTHEINFORMATIONPROCESSINGINDUSTRYANDREQUIREHIGHLYSKILLED,WHITECOLLARWORKERSWHOHAVENOTBEENAMENABLETOUNIONIZATIONFINALLY,MACRAEBELIEVESTHATSMALLFIRMSWILLCONTINUETOPROLIFERATEANDTHATTHEFRAGMENTATIONOFTHEECONOMYW
46、ILLBEACCOMPANIEDBYTHEWORLDWIDEDISPERSIONOFECONOMICACTIVITYADVANCESINTELECOMMUNICATIONSANDINFORMATIONPROCESSINGWILLPERMITMANAGERSANDEMPLOYEESTOWORKVIRTUALLYANYWHEREINTHEWORLDANDCOMMUNICATEVIASATELLITETHISDEVELOPMENTLIMITSTHEPOWEROFGOVERNMENT,BECAUSEINDIVIDUALSCANMOREEASILY“VOTEWITHTHEIRFEET“PUBLICSEC
47、TORUNIONS,WHICHHAVEPROSPEREDOVERTHEPASTTHREEDECADESANDHAVEBEENLARGELYIMMUNEFROMTHEPROBLEMSTHATHAVEBESETTHEIRPRIVATESECTORCOUNTERPARTS,MAYFINDTHEIRFUTUREMUCHLESSSECUREIFMACRAESPROGNOSTICATIONSARECORRECTASSVENARNDTOBSERVES,TECHNOLOGICALCHANGENOTONLYALTERSPRODUCTSANDPROCESSES,BUTITALSOCAUSESTHEOBSOLESE
48、NCEOFSKILLSANDHUMANCAPITALHISTORICALLY,BASICEDUCATIONPREPAREDEMPLOYEESFORALIFETIMEOFWORKBUTASTECHNOOGICALCHANGEACCELERATES,HUMANCAPITALDETERIORATESTHEREWILLBEANINCREASEDNEEDFORADDITIONALEDUCATION,RETRAINING,ANDSKILLSENHANCEMENTFOREMPLOYEES,ANDPERIODSOFEMPLOYMENTWILLBEINTERRUPTEDBYEPISODESOFTRAININGA
49、NDEDUCAIONINCOLLECTIVEBARGAINING,UNIONSHAVEEMPHASIZEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFJOBSECURITYTHECONTINUATIONOFTHESAMEJOBINTHESAMECOMPANYATTHESAMEGEOGRAPHICALLOCATIONENGLISH,1984BUTAMORERELEVANTCONCERNISTHATEMPLOYEESECEIVETHESKILLSENHANCEMENTANDEDUCATIONNEEDEDTOKEEPPACEWITHTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEUNIONSCANATTRACTNEWMEMBERSANDPROVIDEAVALUABLESERVICEFORMEMBERSBYBARGAININGFOREDUCATIONAL,RETRAINING,ANDJOBPLACEMENTBENEFITS