1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题模型衡量商誉减值资料来源HTTP冒号/SPRINGER点LIB点TSINGHUA点EDU点CN/CONTENT/X573G314W2H77054/作者GERALDHLANDERALANREINSTEIN摘要会计准则第142号声明2001取代会计原则委员会意见书第17号1970的商誉摊销的会计规则。现在必须认识到购买实物的公司每年损害的商誉价值,不是按40年比例摊销等费用。这种收入和支出的匹配提供了更好更有效的财务报表,而且还要求会计师选择合适的模型来衡量减值损失。作者特别指出了这一新标准发行的原因,比较和对比的贴现现金流量和剩余收益的方法来测量这种缺陷的影
2、响,并提出了以新的权威的规定开发一个概念模型。(JELM41)引言自1970年以来,实物商誉的使用寿命(即40年),按照会计原则委员会(APB)的意见第17号的规定执行,而非商誉立即费用化。但是,由于商誉在失去其存在的前几年,它的价值是多少,按财务会计准则委员会(FASB)近日发布财务会计准则(SFAS)第142号执行。简单地说,实物商誉的下降必须要与使用寿命相匹配,在收购环节,越早认识到下降越好,在任何情况下,要超过20年。本文概述了这一新标准的一些主要条款,并介绍了一些方法来帮助确定如何评价商誉有关价值。根据SFAS第142号,实物现在应该至少每年测试他们对这种购买的资产支付超额的价格,并
3、注销该期间的下降值,而不是摊销商誉。这为资产支付的配套过剩价格的下降产生更相关的财务报表,引起周围的高价值购买的财产下降。财务会计准则委员会要求账面价值减去这些资产的公允价值。瓦尔德马尼斯,2002各方面的专家预期,这会导致美国公司外购商誉损失10000亿美元。什么是商誉只有当他们购买整个企业的实物应记录商誉,因为商誉指整个企业和所有具体确定的资产支付的价格之间的差额。例如,某房地产开发商可能购买竞争对手的属性,每一个人的公允价值,主要是在购买企业持续的关注和更多的客2户。这种估价是离不开整体商业价值的。由此产生的商誉等于被收购企业购买的价格减去有形资产净值及可辨认无形资产的公平市场价值。因此
4、,这种差异,也就是商誉,通常被称为一个插件,间隙填充物,或主估价账户。同样,实物不应该承认内部产生商誉,即使他们能证明该资产价值超过他们为此付出的代价,也没有客观的评价方法产生。如果市场报价不可以使用,对公允价值的估计应根据获得的最佳信息为基础,通常考虑类似的资产和负债的价格和使用适当的估值技术,如预计未来现金流量,期权定价模型的现值,矩阵定价,期权调整利差模型和基本面分析。企业应使用客观的评价方法来衡量市场参与者使用的价值,未来收入和未来开支,包括有关利率,违约,提前还款的假设,估计其净资产的公允价值下降以及波动等。以公允价值计量的金融负债和维修责任,需要客观的估计所需要的资产价值(一)解决
5、与持有人的责任;(二)转让的法律责任的实物可比信誉。此外,实物估计预期未来现金流量来衡量公允价值应依赖于合理和可以被支持的假设和预测,估计未来现金流量要考虑所有可用的证据。实物可以客观地验证这方面的证据。使用范围是估计可能的现金流量的金额或时间的实物应考虑可能的结果的可能性,如果用预期现金流的方法,或间接通过风险调整贴现率,是确定最佳估计未来现金流量的方法。例如,房地产开发商可以从所报价格来衡量,例如,公开交易的房地产投资信托基金(REITS),或者,更常见的,使用间接的,可用的技术,与公平值相等。优于更多地从市场上移除(例如,预期未来租金收入的现值)的技术,更接近于一个市价(例如,市场的可比
6、销售额)。因此,当企业所面临的主要问题时,很少存在市场信号对应某一特定资产的公允价值。FASB的概念公告第7号指出“采用公允价值作为现值测量的目标不排除使用信息和假设基于一个实物的期望。作为一个实际问题,在会计计量中使用现金流量的一个实物,往往很少或没有的部分或所有市场参与者使用评估的资产或负债的公允价值的假设的信息。在这些情况下,实物必须使用的信息,在发展中国家的努力下没有不必要的成本和现金流量估计。自己假设一个实物的有关未来现金流量的使用是符合公允价值的估计,只要没有相反的数据表明,市场参与者会使用不同的假设。如果存在这样的数据,该实物必须调整其纳入市场信息的假设。”估值模型实物可以很好地
7、适用于赫茨伊特尔2001提出的估值模型股利贴现模型(DDM),现金流量折现模型(DCF)和剩余收益模型(RIM)。3贴现现金流模型虽然理论非常有吸引力,但是DDM的申请是很困难的,尤其是在公司长期不支付大量股息的情况下。因此,替代更实用的形式的DDM出现,让双方从业者(例如,注册会计师和投资银行发行公平意见)的投资银行家和学者经常使用。最常用的模型,是由于其直接链接到莫迪利亚尼和米勒的1958金融理论的贴现现金流(DCF)模型。使用的DCF模型,首先需要估算自由现金流(FCF),即现金流量分发的资本提供者的定义设置后,所有满足该公司的经营和投资的需求。DCF模型虽然有许多变种,如自由现金流量是
8、最常用的应用版本。它被定义为可供分配债务和股权持有人的现金流量和贴现率的加权平均成本(WACC)资本。这个模型估计值的THRM的债务和股权的总和,公司的净债务公司的超额现金的市场价值,必须从该公司的总价值减去获得实物的价值。这个模型估计的债务和股权的总和,必须从该公司的总价值中减去公司的净债务公司的超额现金的市场价值,以获取实体的价值。RIM和DCF模式之间的差异DDM是通常被认为是核心的理论模型,并低于DCF模型或RIM的实证检验的主题。DCF和RIM都与那些认为另一种规格的实际优势的信徒有很多变种。无论是在MBA课堂上还是在华尔街DCF模型是比较流行的,RIM是获得在这两种环境的验收。DC
9、F模型声称的概念优势,依靠其企业融资的根源,强调现金流量布里厄利和迈尔斯,2000。科普兰1995等人和其他重大实用手册作者认为,现金流量占主导地位会计收益估价的目的,因此主张DCF模型为会计基础的模型。商誉减值测试的难点财务会计准则委员会要求估计公允价值的商誉的相关报告单位和报告单位公认的净资产的公允价值的差额作为商誉的公允价值估计,不包括商誉。如果商誉的账面金额超过其估计的公允价值,商誉减值,并应写下来。于收购日期的商誉减值测试的残留或为目标所付出的代价和目标的净资产的公允价值之间的差异。如果商誉是随后由RIM或DCF估值模型的净资产公允价值估计的收购股权的总价值来衡量,那么商誉继续作为剩
10、余来衡量。因此,在收购后,商誉是不是一个可分离的资产,必须根据现行会计准则或建议的减值方法,剩余计量。计算商誉的剩余性质,诠释它的价值的复杂性。任何计算的净资产公允价值的测量误差影响的商誉的估算值,因为这样做多缴及短付于收购日期。没有一个普遍接受的方法存在,采取措施收购产生之商誉独立的净资产公允价值。4在两个因素进一步复杂化后,收购后的数据测量的商誉,首先,目标公司往往是母公司或与其子公司合并,损害两个独立的绩效评估和会计计量,以及测量收购企业的商誉分开后的企业合并之日起。其次,即使目标保持其独立性,收购商誉的变化是从业务合并后,内部产生的商誉的变化无异,排除单独计量和两种类型的商誉的减值测试
11、。如果美国通用会计准则是一个完全的公允价值为基础的系统,那么这种分离不会产生问题,因为双方收购和内部产生的商誉会相当重视。但根据目前公认会计准则,减值测试继续现有的无形资产的不一致处理,所收购的无形资产的成本确认为资产,内部开发的无形资产的成本确认为资产和内部开发的商誉成本立即支销。不仅将购买商誉予以资本化,但也随后进行减值测试可能隐含利用内部产生的商誉,而没有外部收购的商誉的公司会继续内部产生的商誉费用支出作为当期费用。减值测试这两个问题,不管应用估值模型还是不应用估值模型,都比其他的好赫茨伊特尔,2001。总结和结论在测量的商誉减值存在的诸多问题。使用适当的模型预测未来现金流量,企业商誉在
12、收购后的时间内无法单独收购商誉是最严重的。赫茨伊特尔2001认为,企业商誉在收购后的时间内无法单独收购商誉是商誉的减值测试方法采用的最严重障碍。基于固有的理论等价的RIM和DCF模型和他们共同的需要,在企业层面的备考财务报表,他们呼应学者和实际工作者的信念时,RIM和DCF模型使用内部一致的折现率,增长率和稳定的国家,所有实物将获得基于DCF或RIM模型类似的价值观。唯一的问题是个别企业是否喜欢模型的特点。作者认为,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)财务会计准则第142号已在朝着正确的方向移动,许多行业的问题实施,将继续进行,在实施SFAS第142号为首的通信行业,商誉范围20亿美元30亿美元
13、之间的减值华尔街日报,2002,这个范围有着重大差异。5外文文献原文TITLEMODELSTOMEASUREGOODWILLIMPAIRMENTMATERIALSOURCEHTTP冒号/SPRINGER点LIB点TSINGHUA点EDU点CN/CONTENT/X573G314W2H77054/AUTHORGERALDHLANDERANDALANREINSTEINABSTRACTSTATEMENTOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSNO1422001SUPERSEDEDTHEFORMERRULESOFACCOUNTINGFORAMORTIZATIONOFGOODWILLUNDERACCOU
14、NTINGPRINCIPLESBOARDOPINIONNO171970ENTITIESMUSTNOWRECOGNIZEANNUALLYIMPAIRMENTSINTHEVALUEOFTHEGOODWILLASSOCIATEDWITHPURCHASEDFIRMS,RATHERTHANAMORTIZINGSUCHEXPENSESRATABLYOVER40YEARSTHISBETTERMATCHINGOFREVENUESANDEXPENSESPROVIDESFORMOREVALIDFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,BUTALSOMANDATESACCOUNTANTSTOSELECTPROPERM
15、ODELSTOMEASURESUCHIMPAIRMENTLOSSESTHEAUTHORSHIGHLIGHTSOMEREASONSFORTHEISSUANCEOFTHISNEWSTANDARD,COMPAREANDCONTRASTTHEEFFECTSOFTHEDISCOUNTEDCASHFLOWSANDRESIDUALINCOMEMETHODSTOMEASURESUCHIMPAIRMENTS,ANDSUGGESTHOWTODEVELOPACONCEPTUALMODELTOADHERETOTHENEWAUTHORITATIVEPROVISIONSJELM41INTRODUCTIONSINCE197
16、0,RATHERTHANEXPENSINGGOODWILLIMMEDIATELY,ENTITIESHAVEWRITTENGOODWILLOFFOVERITSUSEFULLIFETHATIS,UPTOA40YEARPERIOD,INACCORDANCEWITHTHEPROVISIONSOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESBOARDAPBOPINIONNO17BUT,SINCEGOODWILLLOSESMUCHOFITSVALUEINTHEEARLIERYEARSOFITSEXISTENCE,THEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDFASBRECENTLYI
17、SSUEDSTATEMENTOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSSFASNO142BRIEFLY,ENTITIESMUSTNOWMATCHSUCHDECLINESINGOODWILLOVERTHEIRUSEFULLIVES,BYRECOGNIZINGSUCHDECLININGVALUESMUCHEARLIERINTHEACQUISITIONSCYCLEAND,INNOCASE,OVERMORETHAN20YEARSTHISARTICLEOUTLINESSOMEMAJORPROVISIONSOFTHISNEWSTANDARDANDINTRODUCESSOMEMETHODS
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19、LINESOCCURREDSHOULDPRODUCEMORERELEVANTFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,ASWHEN,SAY,THENEIGHBORHOODSURROUNDINGAHIGHLYVALUEDPURCHASEDPIECEOFPROPERTYDECLINESTHEFASBCALLSTHECARRYINGAMOUNTSLESSTHEFAIRVALUESOFSUCHASSETSASIMPAIRMENTSVARIOUSEXPERTSVALDMANIS,2002EXPECTTHATSUCHIMPAIRMENTSWILLCAUSEAMERICANCOMPANIESTOWRITEOF
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21、DCUSTOMERSFORMORETHANTHEFAIRMARKETVALUEPRICEOFEACHINDIVIDUALRENTALUNIT,PRIMARILYINBUYINGAGOINGBUSINESSCONCERNTHISVALUATIONISINSEPARABLEFROMTHEBUSINESSVALUEASAWHOLETHERESULTANTGOODWILLEQUALSTHEPURCHASEDPRICEOFTHEACQUIREDBUSINESSLESSTHEFAIRMARKETVALUEOFNETTANGIBLEANDIDENTIFIABLEINTANGIBLEASSETSTHUS,TH
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29、DOPTINGFAIRVALUEASTHEOBJECTIVEOFPRESENTVALUEMEASUREMENTSDOESNOTPRECLUDETHEUSESOFINFORMATIONANDASSUMPTIONSBASEDONANENTITYSEXPECTATIONSASAPRACTICALMATTER,ANENTITYTHATUSESCASHFLOWSINACCOUNTINGMEASUREMENTSOFTENHASLITTLEORNOINFORMATIONABOUTSOMEORALLOFTHEASSUMPTIONSTHATMARKETPLACEPARTICIPANTSWOULDUSEINASS
30、ESSINGTHEFAIRVALUEOFANASSETORALIABILITYINTHOSESITUATIONS,THEENTITYMUSTNECESSARILYUSETHEINFORMATIONTHATISAVAILABLEWITHOUTUNDUECOSTANDEFFORTINDEVELOPINGCASHFLOWESTIMATESTHEUSEOFANENTITYSOWNASSUMPTIONSABOUTFUTURECASHFLOWSISCOMPATIBLEWITHANESTIMATEOFFAIRVALUE,ASLONGASTHEREARENOCONTRARYDATAINDICATINGTHAT
31、MARKETPLACEPARTICIPANTSWOULDUSEDIFFERENTASSUMPTIONSIFSUCHDATAEXIST,THEENTITYMUSTADJUSTITSASSUMPTIONSTOINCORPORATETHATMARKETINFORMATION”VALUATIONMODELSENTITIESCANWELLAPPLYHERZETALS2001SUGGESTEDVALUATIONMODELSTHEDIVIDENDDISCOUNTMODELDDM,DISCOUNTEDCASHFLOWMODELDCF,ANDRESIDUALINCOMEMODELRIMDISCOUNTEDCAS
32、HFLOWMODELDESPITEITSTHEORETICALAPPEAL,THEDDMISDIFFICULTTOAPPLY,PARTICULARLYOVERLONGHORIZONSFORFIRMSNOTPAYINGLARGEDIVIDENDSTHUS,ALTERNATIVE,MOREPRACTICALFORMSOFTHEDDMEMERGED,WHICHBOTHPRACTITIONERSFOREXAMPLE,CPASANDINVESTMENTBANKERSISSUINGFAIRNESSOPINIONSANDACADEMICSOFTENUSETHEMOST8COMMONLYUSEDMODELIS
33、THEDISCOUNTEDCASHFLOWDCFMODELDUETOITSDIRECTLINKTOMODIGLIANIANDMILLERS1958FINANCETHEORIESUSINGTHEDCFMODELREQUIRESFIRSTESTIMATINGFREECASHFLOWFCF,THATIS,CASHFLOWAVAILABLETODISTRIBUTETOADEFINEDSETOFCAPITALPROVIDERSAFTERMEETINGALLOFTHEFIRMSOPERATINGANDINVESTINGNEEDSWHILETHEDCFMODELHASMANYVARIANTS,FCFISTH
34、EMOSTCOMMONLYAPPLIEDVERSIONITISDEFINEDASTHECASHFLOWAVAILABLEFORDISTRIBUTIONTOBOTHDEBTANDEQUITYHOLDERS,ANDTHEDISCOUNTRATEISTHEWEIGHTEDAVERAGECOSTOFCAPITALWACCTHISMODELESTIMATESTHEVALUEOFTHESUMOFTHEDEBTANDEQUITYOFTHEFIRMTHEMARKETVALUEOFTHEFIRMSDEBTNETOFTHEFIRMSEXCESSCASHMUSTBESUBTRACTEDFROMTHETOTALVAL
35、UEOFTHEFIRMTOOBTAINTHEENTITYSVALUEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHERIMANDDCFMODELTHEDDMISGENERALLYCONSIDEREDTOBETHECORETHEORETICALMODELANDISTHESUBJECTOFLESSEMPIRICALTESTINGTHANTHEDCFMODELORRIMBOTHTHEDCFANDRIMHAVEMANYVARIANTSWITHADHERENTSWHOPERCEIVEPRACTICALADVANTAGESOFONESPECIFICATIONOVERANOTHERALTHOUGHTHEDCFMO
36、DELISMOREPOPULARBOTHINTHEMBACLASSROOMANDONWALLSTREET,THERIMISGAININGACCEPTANCEINBOTHSETTINGSTHECLAIMEDCONCEPTUALADVANTAGESOFTHEDCFMODELRELYONITSCORPORATEFINANCEROOTSTHATEMPHASIZECASHFLOWSBREALEYANDMYERS,2000COPELANDETAL1995ANDOTHERAUTHORSOFMAJORPRACTICALHANDBOOKSMAINTAINTHATCASHFLOWSDOMINATEACCOUNTI
37、NGEARNINGSFORVALUATIONPURPOSESANDTHUSADVOCATETHEDCFMODELOVERACCOUNTINGBASEDMODELSDIFFICULTIESINGOODWILLIMPAIRMENTTESTINGTHEFASBREQUIRESESTIMATINGTHEFAIRVALUEOFGOODWILLASTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEESTIMATEDFAIRVALUEOFTHEREPORTINGUNITTOWHICHTHEGOODWILLISASSOCIATEDANDTHEFAIRVALUEOFTHEREPORTINGUNITSRECOGNIZ
38、EDNETASSETS,EXCLUDINGGOODWILLIFGOODWILLSCARRYINGAMOUNTEXCEEDSITSESTIMATEDFAIRVALUE,GOODWILLISIMPAIREDANDSHOULDBEWRITTENDOWNTHISTESTFORIMPAIRMENTOFGOODWILLATTHEACQUISITIONDATEISTHERESIDUALORDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEPRICEPAIDFORTHETARGETANDTHEFAIRVALUEOFTHETARGETSNETASSETSIFGOODWILLISSUBSEQUENTLYMEASUREDAS
39、THETOTALVALUEOFTHEACQUIREDEQUITYESTIMATEDBYARIMORDCFVALUATIONMODELLESSTHEFAIRVALUEOFNETASSETS,THENGOODWILLCONTINUESTOBEMEASUREDASARESIDUALTHUS,BOTHATACQUISITIONANDSUBSEQUENTLY,GOODWILLISNOTASEPARABLEASSET9ANDMUSTBEMEASUREDASARESIDUALUNDEREITHERCURRENTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSORTHEPROPOSEDIMPAIRMENTAPPROAC
40、HTHERESIDUALNATUREOFTHECALCULATIONGOODWILLCOMPLICATESINTERPRETATIONOFITSVALUEANYMEASUREMENTERRORINCOMPUTINGTHEFAIRVALUEOFNETASSETSAFFECTSTHEIMPUTEDVALUEOFTHEGOODWILL,ASDOOVERPAYMENTSANDUNDERPAYMENTATTHEACQUISITIONDATENOGENERALLYACCEPTEDMETHODEXISTSTOMEASURESACQUISITIONGOODWILLINDEPENDENTLYOFTHEFAIRV
41、ALUEOFNETASSETSTWOFACTORSFURTHERCOMPLICATEPOSTACQUISITIONDATEMEASUREMENTOFGOODWILLFIRST,TARGETFIRMSAREOFTENMERGEDINTOTHEPARENTSFIRMSORWITHTHEIRSUBSIDIARIES,IMPAIRINGBOTHSEPARATEPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONANDACCOUNTINGMEASUREMENT,ASWELLASMEASURINGACQUISITIONGOODWILLSEPARATELYFROMENTERPRISEGOODWILLAFTERTHED
42、ATEOFTHEBUSINESSCOMBINATIONSECOND,EVENIFTHETARGETRETAINSITSINDEPENDENCE,CHANGESINACQUISITIONGOODWILLAREINDISTINGUISHABLEFROMCHANGESINPOSTBUSINESSCOMBINATIONINTERNALLYGENERATEDGOODWILL,PRECLUDINGSEPARATEMEASUREMENTANDIMPAIRMENTTESTINGOFBOTHTYPESOFGOODWILLIFGAAPWEREACOMPLETELYFAIRVALUEBASEDSYSTEM,THEN
43、SUCHSEPARATIONWOULDNOTMATTERSINCEBOTHACQUISITIONANDINTERNALLYGENERATEDGOODWILLWOULDBEFAIRLYVALUEDBUTUNDERCURRENTGAAP,THEIMPAIRMENTTESTCONTINUESTHEEXISTINGINCONSISTENTTREATMENTOFINTANGIBLEASSETSTHECOSTOFACQUIREDINTANGIBLESARERECOGNIZEDASASSETS,THECOSTSOFINTERNALLYDEVELOPEDINTANGIBLESARERECOGNIZEDASAS
44、SETSANDTHECOSTSOFINTERNALLYDEVELOPEDGOODWILLAREIMMEDIATELYEXPENSEDNOTONLYWOULDPURCHASEDGOODWILLBECAPITALIZED,BUTALSOSUBSEQUENTTESTSFORIMPAIRMENTCOULDIMPLICITLYCAPITALIZEINTERNALLYGENERATEDGOODWILL,WHILEFIRMSWITHNOEXTERNALLYACQUIREDGOODWILLWOULDCONTINUETOEXPENSEEXPENDITURESFORINTERNALLYGENERATEDGOODW
45、ILLASINCURREDBOTHPROBLEMSWITHIMPAIRMENTTESTINGHOLDREGARDLESSOFTHEAPPLIEDVALUATIONMODEL,ANDNEITHERVALUATIONMODELMITIGATESTHEMMORETHANTHEOTHERHERZETAL,2001SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONMANYPROBLEMSEXISTINMEASURINGTHEIMPAIRMENTOFGOODWILLTHEPROPERMODELTOUSE,THEPREDICATIONOFFUTURECASHFLOWSANDTHEINABILITYTOSEPARATE
46、ACQUISITIONGOODWILLFROMTOTALENTERPRISEGOODWILLINTHEPOSTACQUISITIONPERIODAREMOSTSERIOUSHERZETAL2001BELIEVETHATTHISINABILITYTOSEPARATEACQUISITIONGOODWILLFROMTOTALENTERPRISEGOODWILLINTHEPOSTACQUISITIONPERIODISTHEMOSTSERIOUSIMPEDIMENTTOTHEADOPTIONOFANIMPAIRMENTTESTINGAPPROACHTOGOODWILL10BASEDONTHEINHERE
47、NTTHEORETICALEQUIVALENCEOFTHERIMANDDCFMODELSANDTHEIRCOMMONNEEDFORPROFORMAFINANCIALSTATEMENTSATTHEFIRMLEVEL,THEYECHOBOTHACADEMICSANDPRACTITIONERSBELIEFTHATWHENTHERIMANDDCFMODELSUSEINTERNALLYCONSISTENTDISCOUNTRATES,GROWTHRATESANDSTEADYSTATES,ALLENTITIESWILLDERIVESIMILARVALUESBASEDONTHEDCFORRIMMODELSTH
48、EONLYISSUEISWHETHERINDIVIDUALFIRMSPREFEREITHERMODELSCHARACTERISTICSITISBELIEVEDTHATWHILETHEFASBHASMOVEDINTHERIGHTDIRECTIONWITHSFASNO142,THEIMPLEMENTATIONPROBLEMSFORMANYINDUSTRIESWILLCONTINUE,ASWHENIMPLEMENTINGSFASNO142LEDQUESTCOMMUNICATIONSTOWRITEDOWNGOODWILLDUETOIMPAIRMENTOFBETWEEN20BILLIONAND30BILLIONWALLSTREETJOURNAL,2002THISRANGEHASASIGNIFICANTVARIANCE