1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题未来的中小企业融资资料来源美国路易斯安那理工大学作者DALIAMARCIUKAITYTE经济增长和就业在欧盟的核心是里斯本战略,其主要目标是使欧洲成为世界上最有竞争力的和最有活力的知识型经济组织,从而对中小型企业成长作出重大贡献。然而,中小型企业能力的增长取决于其在结构调整,创新和资格上的高投资,所有这些投资需要大量资金。在此背景下反复困扰中小企业的问题就在于融资难,这是一个高度相关的约束,关乎欧洲经济复苏。建立一个政策,以提高准入工业门槛,中小企业融资所有分析表明,在欧洲,信贷和贷款部门主要的资金去向为中小企业。获得资金一直是中小企业所关注的问题,但最近
2、的事态发展,金融部门局势恶化,资金短缺已经是一个相关因素,阻碍欧洲经济复苏。许多中小企业没有得到能够资助他们的投资。因此,UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和新的欧洲议会将会努力加强融资框架,以改善中小企业融资条件,满足欧洲的中小企业的融资要求,包括政策方针,其中不仅包括中小企业获得贷款的条件,而且还将加强其能力的内部融资和获得外部风险资本。从UEAPME的角度来看,这种无所不包的做法应当基于三项指导原则风险共同分担的私人投资者,金融机构,中小企业和公共部门之间,增加其透明度,对中小企业对外部投资者和贷款人,改善监管环境,方便中小企业融资。基于这些原则,并在这一背景下不断变化的环境,对于中小企业融
3、资,UEAPME提出政策措施,在以下几个方面1新的资本要求指令中小企业友好执行巴塞尔II由于密集的游说活动,UEAPME加上其他商业协会,已经取得了一些有利于改善中小企业的监管资本。最后协议由巴塞尔委员会提供一个更现实的让真正处于危险状况的中小企业贷款的进入金融市场。这方面,不同于传统的体制结构。然而,新的规管制度,将影响银行与中小企业之间的关系,它在很大程度上将取决于实施到欧洲的法规,无论是巴塞尔II成为中小企业的负担还是减少了所获得资金。新资本协议的形式巴塞尔委员会给出了金融市场的主管部门和欧洲机构定位,其具有很强的灵活性。在大约70个地区,他们相互协定,以适应其具体需要,在执行时纳入欧盟
4、法律。其中有些将对中小企业获取资金产生重要影响。2因此,从UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和新的欧洲议会实施新的资本要求指令将耗资巨大,金融部门(至多30亿欧元3至2006年)和它的客户将不得不付出代价。因此,特别是对规模较小的银行,往往是非常活跃的中小企业融资已经进行了小的行政负担可能(提交报告的义务,统计数据等)。欧洲管理者必须尽可能认识到传统的文书抵押、担保等已经不符合当前情况。欧洲委员会和后来的各会员国应采取新的建议,进入零售组合,局部使用,适应的取值等,这将减轻中小企业融资负担。2中小型企业需要透明的评价程序由于较高的风险意识,许多中小型企业将面临第一次与内部评级的程序或信用评分系统的
5、银行。该银行将需要更多和更好的信息质量,并从他们的客户以一种新的方式评估他们。双方事态发展已引起越来越多的中小型企业之间的不确定性。为了减少这种不确定性,并让中小企业理解的原则,产生了新的风险评估,UEAPME要求,透明的评价程序评价程序不会成为一个黑箱操作的中小企业,世界银行应当通报有关标中小企业的评价标准。世界银行应当通知有关中小企业,以便使中小企业改善状况。欧洲行为准则在银行与中小企业之间,这将包括一个自我承诺,透明的评价程序。因此,UEAPME期望新一届欧盟委员会和新的欧洲议会的支持。具有约束力的新资本指令,以确保透明度的评价程序和信用评分系统,为中小型企业,拟订行为守则,以改善银行与
6、中小企业的关系,并支持中小企业适应新的金融环境。3中小企业需要扩展信用担保制度中小企业取决于小额贷款创业,快速成长的中小企业也取决于公众的支持,以获得资金。越来越多的银行风险意识的提高和严格的国家援助规则将进一步增加,都需要公众的支持。现在已经有信贷保证计划在许多国家有其限制,中小企业的能力和太多的投资项目不能得以实现。经验表明,公共资金,用于支持信用担保体系,相比其他方式而言是一个非常有效的工具,而且有更高的乘数效应。1欧元的欧洲投资基金可以刺激投资的30欧元的中小型企业。因此,UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和新的欧洲议会将会支持延长资金用于国家信贷担保计划的框架,提出新的年度方案,发展新的
7、手段对中小企业的投资组合的证券化;承认现有的、运转良好的信贷担保计划,颁发更灵活的欧洲文书,因为国家的不同情况其中小企业融资情况也各不相同;发展新的信贷保证计划,在新的会员国,发展一个类似SBIC计划以缩小差距。发展新的财务支持计划,以鼓励中小企业融资。34改善中小企业的公司所得税制度,加强其自筹资金的能力许多欧盟成员国的公司和收入的税收制度存在消极因素,解决办法是把用于再投资的利润建立在公司内部。这一点尤其适用于中小企业,这些公司必须支付所得税。在过去的税收制度下,欧洲的中小企业较高依赖于银行贷款。今后,评价的结果也将取决于公司本身,高度依赖贷款将影响其获得贷款。这是一个恶性循环,必须打破。
8、尽管公司和所得税属于会员国的权限,UEAPME要求新一届欧盟委员会和新的欧洲议会公开支持税收改革,这将加强中小企业的自筹资金能力。这侧重于非上市公司企业的需要。5风险资本和股权融资在中小型企业中,外部股权融资没有一个真正的传统。一方面,小企业和家庭企业一般并不开放其外部股权融资。另一方面,许多投资者的风险资本和类似形式的股权融资方面非常不愿意投资在资金规模较小的公司,这是更昂贵的投资数额相对于大型企业。此外,它更难以确定这种投资规模较小的公司。尽管股权融资将永远不会成为中小型企业资金的主要来源,但对于一个高度创新创业和快速成长的公司而言,它需要得到进一步的发展。UEAPME认为,三大支柱这样一
9、种做法在于政策的支持与需要(1)获得风险资本。(2)会员国应审查其税收制度,鼓励私人资本投资各种形式的风险资本。(3)保证文书的股权融资应得到进一步发展。(4)改善风险资本投资到中小企业的环境。(5)发展二级市场,风险资本投资的中小企业应该得到支持。(6)会计准则对中小企业应加以修订,以缓和信息的透明度,有利于投资者和拥有者,管理者的交流。业主兼经理必须更加意识到有必要增加对投资者的透明度,中小型企业的业主必须明白,在未来获得外部融资(风险资本或贷款),将取决于更多的透明和公开的信息交流有关他们公司的情况和观点。为了满足新需要的透明度,中小企业将必须使用新的信息工具(业务计划,财务报告等)和新
10、的管理手段(风险管理,财务管理等)。4外文文献原文TITLEFUTUREOFSMEFINANCEMATERIALSOURCELOUISIANATECHUNIVERSITYAUTHORDALIAMARCIUKAITYTESMESMAKEAMAJORCONTRIBUTIONTOGROWTHANDEMPLOYMENTINTHEEUANDAREATTHEHEARTOFTHELISBONSTRATEGY,WHOSEMAINOBJECTIVEISTOTURNEUROPEINTOTHEMOSTCOMPETITIVEANDDYNAMICKNOWLEDGEBASEDECONOMYINTHEWORLDHOWEVE
11、R,THEABILITYOFSMESTOGROWDEPENDSHIGHLYONTHEIRPOTENTIALTOINVESTINRESTRUCTURING,INNOVATIONANDQUALIFICATIONALLOFTHESEINVESTMENTSNEEDCAPITALANDTHEREFOREACCESSTOFINANCEAGAINSTTHISBACKGROUNDTHECONSISTENTLYREPEATEDCOMPLAINTOFSMESABOUTTHEIRPROBLEMSREGARDINGACCESSTOFINANCEISAHIGHLYRELEVANTCONSTRAINTTHATENDANG
12、ERSTHEECONOMICRECOVERYOFEUROPEALLANALYSESSHOWTHATCREDITSANDLOANSWILLSTAYTHEMAINSOURCEOFFINANCEFORTHESMESECTORINEUROPEACCESSTOFINANCEWASALWAYSAMAINCONCERNFORSMES,BUTTHERECENTDEVELOPMENTSINTHEFINANCESECTORWORSENTHESITUATIONEVENMORESHORTAGEOFFINANCEISALREADYARELEVANTFACTOR,WHICHHINDERSECONOMICRECOVERYI
13、NEUROPEMANYSMESARENOTABLETOFINANCETHEIRNEEDSFORINVESTMENTTHEREFORE,UEAPMEEXPECTSTHENEWEUROPEANCOMMISSIONANDTHENEWEUROPEANPARLIAMENTTOSTRENGTHENTHEIREFFORTSTOIMPROVETHEFRAMEWORKCONDITIONSFORSMEFINANCEEUROPESCRAFTS,TRADESANDSMESASKFORANENCOMPASSINGPOLICYAPPROACH,WHICHINCLUDESNOTONLYTHECONDITIONSFORSME
14、SACCESSTOLENDING,BUTWILLALSOSTRENGTHENTHEIRCAPACITYFORINTERNALFINANCEANDTHEIRACCESSTOEXTERNALRISKCAPITALFROMUEAPMESPOINTOFVIEWSUCHANENCOMPASSINGAPPROACHSHOULDBEBASEDONTHREEGUIDINGPRINCIPLESRISKSHARINGBETWEENPRIVATEINVESTORS,FINANCIALINSTITUTES,SMESANDPUBLICSECTORINCREASEOFTRANSPARENCYOFSMESTOWARDSTH
15、EIREXTERNALINVESTORSANDLENDERSIMPROVINGTHEREGULATORYENVIRONMENTFORSMEFINANCEBASEDONTHESEPRINCIPLESANDAGAINSTTHEBACKGROUNDOFTHECHANGINGENVIRONMENTFORSMEFINANCE,UEAPMEPROPOSESPOLICYMEASURESINTHEFOLLOWINGAREAS51NEWCAPITALREQUIREMENTDIRECTIVESMEFRIENDLYIMPLEMENTATIONOFBASELIIDUETOINTENSIVELOBBYINGACTIVI
16、TIES,UEAPME,TOGETHERWITHOTHERBUSINESSASSOCIATIONSINEUROPE,HASACHIEVEDSOMEIMPROVEMENTSINFAVOUROFSMESREGARDINGTHENEWBASELAGREEMENTONREGULATORYCAPITALBASELIITHEFINALAGREEMENTFROMTHEBASELCOMMITTEECONTAINSAMUCHMOREREALISTICAPPROACHTOWARDTHEREALRISKSITUATIONOFSMELENDINGFORTHEFINANCEMARKETANDWILLALLOWTHENE
17、CESSARYROOMFORADAPTATIONS,WHICHRESPECTTHEDIFFERENTREGIONALTRADITIONSANDINSTITUTIONALSTRUCTURESHOWEVER,THENEWREGULATORYSYSTEMWILLINFLUENCETHERELATIONSBETWEENBANKSANDSMESANDITWILLDEPENDVERYMUCHONTHEWAYITWILLBEIMPLEMENTEDINTOEUROPEANLAW,WHETHERBASELIIBECOMESBURDENSOMEFORSMESANDIFITWILLREDUCEACCESSTOFIN
18、ANCEFORTHEMTHENEWCAPITALACCORDFORMTHEBASELCOMMITTEEGIVESTHEFINANCIALMARKETAUTHORITIESANDHEREWITHTHEEUROPEANINSTITUTIONS,ALOTOFFLEXIBILITYINABOUT70AREASTHEYHAVEROOMTOADAPTTHEACCORDTOTHEIRSPECIFICNEEDSWHENIMPLEMENTINGITINTOEULAWSOMEOFTHEMWILLHAVEIMPORTANTEFFECTSONTHECOSTSANDTHEACCESSIBILITYOFFINANCEFO
19、RSMESUEAPMEEXPECTSTHEREFOREFROMTHENEWEUROPEANCOMMISSIONANDTHENEWEUROPEANPARLIAMENTTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHENEWCAPITALREQUIREMENTDIRECTIVEWILLBECOSTLYFORTHEFINANCESECTORUPTO30BILLIONEUROTILL2006ANDITSCLIENTSWILLHAVETOPAYFORITTHEREFORE,THEIMPLEMENTATIONESPECIALLYFORSMALLERBANKS,WHICHAREOFTENVERYACTIVEINS
20、MEFINANCEHASTOBECARRIEDOUTWITHASLITTLEADMINISTRATIVEBURDENSOMEASPOSSIBLEREPORTINGOBLIGATIONS,STATISTICS,ETCTHEEUROPEANREGULATORSMUSTRECOGNIZETRADITIONALINSTRUMENTSFORCOLLATERALSGUARANTEES,ETCASFARASPOSSIBLETHEEUROPEANCOMMISSIONANDLATERTHEMEMBERSTATESSHOULDTAKEOVERTHERECOMMENDATIONSFROMTHEEUROPEANPAR
21、LIAMENTWITHREGARDTOGRANULARITY,ACCESSTORETAILPORTFOLIO,MATURITY,PARTIALUSE,ADAPTATIONOFTHRESHOLDS,ETC,WHICHWILLEASETHEBURDENONSMEFINANCE2SMESNEEDTRANSPARENTRATINGPROCEDURESDUETOHIGHERRISKAWARENESSOFTHEFINANCESECTORANDTHENEEDSOFBASELII,MANYSMESWILLBECONFRONTEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEWITHINTERNALRATINGPROCEDUR
22、ESORCREDITSCORINGSYSTEMSBYTHEIRBANKSTHEBANKWILLREQUIREMOREANDBETTERQUALITYINFORMATIONFROMTHEIRCLIENTSANDWILLASSESSTHEMINANEWWAYBOTHUPCOMING6DEVELOPMENTSAREALREADYCAUSINGINCREASINGUNCERTAINTYAMONGSTSMESINORDERTOREDUCETHISUNCERTAINTYANDTOALLOWSMESTOUNDERSTANDTHEPRINCIPLESOFTHENEWRISKASSESSMENT,UEAPMED
23、EMANDSTRANSPARENTRATINGPROCEDURESRATINGPROCEDURESMAYNOTBECOMEA“BLACKBOX”FORSMESTHEBANKSHOULDCOMMUNICATETHERELEVANTCRITERIAAFFECTINGTHERATINGOFSMESTHEBANKSHOULDINFORMSMESABOUTITSASSESSMENTINORDERTOALLOWSMESTOIMPROVETHENEGOTIATIONSONAEUROPEANCODEOFCONDUCTBETWEENBANKSANDSMES,WHICHWOULDHAVEINCLUDEDASELF
24、COMMITMENTFORTRANSPARENTRATINGPROCEDURESBYBANKS,FAILEDTHEREFORE,UEAPMEEXPECTSFROMTHENEWEUROPEANCOMMISSIONANDTHENEWEUROPEANPARLIAMENTSUPPORTFORBINDINGRULESINTHEFRAMEWORKOFTHENEWCAPITALADEQUACYDIRECTIVE,WHICHENSURETHETRANSPARENCYOFRATINGPROCEDURESANDCREDITSCORINGSYSTEMSFORSMESELABORATIONOFNATIONALCODE
25、SOFCONDUCTINORDERTOIMPROVETHERELATIONSBETWEENBANKSANDSMESANDTOSUPPORTTHEADAPTATIONOFSMESTOTHENEWFINANCIALENVIRONMENT3SMESNEEDANEXTENSIONOFCREDITGUARANTEESYSTEMSWITHASPECIALFOCUSONMICROLENDINGBUSINESSSTARTUPS,THETRANSFEROFBUSINESSESANDINNOVATIVEFASTGROWTHSMESALSODEPENDEDINTHEPASTVERYOFTENONPUBLICSUPP
26、ORTTOGETACCESSTOFINANCEINCREASINGRISKAWARENESSBYBANKSANDTHESTRICTERINTERPRETATIONOFSTATEAIDRULESWILLFURTHERINCREASETHENEEDFORPUBLICSUPPORTALREADYNOW,THEREARECREDITGUARANTEESCHEMESINMANYCOUNTRIESONTHELIMITOFTHEIRCAPACITYANDTOOMANYINVESTMENTPROJECTSCANNOTBEREALIZEDBYSMESEXPERIENCESSHOWTHATPUBLICMONEY,
27、SPENTFORSUPPORTINGCREDITGUARANTEESSYSTEMS,ISAVERYEFFICIENTINSTRUMENTANDHASAMUCHHIGHERMULTIPLYINGEFFECTTHANOTHERINSTRUMENTSONEEUROFORMTHEEUROPEANINVESTMENTFUNDSCANSTIMULATE30EUROINVESTMENTSINSMESFORVENTURECAPITALFUNDSTHERELATIONISONLY12THEREFORE,UEAPMEEXPECTSTHENEWEUROPEANCOMMISSIONANDTHENEWEUROPEANP
28、ARLIAMENTTOSUPPORTTHEEXTENSIONOFFUNDSFORNATIONALCREDITGUARANTEESSCHEMESINTHEFRAMEWORKOFTHENEWMULTIANNUALPROGRAMMEDFORENTERPRISESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWINSTRUMENTSFORSECURITIZATIONSOFSMEPORTFOLIOSTHERECOGNITIONOFEXISTINGANDWELLFUNCTIONINGCREDITGUARANTEESSCHEMESAS7COLLATERALMOREFLEXIBILITYWITHINTHEEUROPEA
29、NINSTRUMENTS,BECAUSEOFNATIONALDIFFERENCESINTHESITUATIONOFSMEFINANCETHEDEVELOPMENTOFCREDITGUARANTEESSCHEMESINTHENEWMEMBERSTATESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANSBICLIKESCHEMEINTHEMEMBERSTATESTOCLOSETHEEQUITYGAP0225MIOEURO,ACCORDINGTOTHEEXPERTMEETINGONPACEONAPRIL27INLUXEMBURGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAFINANCIALSUPPORTSCHEMETO
30、ENCOURAGETHEINTERNALIZATIONSOFSMESCURRENTLYTHEREISNOSCHEMEAVAILABLEATEULEVELTERMINATIONOFJOP,FADINGOUTOFJEV4SMESNEEDCOMPANYANDINCOMETAXATIONSYSTEMS,WHICHSTRENGTHENTHEIRCAPACITYFORSELFFINANCINGMANYEUMEMBERSTATESHAVECOMPANYANDINCOMETAXATIONSYSTEMSWITHNEGATIVEINCENTIVESTOBUILDUPCAPITALWITHINTHECOMPANYB
31、YREINVESTINGTHEIRPROFITSTHISISESPECIALLYTRUEFORCOMPANIES,WHICHHAVETOPAYINCOMETAXESALREADYINTHEPASTTAXREGIMESWASONEOFTHEREASONSFORTHEHIGHERDEPENDENCEOFEUROPESSMESONBANKLENDINGINFUTURE,THERESULTOFRATINGWILLALSODEPENDONTHEAMOUNTOFCAPITALINTHECOMPANYTHEHIGHDEPENDENCEONLENDINGWILLINFLUENCETHEACCESSTOLEND
32、INGTHISISAVICIOUSCYCLE,WHICHHASTOBEBROKENEVENTHOUGHCOMPANYANDINCOMETAXATIONFALLSUNDERTHECOMPETENCEOFMEMBERSTATES,UEAPMEASKSTHENEWEUROPEANCOMMISSIONANDTHENEWEUROPEANPARLIAMENTTOPUBLICLYSUPPORTTAXREFORMS,WHICHWILLSTRENGTHENTHECAPACITYOFCRAFTS,TRADESANDSMEFORSELFFINANCINGTHEREBY,ASPECIALFOCUSONNONCORPO
33、RATECOMPANIESISNEEDED5RISKCAPITALEQUITYFINANCINGEXTERNALEQUITYFINANCINGDOESNOTHAVEAREALTRADITIONINTHESMESECTORONTHEONEHAND,SMALLENTERPRISESANDFAMILYBUSINESSINGENERALHAVETRADITIONALLYNOTBEENVERYOPENTOWARDSEXTERNALEQUITYFINANCINGANDARENOTUSEDTOINFORMINGTRANSPARENTLYABOUTTHEIRBUSINESSONTHEOTHERHAND,MAN
34、YINVESTORSOFVENTURECAPITALANDSIMILARFORMSOFEQUITYFINANCEAREVERYRELUCTANTREGARDINGINVESTINGTHEIRFUNDSINSMALLERCOMPANIES,WHICHISMORECOSTLYTHANINVESTINGBIGGERAMOUNTSINLARGERCOMPANIESFURTHERMOREITISMUCHMOREDIFFICULTTOSETOUTOFSUCHINVESTMENTSINSMALLERCOMPANIESEVENTHOUGHEQUITYFINANCINGWILLNEVERBECOMETHEMAI
35、NSOURCEOFFINANCING8FORSMES,ITISANIMPORTANTINSTRUMENTFORHIGHLYINNOVATIVESTARTUPSANDFASTGROWINGCOMPANIESANDITHASTHEREFORETOBEFURTHERDEVELOPEDUEAPMESEESTHREEPILLARSFORSUCHANAPPROACHWHEREPOLICYSUPPORTISNEEDED(1)AVAILABILITYOFVENTURECAPITAL(2)THEMEMBERSTATESSHOULDREVIEWTHEIRTAXATIONSYSTEMSINORDERTOCREATE
36、INCENTIVESTOINVESTPRIVATEMONEYINALLFORMSOFVENTURECAPITAL(3)GUARANTEEINSTRUMENTSFOREQUITYFINANCINGSHOULDBEFURTHERDEVELOPED(4)IMPROVETHECONDITIONSFORINVESTINGVENTURECAPITALINTOSMES(5)THEDEVELOPMENTOFSECONDARYMARKETSFORVENTURECAPITALINVESTMENTSINSMESSHOULDBESUPPORTED(6)ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSFORSMESSHOULDB
37、EREVISEDINORDERTOEASETRANSPARENTEXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONBETWEENINVESTORANDOWNERMANAGEROWNERMANAGERSMUSTBECOMEMOREAWAREABOUTTHENEEDFORTRANSPARENCYTOWARDSINVESTORSSMEOWNERSWILLHAVETOREALISETHATINFUTUREACCESSTOEXTERNALFINANCEVENTURECAPITALORLENDINGWILLDEPENDMUCHMOREONATRANSPARENTANDOPENEXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONABOUTTHESITUATIONANDTHEPERSPECTIVESOFTHEIRCOMPANIESINORDERTOFULFILTHENEWNEEDSFORTRANSPARENCY,SMESWILLHAVETOUSENEWINFORMATIONINSTRUMENTSBUSINESSPLANS,FINANCIALREPORTING,ETCANDNEWMANAGEMENTINSTRUMENTSRISKMANAGEMENT,FINANCIALMANAGEMENT,ETC