1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题营运资金管理如何影响西班牙中小企业的盈利能力资料来源SPRINGERLINK数据库作者索尼娅巴诺斯卡瓦列罗佩德罗J加西亚特鲁埃尔佩德罗马丁内兹索拉诺营运资金管理影响一个公司的盈利能力和风险的观点被普遍接受,并在近期得到了广泛的重视。例如,史密斯(1980年),表明营运资金的管理很重要,因为其价值在于它能影响一个公司的盈利能力和风险。具体来说,更具侵略性的营运资金政策(低投入营运资本)是与回报更高和风险较高的相关联,而一个保守的营运资金政策(高投入营运资金)则设定较少的收益和较低的风险。关于营运资金和企业绩效之间关系的研究(圣何塞等人1996年;新和索能19
2、98年;王2002年DELOOF2003年;加西亚特鲁埃尔和马丁内斯索拉诺2007年;等等)分析了一个公司营运资本的投资与其盈利能力之间的线性关系。他们的研究结果表明,投入的营运资金越,获得的盈利能力越高。但是,他们忽视了,例如,在生产过程中营运资金水平低,与相关的销售和中断的损失风险较高。因此,可能是一个营运资本水平在营运资本减少时负面地影响了一个公司的盈利能力。营运资金和一个公司盈利能力之间的关系可能是凹形而不是线性,并可能会更好地捕获二次方关系。LEWELLEN等人(1980年)研究表明,在完善金融市场中,贸易信贷决策不影响公司价值。然而,资本市场不健全,以及文献已经证明营运资金的所有个
3、别元件的最佳水平,如应收账款(NADIRI1969年;埃默里1984年)、存货(2005年OUYANGET人)和应付账款(NADIRI1969年)的存在。基于这样的理念,并考虑到营运资金的风险和盈利能力的影响,我们推测,营运资金和企业盈利之间的关系可能是凹的,而不是线性的。正如在前言中指出,一家公司管理其营运资金的方式会对风险(业务损失的风险和生产过程中断的风险)和盈利能力产生重大影响。具体来说,营运资金管理的做法,提高盈利能力往往会增加这方面的风险,反之,减少风险的做法,往往会降低性能预期。由于通常是与更大的销售相关的存货或应收账款的额外投资,营运资金及盈利能力之间的正相关关系可能预期。较大
4、的库存可以防止在生产过程中的损失和企业因产品稀缺中断,也可以降低供应成本和价格2波动的影响(布林德和MACCINI,1991年)。此外,他们还允许企业为他们的客户提供更好的服务和避免生产的大波动(SCHIFF和利伯,1974年)所产生的生产成本高。给予贸易信贷也刺激了销售,因为它允许买家在付款之前验证产品和服务质量(史密斯,1987年;龙等,1993年;李和斯托,1993年),因此,它降低了买方和卖方之间的信息不对称。此外,当很难区分产品时,贸易信贷是一个重要供应商的选择标准(希普利和戴维斯,1991年;DELOOF和JEGERS,1996年);它被作为一个有效的降价(布伦南等人,1988年;
5、彼得森和拉詹,1997年);它鼓励客户购买商品时需求低倍(EMERY,1987年);它降低交易成本(FERRIS,1981年;EMERY,1987年),并加强了长期的供应商与客户的关系(吴等人,1999年;WILNER,2000年),命名,但存在一些优势。因此,在营运资金的高投入,可以提高一个公司绩效。然而,这种营运资本的额外投资,也可能产生不利影响的经营业绩,如果一个较高的投资营运资金的成本超过持有更多的库存和/或向客户提供更多的贸易信贷。首先,一个公司可能没有在购买之前对产品质量进行评估,如果这样的行动减少其收到的贸易信贷周期(DELOOF,2003年),这可能会产生盈利的负面影响。其次,
6、索能(1993)表明,在高投资营运资金也可能导致企业破产,所以他们的供应商可能会切断其定期购买商品的供应(CUNAT,2007年),或在不付款的情况下,这可能被回收并出售给另一客户。第三,从存货的角度来看,保持现货供应也设一定的费用,如仓库租金,保险和安全费用,使库存增加的水平趋于上升(金和CHUNG,1990年)。最后,金融文献已经研究证明,流动资产投资的增加会增加总资产,但盈利能力没有按比例增加。作为一个营运资金较高投资的利益和成本的结果,一家公司的盈利能力和营运资本投资之间的关系有可能是一个倒U形,因此,在平衡费用和利益以及最大限度提高其盈利能力上,公司可能有一个最佳的工作资本水平。具体
7、来说,我们预计公司的盈利上升,直到达到一定的周转资金的数额,作为营运资本的增加,提高盈利能力,将不足以抵消高风险的承担。相反地,超出此最佳水平,由于流动资产的低回报,我们期望在营运资金的增加将与盈利能力下降有关。也就是说,我们预计,在较低水平的营运资金,公司的盈利能力和营运资金是积极的,而较高水平上则是消极的。但是,实验性证据与上述盈利和风险假设之间的权衡是不一致的(圣何塞等人,1996年;善和索能,1998年;王,2002年;DELOOF,2003年;GARCIATERUEL和MARTINEZSOLANO,2007年,等等)。这些研究分析了营运资金及盈利能力之间的线性关系,其结果表明,企业可
8、以通过降低其营运资金水平来提高其性能。然而,这些研究结果忽略了在低水平的营运资金情况下相关生产过程的中断和销售损失的风险,这也可能捕获到一个非线性的关系。3对比以前的研究结果,表明较低的营运资金的投资获得更多的盈利,而我们的结果表明,营运资本水平和盈利能力之间有一个凹的关系,也就是说,公司有一个最佳的周转资金的数额,在平衡成本和利益以及最大限度地提高其盈利能力上。它使我们能够确认在营运资金水平低时企业不仅是更大的盈利效果,而且也是风险更大的效果。此外,鲁棒性检查表明,当他们达到最佳的营运资金时,企业的盈利能力下降。4外文文献原文TITLEHOWDOESWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEM
9、ENTAFFECTTHEPROFITABILITYOFSPANISHSMESMATERIALSOURCESPRINGERLINKAUTHORSONIABANOSCABALLEROPEDROJGARCIATERUELPEDROMARTINEZSOLANOTHEIDEATHATWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTAFFECTSAFIRMSPROFITABILITYANDRISKISGENERALLYACCEPTEDANDHASRECENTLYRECEIVEDCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONSMITH1980,FORINSTANCE,SUGGESTSTHATWORKINGCAP
10、ITALMANAGEMENTISIMPORTANTBECAUSEOFITSEFFECTSONAFIRMSPROFITABILITYANDRISKAND,CONSEQUENTLY,ONITSVALUESPECIFICALLY,AMOREAGGRESSIVEWORKINGCAPITALPOLICYLOWINVESTMENTINWORKINGCAPITALISASSOCIATEDWITHAHIGHERRETURNANDHIGHERRISK,WHILEACONSERVATIVEWORKINGCAPITALPOLICYHIGHINVESTMENTINWORKINGCAPITALSUPPOSESLOWER
11、RETURNANDRISKSTUDIESONWORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTANDFIRMPERFORMANCEJOSEETAL1996SHINANDSOENEN1998WANG2002DELOOF2003GARCIATERUELANDMARTINEZSOLANO2007AMONGOTHERSHAVEANALYZEDALINEARRELATIONSHIPBETWEENAFIRMSINVESTMENTINWORKINGCAPITALANDITSPROFITABILITYTHEIRFINDINGSINDICATETHATTHELOWERTHEINVESTMENTINWORKINGC
12、APITAL,THEHIGHERTHEPROFITABILITYHOWEVER,THEYIGNORE,FOREXAMPLE,THEHIGHERRISKOFLOSSOFSALESANDINTERRUPTIONSINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSTHATISRELATEDWITHLOWLEVELSOFWORKINGCAPITALTHEREMIGHT,THEREFORE,BEAWORKINGCAPITALLEVELATWHICHAREDUCTIONINWORKINGCAPITALNEGATIVELYAFFECTSAFIRMSPROFITABILITYTHERELATIONBETWEENWO
13、RKINGCAPITALANDAFIRMSPROFITABILITYMAY,CONSEQUENTLY,BECONCAVERATHERTHANLINEAR,ANDMIGHTBEBETTERCAPTUREDBYAQUADRATICRELATIONSHIPLEWELLENETAL1980SHOWEDTHAT,UNDERPERFECTFINANCIALMARKETS,TRADECREDITDECISIONSDONOTINFLUENCEFIRMVALUEHOWEVER,CAPITALMARKETSARENOTPERFECT,ANDTHELITERATUREHASDEMONSTRATEDTHEEXISTE
14、NCEOFOPTIMALLEVELSOFALLINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSOFWORKINGCAPITAL,SUCHASACCOUNTSRECEIVABLENADIRI1969EMERY1984,INVENTORIESOUYANGETAL2005ANDACCOUNTSPAYABLENADIRI1969BASEDONTHISCONCEPTANDTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEINFLUENCEOFWORKINGCAPITALONBOTHRISKANDPROFITABILITY,WEHYPOTHESIZETHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENWORKINGCAPI
15、TALAND5FIRMPROFITABILITYMIGHTBECONCAVERATHERTHANLINEARASNOTEDINTHEINTRODUCTION,THEWAYINWHICHAFIRMMANAGESITSWORKINGCAPITALCANHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONBOTHTHERISKRISKOFLOSSOFBUSINESSANDINTERRUPTIONSOFPRODUCTIONPROCESSANDPROFITABILITYSPECIFICALLY,WORKINGCAPITALMANAGEMENTPRACTICESTHATTENDTOENHANCEPROFITA
16、BILITYTENDTOINCREASETHISRISKAND,CONVERSELY,PRACTICESTHATREDUCETHERISKTENDTODECREASETHEPERFORMANCEEXPECTEDSINCEANADDITIONALINVESTMENTININVENTORIESORACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEISUSUALLYASSOCIATEDWITHGREATERSALES,APOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENWORKINGCAPITALANDPROFITABILITYMIGHTBEEXPECTEDLARGERINVENTORIESCANPREVENTINT
17、ERRUPTIONSINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSANDLOSSOFBUSINESSDUETOSCARCITYOFPRODUCTSANDCANALSOREDUCESUPPLYCOSTSANDPRICEFLUCTUATIONSBLINDERANDMACCINI1991INADDITION,THEYALLOWFIRMSTOPROVIDETHEIRCUSTOMERSWITHABETTERSERVICEANDAVOIDHIGHPRODUCTIONCOSTSARISINGFROMLARGEFLUCTUATIONSINPRODUCTIONSCHIFFANDLIEBER1974GRANTING
18、TRADECREDITALSOSTIMULATESSALESBECAUSEITALLOWSBUYERSTOVERIFYPRODUCTANDSERVICESQUALITYPRIORTOPAYMENTSMITH1987LONGETAL1993LEEANDSTOWE1993AND,HENCE,ITREDUCESTHEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONBETWEENBUYERANDSELLERINADDITION,TRADECREDITISANIMPORTANTSUPPLIERSELECTIONCRITERIONWHENITISDIFFICULTTODIFFERENTIATEPRODUCTSS
19、HIPLEYANDDAVIS1991ANDDELOOFANDJEGERS1996ITISUSEDASANEFFECTIVEPRICECUTBRENNANETAL1988PETERSENANDRAJAN1997ITENCOURAGESCUSTOMERSTOACQUIREMERCHANDISEATTIMESOFLOWDEMANDEMERY1987ITREDUCESTRANSACTIONCOSTSFERRIS1981EMERY1987ANDITSTRENGTHENSLONGTERMSUPPLIERCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSNGETAL1999WILNER2000,TONAMEBUTS
20、OMEOFTHEADVANTAGESTHUS,AHIGHINVESTMENTINWORKINGCAPITALCANINCREASEAFIRMSPERFORMANCEHOWEVER,THISADDITIONALINVESTMENTINWORKINGCAPITALMAYALSOADVERSELYAFFECTOPERATINGPERFORMANCEIFTHECOSTSOFAHIGHERINVESTMENTINWORKINGCAPITALEXCEEDTHEBENEFITSOFHOLDINGMOREINVENTORIESAND/OROFGRANTINGMORETRADECREDITTOCUSTOMERS
21、FIRSTLY,AFIRMMIGHTNOTASSESSTHEQUALITYOFTHEPRODUCTSBOUGHTBEFOREPAYINGIFSUCHACTIONREDUCESITSRECEIVEDTRADECREDITPERIODDELOOF2003,WHICHMIGHTNEGATIVELYAFFECTPROFITABILITYSECONDLY,SOENEN1993SUGGESTSTHATHIGHINVESTMENTSINWORKINGCAPITALMIGHTALSOLEADCOMPANIESTOBANKRUPTCY,SOTHEIRSUPPLIERSCOULDCUTOFFTHESUPPLYOF
22、THEREGULARLYPURCHASEDMERCHANDISECUNAT2007OR,INTHECASEOFNONPAYMENT,THISCOULDBERECOVEREDANDSOLDTOANOTHERCUSTOMERTHIRDLY,ANDFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFINVENTORIES,KEEPINGSTOCKAVAILABLEALSOSUPPOSESCERTAINCOSTS,SUCHASWAREHOUSE6RENT,INSURANCEANDSECURITYEXPENSES,WHICHTENDTORISEASTHELEVELOFINVENTORYINCREASESKIMAND
23、CHUNG1990FINALLY,THEFINANCELITERATUREHASDEMONSTRATEDTHATANINCREASEOFINVESTMENTINCURRENTASSETSWOULDINCREASETOTALASSETSWITHOUTAPROPORTIONALINCREASEINPROFITABILITYASARESULTOFTHECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFAHIGHERINVESTMENTINWORKINGCAPITAL,THEREMAYBEANINVERTEDUSHAPEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENAFIRMSPROFITABILITYANDINVEST
24、MENTINWORKINGCAPITALAND,HENCE,FIRMSMIGHTHAVEANOPTIMALWORKINGCAPITALLEVELTHATBALANCESCOSTSANDBENEFITSANDMAXIMIZESTHEIRPROFITABILITYSPECIFICALLY,WEEXPECTFIRMSPROFITABILITYTORISEASWORKINGCAPITALINCREASESUNTILACERTAINWORKINGCAPITALLEVELISREACHED,GIVENTHATTHEINCREASEDPROFITABILITYWILLNOTOFFSETTHEHIGHRISK
25、BORNECONVERSELY,BEYONDTHISOPTIMUM,DUETOTHELOWRETURNOFCURRENTASSETS,WEEXPECTINCREASESINWORKINGCAPITALTOBERELATEDWITHDECREASESINPROFITABILITYTHATIS,WEEXPECTFIRMPROFITABILITYANDWORKINGCAPITALTORELATEPOSITIVELYATLOWLEVELSOFWORKINGCAPITALANDNEGATIVELYATHIGHERLEVELSTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCE,HOWEVER,ISNOTCONSIS
26、TENTWITHTHETRADEOFFBETWEENPROFITABILITYANDRISKHYPOTHESISCOMMENTEDABOVEJOSEETAL1996SHINANDSOENEN1998WANG2002DELOOF2003GARCIATERUELANDMARTINEZSOLANO2007AMONGOTHERSTHESESTUDIESHAVEANALYZEDALINEARRELATIONSHIPBETWEENWORKINGCAPITALANDPROFITABILITY,ANDTHEIRRESULTSSUGGESTTHATFIRMSCANINCREASETHEIRPERFORMANCE
27、BYREDUCINGTHEIRWORKINGCAPITALLEVELSHOWEVER,THOSEFINDINGSIGNORETHERISKOFLOSSOFSALESANDINTERRUPTIONSINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSRELATEDWITHLOWLEVELSOFWORKINGCAPITAL,WHICHMIGHTALSOBECAPTUREDWITHANONLINEARRELATIONINCONTRASTTOPREVIOUSFINDINGS,WHICHINDICATETHATTHELOWERTHEINVESTMENTINWORKINGCAPITALTHEMOREPROFITA
28、BILITY,OURRESULTSSHOWTHATTHEREISACONCAVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENWORKINGCAPITALLEVELANDPROFITABILITYTHATIS,FIRMSHAVEANOPTIMALWORKINGCAPITALLEVELTHATBALANCESCOSTSANDBENEFITSANDMAXIMIZESTHEIRPROFITABILITYITALLOWSUSTOCONFIRMNOTONLYTHEGREATERPROFITABILITYEFFECT,BUTALSOTHEGREATERRISKEFFECTFORFIRMSWITHLOWLEVELSOFWORKINGCAPITALINADDITION,AROBUSTNESSCHECKDEMONSTRATESTHATFIRMSPROFITABILITYDECREASESWHENTHEYMOVEAWAYFROMTHEIROPTIMALWORKINGCAPITAL