1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题在金融危机债务依存度和企业业绩由次贷危机的证据资料来源金融与经济DOI101007/S1219701091400摘要本研究探讨企业债务依存度的不同,次贷危机对企业业绩影响程度。我们发现,在危机前,债务依存度越高,危机期间企业业绩下降越快。对于高负债的公司,我们发现在危机期间融到了越高的新债务,企业业绩就越差。但是,我们发现危机前低负债的企业,危机期间新融到的债务与企业业绩之间没有显著关系。关键词债务依存度次贷危机业绩金融市场和中介机构普遍认为,减轻不利选择和道德风险的问题,可以提高对宝贵外部融资资金使用效率。债务依赖企业应受益于发达的金融市场和中介机构,容
2、易获得外部资金在这样的市场不成比例。相反,如次级抵押贷款危机,信贷紧缩,应该有一个不成比例的负面影响,对到期债务的减少信贷供应和获取外部资金的难度增加的依赖公司。存在大量的文献资料研究着在金融危机期间债务依存度对企业业绩的影响。然而,这些研究是在国家一级或行业层面,但都不是在企业层面。这是一个严重的疏忽。鉴于公司的财务特征的差异,一定程度上解释企业业绩公司之间的差异,这也是我们必须研究在企业层面的原因。在金融危机次级抵押贷款危机情况下,债务依赖企业对金融危机充分的认识,可以帮助企业高管做更好的准备,并帮助投资者更准确地评估在金融危机期间的债务依赖企业。次级抵押贷款危机,始于房地产泡沫的破裂,其
3、特点是减少了银行体系的流动。有吸引力的贷款奖励和采购房价说服借款人采取高风险的贷款,如可调利率和次级贷款,相信他们可以很容易地进行再融资和现金权益。然而,一旦住房价格开始下降,在2006年年初,再融资几乎成为不可能和违约导致取消抵押品赎回权的显著增加,抵押贷款危机作出贡献。金融冲击,比如次级抵押贷款危机,可以通过限制有价值的贸易与投资机会影响到企业的信用(卡什亚普和斯坦,1994)。金融冲击,也可能导致银行的资本稀缺,使它们不愿放贷,甚至到信誉良好的企业,而投资更为安全的资产,如国库券。金融冲击源于次贷危机。次贷危机增加了贷款的可用性和再贷款短缺造成的成本的不确定性。这些后果是银行贷款特别严重
4、,因为银行可能超过2其他金融机构的放贷公司具有较高的信息不对称(KLINGEBIEL,2001)。卢卡斯1977声称,所有的商业周期是相同的,这表明所有的商业周期可以预测和解释使用一些商业周期理论。证据自来美国宏观经济总量的数据。特别是,布朗和拉腊因发现,依赖外部资金,金融环境,代理问题和信息不对称,对行业的影响商业周期的所有因素。他们的工作有所不同,从这篇文章中,他们对经济的商业周期和对行业的影响的重点,而我们专注于金融危机和其对公司的影响。DELLARICCIA(2004年)研究的银行危机,债务相关部门的影响。他们还发现,债务相关的行业遭受银行业危机期间更不成比例。因为他们专注于政府干预的
5、减少对经济活动的银行危机的不利影响,在何种程度上,我们的研究与他们的研究也有所不同。据我们所知,这是第一个研究,探讨债务依赖度的差异的企业业绩受次贷危机的影响程度。在金融危机期间,公司通常有较低的内部资金。流动资产下降的公司将不得不使用外部资金,减少分红,或出售现有资产。如果该公司已经没有可以适合清算资产,它可能会喜欢的外部资金。通常使用较少的外部资金的公司应该有一个成本较低的债务,或更容易地融到外部资金,平稳渡过危机的冲击。因此,在危机期间,更高的债务依赖企业应该更不均衡地遭受金融危机的影响。从正在进行的讨论中,我们可以阐述我们的主要假设。正如先前辩称,次贷危机动摇美国经济接近衰退。在经济衰
6、退的经济,企业有较低的内部资金,因此,假设所需的生产水平是没有减少多少,需求增加外部资金。如果债务依赖公司使用更多的外部资金,由于增加了信贷限制,在危机期间获得外部资金可能性要低得多,因此,债务依赖的公司将有可能忽略的自身情况而增加投资,导致业绩有所下降。假设1在危机前到危机发生期间债务依存度较高的企业的业绩将有较大跌幅。接下来,我们研究在危机期间新的债务,借用和它的表现。随着信贷的机会有限,在金融危机期间,债务相关的企业筹集到外部资金成本变得更高。因此,对于在危机期间能够获得外部资金的企业,额外的外部资金的成本将取决于危机开始时外部资金的水平(布朗和拉腊因,2005)。通常使用更多的外部资金
7、的公司应该有一个较高的资本成本,或筹集到更高成本的外部资本来平稳渡过危机的冲击。因此,高负债的公司应该有过高的成本新债务,这将导致在危机期间的业绩的下降。假设2危机期间高债务公司承担更多的债务,会导致业绩更大下降。MAKSIMOVIC和ZECHNER(1991)发现,企业维持较低的负债比率和放弃债务税盾,建立激励机制,使他们能够提交与风险较低的现金流量的未来项目。3CASTANIAS(1983年)和BASKIN(1989)也找到了公司的负债比率和现金流量的风险之间的正相关关系。因此,公司的资本结构是低的债务比例组成,相对于高负债的公司,筹集到平稳渡过金融危机的冲击的资本相比,低负债公司相对容易
8、些。从正在进行的讨论,我们预测,次贷危机很少或没有影响到低负债企业承担更多的债务。由于外部资金的难度在增加信贷紧缩是不成比例的,我们认为,在低负债企业的交易成本的增加将是微不足道的的。假设3危机期间低负债公司承担更多的债务,企业业绩也没有显着下降。这场危机的严重性,提供了一个独特的机会,以便更好地理解金融危机及其对企业业绩的不同影响。在这项研究中,我们就企业的债务依赖程度的不同,次贷危机对非金融企业的业绩影响进行调查。我们确定的次级抵押贷款危机前到危机爆发期间,探讨债务依存度的变化对企业业绩的影响。这项研究提出的债务依存度的不同的企业的业绩受次贷危机影响的证据。有证据表明,债务依存度越高,企业
9、受次级抵押贷款危机的影响越大,企业业绩下降得更快。因此,债务依赖企业受太大影响更多在次级抵押贷款危机的过程中。整个样本,我们发现从危机前企业业绩下降。危机爆发后对于依赖于债务的企业,我们发现了明显的下降,这一下降是大于不依赖于债务的公司最后,高负债的公司,我们发现,较高的新的债务危机期间借用企业业绩较低。但是,我们发现低负债公司在次贷危机没有关系。在非危机时期,一个发达的金融体系,使债务依赖企业获得相对更多的外部资金,因此,信贷紧缩已经对这类公司的表现不成比例的负面影响。相比之下,公司使用很少或没有外部资金的经验,在信贷危机期间的表现没有显著变化,表明低负债企业在信贷紧缩的一个比较优势。4外文
10、文献原文TITLEDEBTDEPENDENCEANDCORPORATEPERFORMANCEINAFINANCIALCRISISEVIDENCEFROMTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISMATERIALSOURCEJECONFINANDOI101007/S1219701091400AUTHORFREDERICKADJEIABSTRACTTHISSTUDYEXAMINESTHEEFFECTOFCORPORATEDEBTDEPENDENCEONTHEDIFFERENTIALIMPACTOFTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISONCORPORATEPERFORMANCE
11、WEFINDTHATTHEHIGHERTHEDEBTDEPENDENCETHEGREATERTHEDECREASEINCORPORATEPERFORMANCEFROMTHEPRECRISISTOTHECRISISPERIODFORHIGHDEBTFIRMS,WEFINDTHATTHEHIGHERTHENEWDEBTBORROWEDDURINGTHECRISISPERIOD,THELOWERTHECORPORATEPERFORMANCEHOWEVER,WEFINDNOSIGNIFICANTRELATIONBETWEENNEWDEBTBORROWEDANDCORPORATEPERFORMANCEF
12、ORLOWDEBTFIRMSDURINGTHECRISISPERIODKEYWORDSDEBTDEPENDENCESUBPRIMEMORTGAGEPERFORMANCEFINANCIALMARKETSANDINTERMEDIARIESAREGENERALLYTHOUGHTTOMITIGATEADVERSESELECTIONANDMORALHAZARDPROBLEMSTHATCANMAKERAISINGEXTERNALFUNDSEXPENSIVEFORFIRMSDEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSSHOULDBENEFITDISPROPORTIONATELYMOREFROMWELLDEVELOP
13、EDFINANCIALMARKETSANDINTERMEDIARIESOWINGTOTHEEASEOFOBTAININGEXTERNALFUNDSINSUCHMARKETSCONVERSELY,ACREDITCRUNCH,SUCHASTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISIS,SHOULDHAVEADISPROPORTIONATELYNEGATIVEIMPACTONDEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSDUETOTHEREDUCEDCREDITAVAILABILITYANDINCREASEDDIFFICULTYOFOBTAININGEXTERNALFUNDSTHEREEXISTSANEX
14、TENSIVELITERATUREONTHEIMPACTOFTHEFRICTIONSOFDEBTDEPENDENCEONCORPORATEPERFORMANCEDURINGAFINANCIALCRISISHOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREEITHERATTHECOUNTRYLEVELORTHEINDUSTRYLEVEL,BUTNOTATTHEFIRMLEVELTHISISANONTRIVIALOVERSIGHTGIVENTHATDIFFERENCESINFIRMFINANCIALCHARACTERISTICSPARTLYEXPLAINDIFFERENCESCORPORATEPERF
15、ORMANCEAMONGFIRMS,ITISIMPERATIVETHATWEEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPATTHEFIRMLEVELKNOWLEDGEOFTHEPERFORMANCEOFDEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSINAFINANCIALCRISISCOULDHELPCORPORATEEXECUTIVESPREPAREBETTERFORSUCHCRISESANDHELPINVESTORSASSESSDEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSMOREACCURATELYDURINGAFINANCIALCRISISACASEOFAFINANCIALCRISISISTHESUBPR
16、IMEMORTGAGECRISIS5THESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISIS,CHARACTERIZEDBYREDUCEDLIQUIDITYINTHEBANKINGSYSTEM,BEGANWITHTHERUPTURINGOFTHEHOUSINGBUBBLEATTRACTIVELOANINCENTIVESANDTHESOURINGHOMEPRICESPERSUADEDBORROWERSTOTAKERISKYLOANS,SUCHASTHEADJUSTABLERATEANDSUBPRIMELOANS,BELIEVINGTHATTHEYCOULDEASILYREFINANCEANDCASHO
17、UTEQUITYHOWEVER,ONCEHOMEPRICESBEGANTODECLINEINEARLY2006,REFINANCINGBECAMEALMOSTIMPOSSIBLEANDTHEDEFAULTSANDRESULTINGFORECLOSURESINCREASEDSIGNIFICANTLY,CONTRIBUTINGTOAMORTGAGECRISISFINANCIALSHOCKS,SUCHASTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISIS,CANINFLUENCECORPORATIONSBYRESTRICTINGCREDITTOFIRMSWITHVALUABLETRADINGANDI
18、NVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESKASHYAPANDSTEIN1994FINANCIALSHOCKSMAYALSOLEADTOASCARCITYOFCAPITALFORBANKS,MAKINGTHEMRELUCTANTTOLENDEVENTOCREDITWORTHYFIRMSANDRATHERINVESTINSAFERASSETSSUCHASTREASURYSECURITIESACASEOFAFINANCIALSHOCKISTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISINCREASEDUNCERTAINTYABOUTLOANA
19、VAILABILITYANDCOSTRESULTINGINASHORTAGEOFLOANSTHESECONSEQUENCESWEREESPECIALLYSEVEREFORBANKLENDINGSINCEBANKSAREMORELIKELYTHANOTHERFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSTOLENDTOFIRMSWITHHIGHERINFORMATIONASYMMETRYKLINGEBIELETAL2001LUCAS1977STATESTHATALLBUSINESSCYCLESARETHESAME,SUGGESTINGTHATALLBUSINESSCYCLESCOULDBEPREDI
20、CTEDANDEXPLAINEDUSINGSOMEBUSINESSCYCLETHEORYEVIDENCEFROMDATAONMACROECONOMICAGGREGATESINTHEUSINPARTICULAR,BRAUNANDLARRAINFINDTHATTHEDEPENDENCEONEXTERNALFUNDS,THEFINANCIALENVIRONMENT,AGENCYPROBLEMS,ANDINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESAREALLDETERMINANTSOFTHEEFFECTOFBUSINESSCYCLESONINDUSTRIESTHEIRWORKDIFFERSFROMTH
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22、YALSODIFFERSFROMOURSPRIMARILYBECAUSETHEYFOCUSONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHGOVERNMENTINTERVENTIONSMITIGATETHEDETRIMENTALEFFECTSOFBANKINGCRISESONECONOMICACTIVITYTOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGE,THISISTHEFIRSTSTUDYTOINVESTIGATETHEDIFFERENTIALIMPACTOFTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISONDEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSCORPORATEPERFORMANCEFIRMSUSU
23、ALLYHAVELOWINTERNALFUNDSDURINGFINANCIALCRISESSEEBRAUNANDLARRAIN2005AFIRMWITHDECLININGLIQUIDASSETSWILLHAVETOUSEEXTERNALFUNDING,REDUCEDIVIDENDS,ORSELLEXISTINGASSETSIFTHEFIRMHASNOASSETS6THATCANBECHEAPLYLIQUIDATED,ITMAYPREFEREXTERNALFUNDINGFIRMSWHICHNORMALLYUSELESSEXTERNALFUNDSSHOULDHAVEALOWERCOSTOFDEBT
24、OREASILYHIRECAPITALTOSMOOTHOUTTHESHOCKOFTHECRISISCONSEQUENTLY,HIGHERDEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSSHOULDSUFFERDISPROPORTIONATELYMOREDURINGTHECRISISFROMTHEONGOINGDISCUSSIONWECANELABORATEOURMAINHYPOTHESESASARGUEDEARLIER,THESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISDESTABILIZEDTHEUSECONOMYTAKINGITCLOSETOARECESSIONINARECESSIONARYECONO
25、MY,FIRMSHAVELOWERINTERNALFUNDSANDHENCE,ASSUMINGTHATTHEDESIREDPRODUCTIONLEVELISNOTREDUCEDMUCH,HAVEANINCREASEDDEMANDFOREXTERNALFUNDSIFADEBTDEPENDENTFIRMHASTOUSEADDITIONALEXTERNALFUNDS,THELIKELIHOODOFOBTAININGTHEEXTERNALFUNDSDURINGTHECRISISISMUCHLOWERDUETOTHEINCREASEDCREDITRESTRICTIONSCONSEQUENTLY,THED
26、EBTDEPENDENTFIRMWILLLIKELYHAVETOIGNOREVALUEINCREASINGINVESTMENTSLEADINGTOADECREASEINPERFORMANCEHYPOTHESIS1FIRMSWITHHIGHERDEBTDEPENDENCEWILLHAVEAGREATERDECLINEINPERFORMANCEFROMTHEPRECRISISTOTHECRISISPERIODNEXT,WEEXAMINENEWDEBTBORROWEDANDHOWITAFFECTSPERFORMANCEDURINGTHECRISISWITHTHELIMITEDACCESSTOCRED
27、ITDURINGAFINANCIALCRISIS,DEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSSHOULDFINDITMOREEXPENSIVETORAISEEXTERNALFUNDSHENCE,FORFIRMSTHATAREABLETOOBTAINEXTERNALFUNDINGDURINGTHECRISIS,THECOSTOFTHEADDITIONALEXTERNALFUNDINGWILLDEPENDONTHELEVELOFEXTERNALFUNDINGATTHEINCEPTIONOFTHECRISISBRAUNANDLARRAIN2005FIRMSWHICHNORMALLYUSEMOREEXTER
28、NALFUNDINGSHOULDHAVEAHIGHERCOSTOFCAPITALORFINDITMORECOSTLYTOHIRECAPITALTOSMOOTHOUTTHESHOCKOFTHECRISISCONSEQUENTLY,HIGHDEBTFIRMSSHOULDHAVEDISPROPORTIONATELYHIGHERCOSTOFNEWDEBTBORROWEDWHICHSHOULDRESULTINDECREASEDPERFORMANCEDURINGTHECRISISPERIODHYPOTHESIS2HIGHDEBTFIRMSWHICHTAKEONADDITIONALDEBTDURINGTHE
29、CRISISWILLEXPERIENCEAGREATERDECREASEINPERFORMANCEMAKSIMOVICANDZECHNER1991FINDTHATFIRMSMAINTAININGLOWDEBTRATIOSANDGIVINGUPTHEDEBTTAXSHIELDCREATEINCENTIVESENABLINGTHEMTOCOMMITTOFUTUREPROJECTSWITHLESSRISKYCASHFLOWSCASTANIAS1983ANDBASKIN1989ALSOFINDAPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENFIRMSDEBTRATIOSANDTHERISKINESSO
30、FTHEIRCASHFLOWSHENCE,FIRMSWHOSECAPITALSTRUCTURESARECOMPOSEDOFLOWPROPORTIONSOFDEBTSHOULDFINDITRELATIVELYEASIER,ASCOMPAREDWITHHIGHDEBTFIRMS,TOHIRECAPITALTOSMOOTHOUTTHESHOCKOFTHEFINANCIALCRISISBRAUNANDLARRAIN2005FROMTHEONGOINGDISCUSSION,WEPREDICTTHATTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISWILLHAVELITTLEOR7NOIMPACTONT
31、HEPERFORMANCEOFLOWDEBTFIRMSWHICHTAKEONADDITIONALDEBTGIVENTHATTHEINCREASEINTHEDIFFICULTYOFEXTERNALFUNDINGDURINGACREDITCRUNCHISDISPROPORTIONATELYLOWERFORLOWRISKFIRMS,WEARGUETHATTHEINCREASEINTRANSACTIONCOSTSFORLOWDEBTFIRMSWILLBEINSIGNIFICANTHYPOTHESIS3LOWDEBTFIRMSWHICHTAKEONADDITIONALDEBTDURINGTHECRISI
32、SWILLEXPERIENCENOSIGNIFICANTDECREASEINPERFORMANCETHESEVERITYOFTHISCRISISPRESENTSAUNIQUEOPPORTUNITYTOBETTERCOMPREHENDFINANCIALCRISESANDTHEIRDIFFERENTIALIMPACTONCORPORATEPERFORMANCEINTHISSTUDY,WEINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFDEBTDEPENDENCEONTHEDIFFERENTIALIMPACTOFTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISONCORPORATEPERFORMANC
33、EOFNONFINANCIALFIRMSWEIDENTIFYTHEBEGINNINGOFTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISANDINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFDEBTDEPENDENCEONCHANGES,FROMPRECRISISTOCRISISLEVELS,INCORPORATEPERFORMANCETHISSTUDYPRESENTSEVIDENCEONTHEEFFECTOFDEBTDEPENDENCEONTHEDIFFERENTIALIMPACTOFTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISONCORPORATEPERFORMANCETHEEVIDE
34、NCESUGGESTSTHATTHEHIGHERTHEDEBTDEPENDENCETHEGREATERTHEIMPACTOFTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISINDECREASINGCORPORATEPERFORMANCEHENCE,DEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSSUFFERDISPROPORTIONATELYMOREDURINGTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISFORTHEENTIRESAMPLE,WEFINDADECREASEINCORPORATEPERFORMANCEFROMTHEPRECRISISTOTHECRISISPERIODFORDEBTDE
35、PENDENTFIRMS,WEFINDASIGNIFICANTDECREASEINCORPORATEPERFORMANCEFOLLOWINGTHEONSETOFTHECRISISANDTHISDECREASEISGREATERTHANTHATFORFIRMSTHATARENOTDEBTDEPENDENTFINALLY,FORHIGHDEBTFIRMS,WEFINDTHATTHEHIGHERTHENEWDEBTBORROWEDTHELOWERTHECORPORATEPERFORMANCEDURINGTHECRISISPERIODHOWEVER,WEFINDNOSUCHRELATIONFORLOW
36、DEBTFIRMSDURINGTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGECRISISAWELLDEVELOPEDFINANCIALSYSTEMENABLESDEBTDEPENDENTFIRMSTOOBTAINCOMPARATIVELYMOREEXTERNALFUNDINGINNONCRISISPERIODS,ANDHENCEACREDITCRUNCHHASADISPROPORTIONATELYNEGATIVEIMPACTONTHEPERFORMANCEOFSUCHFIRMSINCONTRAST,FIRMSWHICHUSELITTLEORNOEXTERNALFUNDINGEXPERIENCENOSIGNIFICANTCHANGEINPERFORMANCEDURINGTHECREDITCRUNCH,SUGGESTINGTHATLOWDEBTFIRMSHAVEACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEDURINGACREDITCRUNCH