1、1外文翻译原文AMODELFORREVERSELOGISTICSENTRYBYTHIRDPARTYPROVIDERSMATERIALSOURCETHEINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCEAUTHORDENNISWKRUMWIEDEATHEGOALOFMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESISTOSHIPGOODSTHROUGHTHEIRPLANTSTOTHEIRCUSTOMERSTHISMOVEMENTOFGOODSMEANSAPROFITTOALLINVOLVEDTHESESAMECOMPANIES,HOWEVER,DONOTWANTPRODU
2、CTSTOBERETURNEDFORANYREASONTHEYDONOTPLANFORTHEBACKWARDMOVEMENTORRETURNOFGOODS,KNOWNASREVERSELOGISTICS,ASTHESERETURNSREPRESENTASUBSTANTIALCOSTRATHERTHANAPROFITSOMECEOSEVENPERCEIVERETURNEDGOODSASAFAILUREOFTHEIRSYSTEMSOMETIMESREVERSELOGISTICSISREGARDEDASARECYCLINGPROCESSINVOLVINGALUMINUMCANS,PAPERS,PLA
3、STICANDGLASSREVERSELOGISTICSISACTUALLYVERYINVOLVEDANDCANBEEXTREMELYCOMPLEXMANYCOMPANIESWITHLIMITEDRESOURCESOUTSOURCETHEIRREVERSELOGISTICSOPERATIONNEEDSTOTHIRDPARTYPROVIDERSASANEXAMPLE,MANYCOMPANIESUSENETRETURN,ANINTERNETSYSTEMTHATFEDERALEXPRESSHASDEVELOPEDFORREVERSELOGISTICSMANAGEMENTNETRETURNFACILI
4、TATESRETURNSFORMERCHANTSONCEACUSTOMERHASREQUESTEDARETURNANDBEENPROVIDEDAUTHORIZATIONTORETURNAPRODUCTTHESETHIRDPARTYCOMPANIESSUCHASFEDEX,ASTRAANDGENCO,NOTONLYAIDTHERETURNPROCESSOFGOODSBYSCHEDULINGTHEPICKUPANDTRANSPORTATION,THEYALSOCOLLECTCUSTOMERINFORMATIONANDTRACKTHESTATUSOFRETURNEDITEMSOVERTHELASTD
5、ECADE,REVERSELOGISTICSHASHADASIGNIFICANTECONOMICIMPACTONINDUSTRYASWELLASSOCIETYTHISIMPACTCANBESEENEITHERASDETRIMENTALTOACOMPANY,ANDTHUSAVOIDED,ORASACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEWITHPOTENTIALFORCAPTURINGMARKETSHARECOMPANIESTHATRECEIVEITEMSBACKFROMTHECUSTOMERWHOTRYTOHIDEFROMTHESIGNIFICANCEOFREVERSELOGISTICSMIS
6、SPROFITMAKINGOPPORTUNITIESONTHEOTHERHAND,COMPANIESTHATUSEREVERSELOGISTICSASANOPPORTUNITYFORENHANCEDBUSINESSWILLPROSPERBYMAINTAININGCUSTOMERSUPPORT,THEULTIMATEISSUEFORPROFITABILITYWHILERECOGNIZINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFREVERSELOGISTICS,COMPANIESANDESPECIALLYEBUSINESSESAREINCREASINGLYOUTSOURCINGTHEIRREVERSELO
7、GISTICSEFFORTSTOTHIRDPARTY2PROVIDERSEVENSOMEMAJORDISCOUNTSTORESSUCHASKMARTARECHOOSINGTOOUTSOURCETHEIRREVERSELOGISTICSOPERATIONSTOTHIRDPARTYPROVIDERSLIKEGENCODISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMGOOLEYHASDEVELOPEDAPROCESSFORCOMPANIESCONSIDERINGTHECREATIONOFTHEIROWNREVERSELOGISTICSOPERATIONSTHIRDPARTYPROVIDERSARERECOGNI
8、ZINGTHEOPPORTUNITIESASSOCIATEDWITHREVERSELOGISTICS,BUTDONOTUNDERSTANDTHEPROCESSESNECESSARYTOEMBARKUPONTHISBUSINESSINALOGICALMANNERLOGISTICSINVOLVESTHEMOVEMENTOFPHYSICALGOODSFROMONELOCATIONTOANOTHERANDTHIRDPARTYTRANSPORTATIONCOMPANIESSUCHASJBHUNTPROVIDEASUBSTANTIALPORTIONOFTHISSERVICESOMEOFTHEEARLIES
9、TDOCUMENTATIONOFTHEUSEOFLOGISTICSCANBETRACEDTOTHEMILITARYSIMPSONANDWEINERREFERENCEDANARTICLEWRITTENIN1898DESCRIBINGLOGISTICSASASTRATEGYFORHANDLINGTROOPSDURINGWAR,INCLUDINGTHEMOVINGANDQUARTERINGOFTROOPSTHEMILITARYHASSINCEDEFINEDLOGISTICSASENCOMPASSINGALLACTIVITIESANDMETHODSCONNECTEDWITHSUPPLYINGTHEMI
10、LITARY,INCLUDINGSTORAGEREQUIREMENTS,TRANSPORTANDDISTRIBUTIONAMERICANPRODUCTIONANDINVENTORYCONTROLSOCIETYAPICSDEFINESLOGISTICS“INANINDUSTRIALCONTEXT,THEARTANDSCIENCEOFOBTAINING,PRODUCING,ANDDISTRIBUTINGMATERIALANDPRODUCTINTHEPROPERPLACEANDINPROPERQUANTITIES”THECOUNCILOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTCLMDEFINESLO
11、GISTICSAS“THEPROCESSOFPLANNING,IMPLEMENTING,ANDCONTROLLINGTHEEFFCIENT,COSTEFFECTIVEFLOWOFRAWMATERIALS,INPROCESSINVENTORY,FINISHEDGOODSANDRELATEDINFORMATIONFROMTHEPOINTOFORIGINTOTHEPOINTOFCONSUMPTIONFORTHEPURPOSEOFCONFORMINGTOCUSTOMERREQUIREMENTS”ALLOFTHESEDENITIONSINVOLVETHEMOVEMENTOFGOODSFROMONEPOI
12、NTTOANOTHERTHEBUSINESSOFGOODSMOVEMENTORLOGISTICSHASCREATEDTHENEEDFORSUBSTANTIALINFRASTRUCTURESSUCHASRAILROADS,HIGHWAYS,RIVERPORTS,SEAPORTSANDAIRPORTSCITIESANDTOWNSHAVEEMERGEDANDGROWNALONGACTIVELOGISTICSROUTES,DEMONSTRATINGTHEIMPORTANCEANDPOWEROFLOGISTICSREVERSELOGISTICSCANBEDENEDASTHEREVERSEPROCESSO
13、FLOGISTICSTRADITIONALLY,REVERSELOGISTICSHASBEENVIEWEDPRIMARILYASTHEPROCESSOFRECYCLINGPRODUCTSTODAY,DEFINITIONSVARYDEPENDINGONWHATCOMPANYORSEGMENTOFINDUSTRYISATTEMPTINGTODEFINEITRETAILERSSEEREVERSELOGISTICSASAWAYTOGETPRODUCTTHATHASBEENRETURNEDBYACONSUMERBACKTOTHEVENDORMANUFACTURERSTENDTOVIEWREVERSELO
14、GISTICSASTHEPROCESSOFRECEIVINGDEFECTIVEPRODUCTSORREUSABLECONTAINERSBACKFROMTHEUSERCLMDEFINESREVERSELOGISTICSAS“THEPROCESSOFPLANNING,IMPLEMENTING,ANDCONTROLLINGTHEEFFCIENT,COSTEFFECTIVEOWNOFRAWMATERIALSINPROCESSINVENTORY,NISHEDGOODSANDRELATEDINFORMATIONFROMTHEPOINTOFCONSUMPTIONTOTHEPOINTOFORIGINFORTH
15、EPURPOSEOFRECAPTURINGVALUEORPROPERDISPOSAL”3REVERSELOGISTICSGENERALLYINVOLVESEVENTSNECESSARYTORETRIEVE,TRANSPORTANDDISPOSEOFGOODSTHESEGOODSAREMOVEDBACKWARDFROMTHECONSUMERANDTHEPROCESSINCLUDESTHEINFORMATIONFLOWSASSOCIATEDWITHTRACKINGANDCREDITPROCESSESACOMPLETESUPPLYCHAINSYSTEMINCLUDESBOTHFORWARDLOGIS
16、TICSANDREVERSELOGISTICSMANAGEMENTTRADITIONALLYCONCENTRATEDONIMPROVINGFORWARDLOGISTICSOPERATIONSTOENHANCEAFIRMSCOMPETITIVENESSFORWARDLOGISTICSOPERATIONSSUBSEQUENTLYINCREASEREVERSELOGISTICSACTIVITIESANDTHUSITSIMPORTANCETOANORGANIZATIONSSUCCESSUSCOMPANIESARESPENDINGINEXCESSOF35BILLIONPERYEARONHANDLING,
17、TRANSPORTATION,ANDPROCESSINGOFRETURNEDGOODSTHESEESTIMATEDCOSTSDONOTINCLUDETHEMANAGEMENTOFTHESEPROCESSESASWELLASTHETRANSFORMATIONPROCESSOFCONVERTINGUNUSABLEGOODSINTOUSABLEGOODSONAVERAGEREVERSELOGISTICSACTIVITIESMAKEUPAPPROXIMATELY4OFTOTALLOGISTICSCOSTSTOACOMPANYCOMPANIESWHOPURCHASEREVERSELOGISTICSASS
18、ISTANCEFROMTHIRDPARTYPROVIDERSCOULDREDUCEUPTO10OFTHEIRCOMPANYSANNUALLOGISTICSCOSTSHIGHTECHCOMPANIESHAVEREDUCEDINVENTORIESALONGWITHIMPROVINGFIELDENGINEERPRODUCTIVITYBYASMUCHAS40THROUGHAPPROPRIATEHANDLINGOFREVERSELOGISTICSREVERSELOGISTICSISOBVIOUSLYEMERGINGASVERYIMPORTANTENTITYINTHESUPPLYCHAININTERNET
19、ISCREDITEDFORINCREASINGTHEDEMANDOFREVERSELOGISTICSSERVICESDUETORETURNSGENERATEDBYTHEMARKETINGSTRATEGIESOFINTERNETCONNECTEDCOMPANIESAMAZONCOMHASAMARKETINGSTRATEGYTHATINCLUDESALIBERALRETURNPOLICY,WHICHALLOWSITSCUSTOMERSTORETURNITEMSFORNUMEROUSREASONSREVERSELOGISTICSCANBEPARTICULARLYCRUCIALFORECOMMERCE
20、ASTHERATEOFRETURNSFROMONLINEPURCHASESCANBEASMUCHAS50OFGOODSSHIPPEDTHROUGHNORMALLOGISTICSCHANNELSAMAJORCONTRIBUTORTOTHEGROWINGNEEDFOREFFCIENTREVERSELOGISTICSPROCESSESCANBETRACEDTOLIBERALRETURNPOLICIESOFMANYRETAILERSSUCHASWALMART,KMART,SHOPKO,FREDMYERS,ETCTHESECOMPANIESHAVEVARIED,BUTLIBERAL,RETURNPOLI
21、CIESGIVINGCUSTOMERSSOMECONTROLOFTHEPRODUCTTHEYPURCHASEBYALLOWINGTHEMTORETURNITEMSFORAVARIETYOFREASONSCUSTOMERSRIGHTFULLY,ANDSOMETIMESWRONGFULLY,TAKEADVANTAGEOFTHISOPPORTUNITYTHENEEDFORMANAGEMENTOFRETURNEDGOODSINVENTORIESHASDRAMATICALLYINCREASEDASCUSTOMERSTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHEVARIOUSRETURNPOLICIESBECAUS
22、EOFTHISGROWTHINREVERSELOGISTICS,MANYCOMPANIESLIKEXEROX,HOMEDEPOT,MOBILANDEASTMANKODAKHAVETAILOREDREVERSELOGISTICSTOTHEIRINDUSTRYINANATTEMPTTOCONTROLTHECOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHITTHESECOMPANIESHAVEDISCOVEREDTHATCOSTREDUCTIONSININVENTORYCARRYINGCOSTS,RANSPORTATION,ANDWASTEDISPOSALCANBESUBSTANTIALWITHANEFFCI
23、ENTREVERSELOGISTICSPROGRAMTHESAMECOMPANIESHAVEALSORECOGNIZEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFPUBLICIMAGEANDHOWREVERSELOGISTICPOLICIESAFFECTTHATIMAGEATTHESAMETIMETHATTHEIMPORTANCEOF4REVERSELOGISTICSISINCREASING,MEYERANDROSENINDICATETHATTHEPROCESSOFREVERSELOGISTICSISALSOBECOMINGINCREASINGLYCOMPLICATEDMANYCOMPANIESAREUN
24、ABLETOHANDLETHECOMPLEXNETWORKINGNECESSARYTOHAVEANEFFCIENTREVERSELOGISTICSPROCESSTHESECOMPANIESARETHEREFOREOUTSOURCINGALLORPARTOFTHEREVERSELOGISTICSPROCESSTOTHIRDPARTYPROVIDERSOUTSOURCINGHASPROVIDEDMANYTHIRDPARTYPROVIDERSWITHAUNIQUEOPPORTUNITYTOENTERTHEREVERSELOGISTICSMARKET,SINCETHEYHAVEMANYOFTHENEC
25、ESSARYRESOURCESTOFACILITATEREVERSELOGISTICSHOWEVER,THEPRESIDENTOFMANUFACTURINGATGENCODISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM,ATHIRDPARTYPROVIDEROFREVERSELOGISTICS,SAYS“WEOFTENHAVETOCONVINCECOMPANIESTHEYHAVEAPROBLEMBEFOREWECANTELLTHEMWEHAVEASOLUTION”FREQUENTLYINMANYORGANIZATIONS,EMPLOYEESDONOTKNOWWHOISINCHARGEOFTHEREVERS
26、ELOGISTICSPROCESSONEUPPERLEVELMANAGERWITHINTHETHIRDPARTYPROVIDERINDUSTRYCOMMENTED“MANYCOMPANIESDONTEVENCOMECLOSETOUNDERSTANDINGHOWTHEIREXISTINGRETURNSPROCESSAECTSREPEATBUSINESSWITHTHEIRCUSTOMERSTHESERVICEASPECTOFTHERETURNSPROCESSCANULTIMATELYDETERMINETHELOYALTYOFCUSTOMERSFORADDITIONALBUSINESSANDREFE
27、RRALSBASEDONTHEHANDLINGOFEXISTINGRETURNGOODSACCOUNTSCOMPANIESSUCHASWALMARTUSEDEDICATEDREDISTRIBUTIONORPROCESSINGCENTERSFORTHEIROSITEPROCESSINGEFFORTSAPROCESSINGCENTERCANBERESPONSIBLEFORMANYASPECTSOFTHEREVERSELOGISTICSEORTWHICHINCLUDEAREPAIRSGOODSTHATHAVEBEENRETURNEDANDAREINNEEDOFREPAIRATAPROCESSINGC
28、ENTERBREPLACEMENTPARTRETURNTOCUSTOMERITEMSTHATHAVEBEENCOLLECTEDFROMTHEENDUSERUPONDELIVERINGTHEREPLACEMENTPARTTOTHECONSUMERCINSPECTIONRETURNEDGOODSSHIPPEDTOAPROCESSINGCENTERTHATREQUIREINSPECTION,WHICHMAYINCLUDEVISUAL,MECHANICALORELECTRICALTESTINGDSALVAGEGOODSTHATAREEITHERPHYSICALLYDESTROYED,DISPOSEDO
29、FSUCHASDELIVEREDTOALANDLL,ORDISMANTLEDEREWORKSGOODSTHATNEEDTOBEMODIEDSUCHASUPGRADESPUTTINGANEWMODULEINASYSTEMPERUPGRADEINSTRUCTIONS,REFURBISHMENTSANDREPACKAGING5译文第三方供应商的逆向物流模式资料来源管理科学国际期刊作者丹尼斯特瓦制造业的公司的目标是通过他们的工厂为他们的客户运送货物。这种商品流动是指利润所有参与。这些相同的企业，但是，不希望产品能以任何理由退还。他们不计划为举动或退货，被称为逆向物流，因为这些代表着巨大的成本效益，而不
30、是盈利。有些CEO甚至认为退货是由于他们的系统故障而产生的。有时候，逆向物流被看作是一个涉及回收铝罐，纸张，塑料和玻璃的过程。逆向物流实际上是复杂难懂，可以非常复杂。许多公司只有有限的资源，因此逆向物流操作需要外包给第三方供应商。举一个例子，许多公司使用NETRETURN互联网系统，联邦快递已发展逆向物流管理。NETRETURN利于商家的回报，一旦客户要求的回报，返回提供授权产品。如联邦快递，ASTRA和GENCO这些第三方公司，不仅通过安排援助皮卡和运输退货过程中，他们还收集客户信息和跟踪返回的项目的状态。在过去的十年中，逆向物流已经对社会产业有着重大的经济影响。这种影响可以看出，逆向物流作
31、为竞争优势获取市场份额与潜力从而避免对公司不利。公司试图隐藏来自客户退回的物品，从而错过逆向物流所带来的盈利机会。另一方面，企业如果能够以此为契机，在保持充足客源的情况下，重视企业逆向物流，将会获得巨大的盈利。通过逆向物流第三方供应商的努力越来越多的电子企业认识到逆向物流公司的重要性。即使是一些如凯马特折扣商店主要选择逆向物流业务外包给像GENCO配送系统的第三方供应商。GOOLEY已经开发出一套考虑自己的行动创造企业逆向物流业务。第三方供应商都意识到逆向物流的发展是一个很好的机会，但是不知道如何用一个合理的逻辑去开展这项业务。物流是货物从一个位置移动到另一个位置的一项服务，第三方运输公司（如
32、JBHUNT）就是提供这项服务的。现代物流使用的最早使用记录是在军事上。辛普森和韦纳1898年撰写的文章中指出物流是战争期间部队移动和部队进驻营区的一项战略。军方自定义为包括存储要求，运输和分配所有活动和物流方式连接。美国生产及存量管制学会（APICS）的定义“在制造产品或提供服务时所需的直接或者间接的物品投入。”物流管理协会（CLM的）将物流定义为“物流规划过程，执行和控制，有效的，成本有效流动的原材料，在制品库存，产成品从起点到相关信息点消费的以满足客户要求的目的。”这些定义都涉及从一个点的货物转移6到另一个。货物运输和物流业务创造了大量基础设施，如铁路，公路，内河港口，海港和机场的需要。
33、城市和城镇出现了活跃的物流路线，体现了物流的重要性及其物流能力。逆向物流也可以定义为反向物流。传统的逆向物流主要被认为是回收产品的过程。今天的定义取决于什么公司或部门行业从而加以界定。零售商将逆向物流作为把产品由消费者返回给供应商得一个方式。制造商认为再次制造用户使用过的产品是一次逆向物流的过程。美国物流管理协会对逆向物流的定义是“计划、实施和控制原料、半成品库存、制成品和相关信息，高效和成本经济地从消费点到起点的过程，从而达到回收价值和适当处置的目的。”逆向物流一般涉及的是检索，货物运输和处置。这些货物是一次消费者逆行的过程，包括信息流的跟踪和信贷。一个完整的供应链系统包括正向物流和逆向物流
34、。传统管理集中于提高物流业务，以便提高企业的竞争力。随后正向物流业务增加，因此，逆向物流活动一个企业的成功极其重要。美国公司每年花费35亿美元在装卸，运输，退货处理上面。这些费用不包括将无法使用的商品转换成有用物品的管理过程。一般情况下逆向物流活动约占公司物流总成本的4。公司利用第三方逆向物流可以为公司的年度物流成本节约大约10。高科技公司通过工程师适当处理的逆向物流库存提高多达40的生产力，逆向物流显然是对不断涌现的实体供应链来说是非常重要的。逆向物流服务需求的增加是归功于互联网，这是公司通过互联网的营销策略产生的回报。AMAZONCOM有一个自由的退货的营销策略，允许客户有理由退货。电子商
35、务是逆向物流的关键，作为回报，通过正常渠道物流发运货物网上购买率可高达50。为了满足日益增长的逆向物流需求，可以追溯到如沃尔玛，凯马特，肖科，弗雷德迈尔斯等众多的零售商的自由退货政策流程。这些公司都不尽相同，但却给予客户的有理由的自由退货政策，他们购买的物品，允许他们退回。客户购买了不对的商品就利用这个机会进行退货。顾客对退货的库存管理需求大大增加的各种需要退货政策优势。客户充分利用各种退货政策导致库存急剧增加。由于这种逆向物流发展，如施乐公司，家得宝，美孚和伊士曼柯达很多公司企图利用逆向物流控制与之相关的成本，这些公司发现逆向物流方案在存货成本在降低运输成本，运输和废物处理影响是巨大的。同样
36、公司也认识到公众形象的重要性，以及根据逆向物流的政策如何扭转这种形象。在同一时间，迈耶和罗森表明，逆向物流的重要性不断加强，逆向物流过程也变得越来越复杂。在逆向物流的重要性不断显现的时候，许多公司都不能把握好逆向物流流程所必须的复杂网络。因此这些公司将逆向物流流程的全部或部分外包给拥有运作逆向物流的必要资源的3PL公司。由于第三方供应商的外包服务有更多便捷的逆向物流资源为逆向物流市场提供了一个独特的机会。如沃尔玛公司，有专门为他们的异地加工供他们使用。逆向物流加工中心其中7包括许多方面工作A维修产品被送回在流程中所需的维修B替换部分的还给消费者有问题或被换货的产品经由维修处理后，会成为下一位顾客要替换产品时所换回的产品。C检查被送回的货物产品可能会在流程处理中心做机械测试D废物利用处理加工那些被拆除的产品或零件E修改、重做把产品重新加以修改，甚至是改包装，再以新的产品买入市场。
