1、1外文翻译原文THEDEVELOPMENTOFECOMMERCEMATERIALSOURCETHEECONOMIST,2003AUTHORLAUDON,KCWHENTHETECHNOLOGYBUBBLEBURSTIN2000,THECRAZYVALUATIONSFORONLINECOMPANIESVANISHEDWITHIT,ANDMANYBUSINESSESFOLDEDTHESURVIVORSPLUGGEDONASBESTTHEYCOULD,ENCOURAGEDBYTHEGROWINGNUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSNOWVALUATIONSARERISINGAGAINANDSOM
2、EOFTHEDOTCONSAREMAKINGREALPROFITS,BUTTHEBUSINESSWORLDHASBECOMEMUCHMORECAUTIOUSABOUTTHEINTERNETSPOTENTIALTHEFUNNYTHINGISTHATTHEWILDPREDICTIONSMADEATTHEHEIGHTOFTHEBOOMNAMELY,THATVASTCHUNKSOFTHEWORLDECONOMYWOULDMOVEINTOCYBERSPACEARE,INONEWAYORANOTHER,COMINGTRUETHERAWNUMBERSTELLONLYPARTOFTHESTORYACCORDI
3、NGTOAMERICASDEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE,ONLINERETAILSALESINTHEWORLDSBIGGESTMARKETLASTYEARROSEBY26,TO55BILLIONTHATSOUNDSALOTOFMONEY,BUTITAMOUNTSTOONLY16OFTOTALRETAILSALESTHEVASTMAJORITYOFPEOPLESTILLBUYMOSTTHINGSINTHEGOODOLD“BRICKSANDMORTAR”WORLDBUTTHECOMMERCEDEPARTMENTSFIGURESDEALWITHONLYPARTOFTHERETAILINDU
4、STRYFORINSTANCE,THEYEXCLUDEONLINETRAVELSERVICES,ONEOFTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULANDFASTESTGROWINGSECTORSOFECOMMERCEINTERACTIVECORPIAC,THEOWNEROFEXPEDIACOMANDHOTELSCOM,ALONESOLD10BILLIONWORTHOFTRAVELLASTYEARANDITHASPLENTYOFCOMPETITION,NOTLEASTFROMAIRLINES,HOTELSANDCARRENTALCOMPANIES,ALLOFWHICHINCREASINGLYSELLO
5、NLINENORDOTHEFIGURESTAKEINTHINGSLIKEFINANCIALSERVICES,TICKETSALESAGENCIES,PORNOGRAPHYA2BILLIONBUSINESSINAMERICALASTYEAR,ACCORDINGTOADULTVIDEONEWS,ATRADEMAGAZINE,ONLINEDATINGANDAHOSTOFOTHERACTIVITIES,FROMTRACINGANCESTORSTOGAMBLINGWORTHPERHAPS6BILLIONWORLDWIDETHEYALSOLEAVEOUTPURCHASESINGREYMARKETS,SUC
6、HASTHEONLINEPHARMACIESTHATARETHOUGHTTOBERESPONSIBLEFORAGOODPROPORTIONOFTHE700MTHATAMERICANSSPENTLASTYEARONBUYINGCUTPRICEPRESCRIPTIONDRUGSFROMACROSSTHEBORDERINCANADAANDTHEREISMORETHECOMMERCEDEPARTMENTSFIGURESINCLUDETHEFEESEARNED2BYINTERNETAUCTIONSITES,BUTNOTTHEVALUEOFGOODSTHATARESOLDANASTONISHING24BI
7、LLIONWORTHOFTRADEWASDONELASTYEARONEBAY,THEBIGGESTONLINEAUCTIONEERNOR,BYDEFINITION,DOTHEYINCLUDETHEBILLIONSOFDOLLARSWORTHOFGOODSBOUGHTANDSOLDBYBUSINESSESCONNECTINGTOEACHOTHEROVERTHEINTERNETSOMEOFTHESEB2BSERVICESAREPROPRIETARYFOREXAMPLE,WALMARTTELLSITSSUPPLIERSTHATTHEYMUSTUSEITSOWNSYSTEMIFTHEYWANTTOBE
8、PARTOFITSANNUALTURNOVEROF250BILLIONSOECOMMERCEISALREADYVERYBIG,ANDITISGOINGTOGETMUCHBIGGERBUTTHEACTUALVALUEOFTRANSACTIONSCURRENTLYCONCLUDEDONLINEISDWARFEDBYTHEEXTRAORDINARYINFLUENCETHEINTERNETISEXERTINGOVERPURCHASESCARRIEDOUTINTHEOFFLINEWORLDTHATINFLUENCEISBECOMINGANINTEGRALPARTOFECOMMERCETOSTARTWIT
9、H,THEINTERNETISPROFOUNDLYCHANGINGCONSUMERBEHAVIOURONEINFIVECUSTOMERSWALKINGINTOASEARSDEPARTMENTSTOREINAMERICATOBUYANELECTRICALAPPLIANCEWILLHAVERESEARCHEDTHEIRPURCHASEONLINEANDMOSTWILLKNOWDOWNTOADIMEWHATTHEYINTENDTOPAYMORESURPRISINGLY,THREEOUTOFFOURAMERICANSSTARTSHOPPINGFORNEWCARSONLINE,EVENTHOUGHMOS
10、TENDUPBUYINGTHEMFROMTRADITIONALDEALERSTHEDIFFERENCEISTHATTHESECUSTOMERSCOMETOTHESHOWROOMARMEDWITHINFORMATIONABOUTTHECARANDTHEBESTAVAILABLEDEALSSOMETIMESTHEYEVENHAVECOMPUTERPRINTOUTSIDENTIFYINGTHEPARTICULARVEHICLEFROMTHEDEALERSSTOCKTHATTHEYWANTTOBUYHALFOFTHE60MCONSUMERSINEUROPEWHOHAVEANINTERNETCONNEC
11、TIONBOUGHTPRODUCTSOFFLINEAFTERHAVINGINVESTIGATEDPRICESANDDETAILSONLINE,ACCORDINGTOASTUDYBYFORRESTER,ARESEARCHCONSULTANCYDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESHAVEDIFFERENTHABITSINITALYANDSPAIN,FORINSTANCE,PEOPLEARETWICEASLIKELYTOBUYOFFLINEASONLINEAFTERRESEARCHINGONTHEINTERNETBUTINBRITAINANDGERMANY,THETWOMOSTDEVELOPEDIN
12、TERNETMARKETS,THENUMBERSAREEVENLYSPLITFORRESTERSAYSTHATPEOPLEBEGINTOSHOPONLINEFORSIMPLE,PREDICTABLEPRODUCTS,SUCHASDVDS,ANDTHENGRADUATETOMORECOMPLEXITEMSUSEDCARSALESARENOWONEOFTHEBIGGESTONLINEGROWTHAREASINAMERICAPEOPLESEEMTOENJOYSHOPPINGONTHEINTERNET,IFHIGHCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONSCORESAREANYGUIDEWEBSITE
13、SAREDOINGEVERMOREANDCLEVERERTHINGSTOSERVEANDENTERTAINTHEIRCUSTOMERS,ANDSEEMSETTOTAKEAMUCHBIGGERSHAREOFPEOPLESOVERALLSPENDINGINTHEFUTURETHISHASENORMOUSIMPLICATIONSFORBUSINESSACOMPANYTHATNEGLECTSITSWEBSITEMAYBECOMMITTINGCOMMERCIALSUICIDEAWEBSITEISINCREASINGLYBECOMINGTHEGATEWAYTOACOMPANYSBRAND,PRODUCTS
14、ANDSERVICESEVENIFTHEFIRMDOESNOT3SELLONLINEAUSELESSWEBSITESUGGESTSAUSELESSCOMPANY,ANDARIVALISONLYAMOUSECLICKAWAYBUTEVENTHECOOLESTWEBSITEWILLBELOSTINCYBERSPACEIFPEOPLECANNOTFINDIT,SOCOMPANIESHAVETOENSURETHATTHEYAPPEARHIGHUPININTERNETSEARCHRESULTSFORMANYUSERS,ASEARCHSITEISNOWTHEIRPOINTOFENTRYTOTHEINTER
15、NETTHEBESTKNOWNSEARCHENGINEHASALREADYENTEREDTHELEXICONPEOPLESAYTHEYHAVE“GOOGLE”ACOMPANY,APRODUCTORTHEIRPLUMBERTHESEARCHBUSINESSHASALSODEVELOPEDONEOFTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEFORMSOFADVERTISINGONTHEINTERNETANDITISALREADYTHEBESTWAYTOREACHSOMECONSUMERSTEENAGERSANDYOUNGMENSPENDMORETIMEONLINETHANWATCHINGTELEVISION
16、ALLTHISMEANSTHATSEARCHISTURNINGINTOTHEINTERNETSNEXTBIGBATTLEGROUNDASGOOGLEDEFENDSITSELFAGAINSTCHALLENGESFROMYAHOOANDMICROSOFTTHEOTHERWAYTOGETNOTICEDONLINEISTOOFFERGOODSANDSERVICESTHROUGHONEOFTHEBIGSITESTHATALREADYGETALOTOFTRAFFICEBAY,YAHOOANDAMAZONAREBECOMINGHUGETRADINGPLATFORMSFOROTHERCOMPANIESBUTT
17、OTAKEPART,ACOMPANYSPRODUCTSHAVETOSTANDUPTOINTENSEPRICECOMPETITIONPEOPLECHECKONLINEPRICES,COMPARETHEMWITHTHOSEINTHEIRLOCALHIGHSTREETANDMAYWELLTAKEAPEEKATWHATCUSTOMERSINOTHERCOUNTRIESAREPAYINGEVENIFWEBSITESAREPREVENTEDFROMSHIPPINGTHEIRGOODSABROAD,THEREAREPLENTYOFWEBBASEDENTREPRENEURSREADYTOOBLIGEWHATI
18、SGOINGONHEREISARBITRAGEBETWEENDIFFERENTSALESCHANNELS,SAYSMOHANBIRSAWHNEY,PROFESSOROFTECHNOLOGYATTHEKELLOGGSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENTINCHICAGOFORINSTANCE,SOMEONEMIGHTUSETHEINTERNETTORESEARCHDIGITALCAMERAS,BUTVISITAPHOTOGRAPHICSHOPFORAHANDSONDEMONSTRATION“ILLTHINKABOUTIT,”THEYWILLTELLTHESALESASSISTANTBACKHOME
19、,THEYWILLUSEASEARCHENGINETOFINDTHELOWESTPRICEANDBUYONLINEINTHISWAY,CONSUMERSARE“DECONSTRUCTINGTHEPURCHASINGPROCESS”,SAYSPROFESSORSAWHNEYTHEYAREUNBUNDLINGPRODUCTINFORMATIONFROMTHETRANSACTIONITSELFITISNOTONLYPRICETRANSPARENCYTHATMAKESINTERNETCONSUMERSSOPOWERFULITISALSOTHEWAYTHENETMAKESITEASYFORTHEMTOB
20、EFICKLEIFTHEYDONOTLIKEAWEBSITE,THEYSWIFTLYMOVEON“THEWEBISTHEMOSTSELFISHENVIRONMENTINTHEWORLD,”SAYSDANIELROSENSWEIG,CHIEFOPERATINGOFFICEROFYAHOO“PEOPLEWANTTOUSETHEINTERNETWHENEVERTHEYWANT,HOWTHEYWANTANDFORWHATEVERTHEYWANT”YAHOOISNOTALONEINDEFININGITSSTRATEGYASWORKINGOUTWHATITSCUSTOMERS260MUNIQUEUSERS
21、EVERYMONTHARELOOKINGFOR,ANDTHENTRYINGTOGIVEITTOTHEM4THEFIRSTTHINGTHEYWANTISTOBECOMEBETTERINFORMEDABOUTPRODUCTSANDPRICES“WEOPERATEOURBUSINESSONTHATBELIEF,”SAYSJEFFBEZOS,AMAZONSCHIEFEXECUTIVEAMAZONBECAMEFAMOUSFORBOOKS,BUTLONGAGOBRANCHEDOUTINTOSELLINGLOTSOFOTHERTHINGSTOOAMONGITSLATESTVENTURESAREHEALTHP
22、RODUCTS,JEWELLERYANDGOURMETFOODAPARTFROMCHEAPANDBULKYITEMSSUCHASGARDENRAKES,MRBEZOSTHINKSHECANSELLMOSTTHINGSANDSODOTHEMILLIONSOFPEOPLEWHOUSEEBAYANDYETNOBODYTHINKSREALSHOPSAREFINISHED,ESPECIALLYTHOSEOPERATINGINNICHEMARKETSMANYBRICKSANDMORTARBOOKSHOPSSTILLMAKEAGOODLIVING,ASDOFLEAMARKETSBUTMANYRECORDSH
23、OPSANDTRAVELAGENTSCOULDBEINFORATOUGHERTIMEERIKBLACHFORD,THEHEADOFIACSTRAVELSIDEANDBOSSOFEXPEDIA,THEBIGGESTINTERNETTRAVELAGENT,THINKSONLINETRAVELBOOKINGSINAMERICACOULDQUICKLYMOVEFROM20OFTHEMARKETTOMORETHANHALFMRBEZOSRECKONSONLINERETAILERSMIGHTCAPTURE1015OFRETAILSALESOVERTHENEXTDECADETHATWOULDREPRESEN
24、TAMASSIVESHIFTINSPENDINGHOWWILLTRADITIONALSHOPSRESPONDMICHAELDELL,THEFOUNDEROFDELL,WHICHLEADSTHEPERSONALCOMPUTERMARKETBYSELLINGDIRECTTOTHECUSTOMER,HASLONGTHOUGHTMANYSHOPSWILLTURNINTOSHOWROOMSTHEREAREALREADYSIGNSOFCHANGEONTHEHIGHSTREETTHELATESTAPPLEANDSONYSTORESAREDESIGNEDTODISPLAYPRODUCTS,INTHEFULLE
25、XPECTATIONTHATMANYPEOPLEWILLBUYONLINETOSOMEEXTENT,THEONLINEANDOFFLINEWORLDSMAYMERGEMULTICHANNELSELLINGCOULDINVOLVEACOMBINATIONOFTRADITIONALSHOPS,APRINTEDCATALOGUE,AHOMESHOPPINGCHANNELONTV,APHONEINORDERSERVICEANDANECOMMERCEENABLEDWEBSITEBUTOFTENITISLIKELYTOBETHEWEBSITEWHERECUSTOMERSWILLBEENCOURAGEDTO
26、PLACETHEIRORDERSONEOFTHEBIGGESTCOMMERCIALADVANTAGESOFTHEINTERNETISALOWERINGOFTRANSACTIONCOSTS,WHICHUSUALLYTRANSLATESDIRECTLYINTOLOWERPRICESFORTHECONSUMERSO,IFTHELOWESTPRICESCANBEFOUNDONTHEINTERNETANDPEOPLELIKETHESERVICETHEYGET,WHYWOULDTHEYBUYANYWHEREELSEONEREASONMAYBECONVENIENCEANOTHER,CONCERNABOUTF
27、RAUD,WHICHPOSESTHEBIGGESTTHREATTOONLINETRADEBUTASLONGASTHEINTERNETCONTINUESTODELIVERPRICEANDPRODUCTINFORMATIONQUICKLY,CHEAPLYANDSECURELY,ECOMMERCEWILLCONTINUETOGROWINCREASINGLY,COMPANIESWILLHAVETOASSUMETHATCUSTOMERSWILLKNOWEXACTLYWHERETOLOOKFORTHEBESTBUYTHISMARKETHASTHEPOTENTIALTOBECOMEASPERFECTASIT
28、GETS5译文电子商务的发展资料来源THEECONOMISTPRINTEDITION,2003作者LAUDON,KC当网络泡沫在2000年破裂,备受炒作的网上公司好象随之蒸发了,众多的网上贸易也被迫流产。劫后余生网上公司无一不紧缩商务,好在与日俱增的互联网用户在激励着他们。现在,对网上公司的评价又有所提高了,有些失败的网络公司开始真正赚钱,但是商业世界还是谨慎的评价因特网的潜力。尽管如此,有人已大胆的预言世界上大量经济巨头不久都会以某种方式移师电脑空间。原始数字告诉我们的只是故事的一部分。据美国商业部统计,世界上最大的网上零售市场去年的销售额增长了26,达到550亿美元。这听起来很多钱,但它仅
29、相当于零售总额的16。绝大多数的人还是喜欢在实体商店购买商品。但是商业部的数据统计不过是零售业的一部份。例如,他们排除了电子商务最成功及发展最快的行业之一,在线旅行服务。互动公司(国际综艺合家欢),EXPEDIACOM和HOTELSCOM的老板介绍,去年世界旅游就单独销售了100亿美元,它有大量的竞争对手,尤其是航空公司、旅馆、汽车租赁公司,所有这些公司都越来越多的在网上销售。同时这数据也没把财务服务、票销售代理商、色情文影(去年在美国通过成人视频新闻、贸易杂志销售20亿美元)等行业列入其中,另外大量与博彩业相关的商业形为(世界范围内的网上博彩业营业额高达60亿美元)也没有提及。他们同样遗漏了
30、灰色市场中的交易,像是在线药房,美国人去年从加拿大越境买进打折扣的处方药物花费近7亿美元。而且还有更多。美国商务部的数据包括互联网拍卖网站所赚取的费用,但不是被卖货物的价值。去年最大的网上拍卖贸易价值是易趣上惊人的240亿美元,他们在因特网上有数十亿美元的货物买卖业务。其中有些是专有的B2B服务,例如,沃尔玛告诉它的供应商,如果他们想要每年2500亿美元的营业额,他们必须使用自己的系统。由以上数字可以看出,电子商务已是很有规模了,并且正在发展壮大。但是网上交易额正受到离线交易的冲击,而离线交易又是电子商务的一个重要组成部分。首先,互联网正在深刻地改变消费者的行为。有五分之一的客户走进美国西尔斯
31、百货公司买一个电器,他们将会在网上研究他们所要购买的,以节省哪怕一毛钱。更令人惊讶的,四分之三的美国人开始在网上购买新车,尽管大部分最终会从传统的经销商那里购买。所不同的是,这些客户来看关于车的资讯,6并选定网上推荐的最好的经销商。有时,他们还会到相关网站上去打印自己感兴趣的汽车的图片等资料作参考。据福里斯特研究咨询业务研究,在欧洲,3000万消费者会通过因特网查询商品的价格和详细信息后在线下购买。不同的国家有不同的习惯。在意大利和西班牙,例如,通过网上调查在线下人们可能以2倍的价格购买商品。但是在英国和德国这两个最发达的网络市场,数量也各占一半。福里斯特称,人们开始在网上购买简单、稳定的产品
32、,如DVD,然后升级到更加复杂的项目。二手车销售目前是美国最大的在线增长领域之一。如果网站的顾客导购做的成功的话,人们看来是乐意采取网上购物方式的,现在的网站正在变得越来越明智,它们给顾客更多更实在的服务。在不久的将来,网上购物在人们购物的总额中所占比例肯定会有大的提高。网站对企业来说意义重大。一个不注重网站建设的公司无异于是在商战中自杀。即使公司并不在网上交易,网站正日益成为一个公司的品牌、产品和服务网关。在电脑空间,一个无价值的网站往往预示着一个无价值的公司,他只会在人们的鼠标点击下被无情舍弃。所以一个成功的公司一定要建成一个优秀的网站,以确保它能出现在每次搜索结果的前列。对于许多用户来说
33、,搜索网站是他们进入互联网的切入点。最著名的搜索引擎已经进入词典人们会说他们是“谷歌”公司。这种搜索行为也成为了互联网上最有成效的广告途径之一。而且它已经是最好的方式,它能够触及到一些消费者上网比看电视花更多的时间的十几岁的青少年和年轻人。所有这些都说明,网上搜索成了互联网的下一个战场,例如,GOOGLE就是依赖其优异的搜索功能来抗衡雅虎和微软。另一种引起人们注意的方式,就是通过已经获得大量流量的网站提供商品及服务。易趣、雅虎和亚马逊等公司正在成为巨大的交易平台。一个公司的产品必须经得起强烈的价格竞争。网上消费者往往会拿商品网上报价与当地商店里作一比较,甚至会与别的国家的售价进行比较,即使网上
34、销售在境外是被禁止的,也会有大量的基于网站销售方式的业主积极去运作。芝加哥凯洛格管理学院技术教授莫汉伯索赫尼说过,我们应清楚现今消费者购物行为的改变。例如,某人想买一部数字照相机,他会先到附近的商店里去考察实物,选好型号后,他会和售货员说“我会考虑的”,然后他回家就会到网上去查该型号相机的最低售价,然后在网上订购。所以从这个意义上说,消费者已不再遵从传统的购物流程。电子商务不仅是价格透明,使得有如此强大的互联网消费者,而且是网络的方式,让他们更容易善变。如果是他们不喜欢的网站,他们迅速跳过。丹尼尔罗森维格说“网络是世界上最自私的环境”,雅虎首席营运官说“人们应用7互联网可谓,随时、随地、随人所
35、欲”。像雅虎这样,致力于寻找并提供客户需要的各种信息的网站并不在少数。他们首先需要的是更好地了解产品和价格情况。亚马逊的首席执行官贝佐斯说,“我们经营的基础是消费者的信任”。亚马逊因为图书而闻名,但他们早已跨足卖过很多其他的东西了,保健品、珠宝和美食,除了便宜又笨重的物品外。贝佐斯先生认为他可以卖任何东西,这也是数以百万计的消费者选择EBAY的原因。即便如此,没有人会认为传统意义的商店可以消失,特别是那些“投机性”更强的领域。许多实体的书店仍然存活着,如杂货市场。但是对许多唱片商店和旅行社将是严峻的时刻。作为互联网上最大的旅游代理商EXPEDIA旅游公司,其老板声称在美国在线旅行预订旅游服务的
36、比例可以迅速地从20的市场超过50。贝佐斯先生认为在下一个十年网上零售商可能达到1015的零售销售。这将是一个巨大的转变。面对来势汹汹的网上营销,传统商店将如何反应戴尔的创始人迈克尔戴尔,一直领导个人计算机的直销市场,他认为凭借各层销售商店去出售计算机的方式只能进陈列馆作为古董了,DELL采用的直销方式已收到了良好的效果。近来,苹果和索尼的专卖店计划展示全部可以在网上查到的该品牌商品,也是应对措施之一。在一定程度上,网上和离线销售也必将合并。传统商店也将成为多种销售手段并存的集合体打印出的商品名录、家庭电视直销、电视订货以及电子商务网站具全。但从消费者角度来说,从网上订货还是他们最为乐意的消费方式。互联网销售最大的优势就在于互联网降低交易成本,而这往往可以直接转化为更低的价格给消费者。因此,如果最低的价格可以在因特网上找到并能得到最好的服务,为什么他们要到别的地方买呢。当然,方便可能是原因之一。另外,消费者在网上购物时,可能会面对欺诈行为。但随着互联网的发展,它传递商品信息速度进一步加快,加上提供同一商品的多家网站必然会考虑自己的长远发展,而争相提供准确真实的商品信息和价格,并提供优质服务,以抓住更多的用户。所以网上市场肯定会越来越完善。