1、1外文翻译原文EBUSINESSINTHEAGRICULTURALINPUTINDUSTRIESMATERIALSOURCEREVIEWOFAGRICULTURALECONOMICSAUTHORJAYTAKRIDGEAVARIETYOFFACTORSARECREATINGPRESSUREFORINCREASEDUSEOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESANDEBUSINESSCONCEPTSINTHEAGRICULTURALINPUTINDUSTRIESUNDERSTANDINGWHEREINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDEBUSINESSCONCEPTSWILLA
2、DDVALUETOTHEDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSFORAGRICULTURALINPUTSREQUIRESANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHENEEDSOFTHETWOPRIMARYAGENTSINTHECHANNELAGRICULTURALPRODUCERSANDMANUFACTURERSINTHISPAPER,AFRAMEWORKFORUNDERSTANDINGTHECHANGESINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDEBUSINESSMAYBRINGTOTHEDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELISDEVELOPEDINADDITION,SOMEOFTHE
3、ATTITUDESOFMANAGERSTOWARDEBUSINESSANDTHEIMPACTSOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESFORTHEAGRICULTURALINPUTSINDUSTRIESARECONSIDEREDTHEFOCUSOFTHISPAPERISTHEIMPACTOFEBUSINESSONTHEAGRICULTURALINPUTINDUSTRIESTHREEOBJECTIVESAREPURSUEDFIRST,THEKEYDRIVERSSETTINGTHESTAGEFOREBUSINESSINAGRICULTURALINPUTMARKETSAREHIGHLIGH
4、TEDTHEREAREIMPORTANTCHANGESTAKINGPLACEINTHESEMARKETSTHATMAKETHEMRECEPTIVETODEVELOPMENTSINEBUSINESSANDECOMMERCESECOND,THISPAPERPRESENTSAFRAMEWORKFORUNDERSTANDINGHOWTHECHANGESTAKINGPLACEINTHEINPUTSECTORASARESULTOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYWILLIMPACTTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFAGRICULTURALINPUTSFINALLY,SOMEIMPLICATION
5、SOFEXPANDINGUSEOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESANDEBUSINESSCONCEPTSFORTHEAGRICULTURALINPUTDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSAREDEVELOPEDFORCESOFCHANGEINAGRICULTURALINPUTMARKETSTHEREARESEVERALFORCESBRINGINGABOUTCHANGEINTHEAGRICULTURALINPUTMARKETSBECAUSETHECUSTOMERBASEOFAGRICULTURALINPUTMARKETSISVERYFRAGMENTED,INCREASINGL
6、YTHEREISAWIDERANGEOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCERREQUIREMENTSWITHRESPECTTOPRODUCTS,SERVICES,ANDINFORMATIONACROSSTHEDIFFERENTINPUTMARKETSTHESEREQUIREMENTSARERELATEDTOTHESIZEOFTHEFARMOPERATION,THEINTENSITYOFUSEOFMANAGEMENTTOOLSANDPROCESSES,ANDTHEVALUESTRUCTUREOFINDIVIDUALFARMOPERATORSTHISFRAGMENTATIONHASFORCED
7、INPUTSUPPLIERSTOCONSIDERABROADRANGEOFALTERNATIVESFORDISTRIBUTINGPRODUCTSTOPRODUCERS,ANDHASLEDTOPROVIDINGTAILOREDVALUEBUNDLES2INDIVIDUALIZEDSETSOFPRODUCTS,SERVICES,ANDINFORMATIONTOFITTHENEEDSOFINDIVIDUALPRODUCERSORSEGMENTSOFPRODUCERSESCALATINGCUSTOMEREXPECTATIONSHAVEINCREASEDPERFORMANCESTANDARDSTHATI
8、NPUTSUPPLIERSHAVETOMEETPARTOFTHEINCREASEINEXPECTATIONSISRELATEDTOTHESIZEOFFARMINGOPERATIONSLARGERFARMINGOPERATIONSTYPICALLYDEMANDHIGHERLEVELSOFPERFORMANCETHEMOREINTENSEUSEOFMANAGEMENTTOOLSANDPROCESSESBYFARMBUSINESSMANAGERSPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINHIGHERPERFORMANCESTANDARDSMANYPRODUCERSFACEINTENSEPROFIT
9、PRESSUREINTHEMARKETPLACE,FORCINGTHEMTORECONSIDERANDREEVALUATEEVERYPARTOFTHEIRBUSINESSOPERATION,INCLUDINGTHEVALUEBUNDLESTHATINPUTSUPPLIERSPROVIDETHEDEMANDFORCONVENIENCEINTHESUPPLIERPRODUCERRELATIONSHIPISANEXAMPLEOFINCREASINGPERFORMANCESTANDARDSIN1998,THECENTERFORFOODANDAGRICULTURALBUSINESSATPURDUEUNI
10、VERSITYCONDUCTEDASURVEYOF1,700COMMERCIALFARMOPERATORSTHESURVEYASKEDFARMERSTOEVALUATETHEIRUSEOFTIMESPENTONPURCHASINGFARMINPUTSTHERESULTSSUGGESTTHATPURCHASINGFARMINGINPUTSISBECOMINGMORETIMECONSUMING,PARTICULARLYFORFARMOPERATORSWITHMORETHAN500,000INANNUALGROSSFARMINCOMEFROMTHEINPUTSUPPLIERSPERSPECTIVE,
11、THEREFORE,THEREISAREALOPPORTUNITYTOBRINGFARMERSBUSINESSSOLUTIONSTHATHELPSIMPLIFYTHEIREXTERNALBUSINESSRELATIONSHIPSTHEGOALWOULDBETOREDUCEFARMERSTIMECOMMITTEDTOINPUTPURCHASINGACTIVITIESWHILEMEETINGANESCALATINGSTANDARDOFPERFORMANCETHEDEVELOPMENTANDINTRODUCTIONOFNEWINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTTECHNOLOGIESISANO
12、THERFORCECHANGINGINPUTINDUSTRIESINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIES,SUCHASTHEINTERNET,HAVEEXPANDEDMANAGERSCAPABILITIESANDAREFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGINGMANAGEMENTPRACTICES,TAKINGPRODUCTS,SERVICES,AND,MOSTIMPORTANTLY,INFORMATIONDIRECTLYTOPRODUCERSNEWWAYSOFACQUIRINGDATAAREREADILYAVAILABLENEWWAYSOFCOMMUNICATINGWITHSUPPLI
13、ERSANDOTHERPRODUCERSOFFERTHEPOTENTIALTOCHANGEEXISTINGMARKETRELATIONSHIPSANDCREATENEWONESTHEFINALFACTORDRIVINGCHANGEINAGRICULTURALINPUTMARKETSCONSIDEREDHEREISTHEINTENSECOMPETITIVERIVALRYTHATEXISTSINTHESEMARKETSINPUTSUPPLIERSAREENGAGEDINABATTLEFORMARKETSHAREINGENERALLYSLOWGROWINGMARKETSCOMPETITIONWITH
14、OTHERFIRMSFORTHEVOLUMELARGERPRODUCERSOFFERHASFORCEDINDUSTRYFIRMSTOREEVALUATEALLPHASESOFTHEIRBUSINESSSTRATEGYINORDERTOMAINTAINMARKETSHAREINADDITION,PRESSUREFORACCEPTABLERATESOFRETURNFROMINVESTORSHASPROMPTEDMOSTAGRICULTURALSUPPLIERSTOLOOKFORWAYSTOBEMOREEFFICIENTANDMOREEFFECTIVEALL3THESEFACTORSHAVECONT
15、RIBUTEDTOTHEINTERESTINNEWDISTRIBUTIONOPTIONSAMODELOFDISTRIBUTIONDECISIONSHOWCANEBUSINESSCONCEPTSANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYAFFECTTHEFUTURECONFIGURATIONOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSFORAGRICULTURALINPUTSANDHOWCANPRODUCTS,SERVICES,ANDINFORMATIONFLOWTHROUGHTHESENEWAND/ORMODIFIEDCHANNELSTOANSWERTHESEQUESTIONS,I
16、TISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDTHEFUNDAMENTALECONOMICSOFTHECHANNELTHEIMPACTOFGETTINGCAUGHTUPINTHEEUPHORIATHATCHARACTERIZEDEBUSINESSFORSEVERALYEARSHASBECOMEPAINFULLYAPPARENTTHEREISATENDENCYTOFRAMETHEINPUTMARKETPLACETHROUGHTHELENSOFHIGHLYVISIBLEEBUSINESSES,SUCHASAMAZONCOMWHILEERETAILISABUSINESSMODELTHATMAYFI
17、NDAPLACEINTHEAGRICULTURALINPUTMARKETS,ITISONLYONESUCHMODELTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHEMARKETPLACEBOTHFROMANAGRICULTURALPRODUCERANDMANUFACTURERSSTANDPOINTIMPLIESTHATASIMILARLYCOMPLEXSETOFDISTRIBUTIONARRANGEMENTSWILLUNFOLDTHESEARRANGEMENTSWILLBEDRIVENBYTHEPRODUCERSNEEDFORFARMBUSINESSSOLUTIONS,ANDBYTHEINPUTMANUF
18、ACTURERSNEEDFORREPRESENTATIONINTHEMARKETPLACETHECHANNELMUSTDELIVERSOMEBUNDLEOFPRODUCT,SERVICES,ANDINFORMATIONTHATFULFILLSAPARTICULARSETOFPRODUCERSREQUIREMENTSCURRENTLY,THEELEMENTSOFTHISPRODUCTSERVICEINFORMATIONBUNDLEAREUNDERGOINGEVALUATIONBYPRODUCERSWITHRESPECTTOWHATBESTSERVESTHEIRINDIVIDUALNEEDSAGR
19、ICULTURALPRODUCERSTHEAGRICULTURALPRODUCERSNEEDSFORAPRODUCTSERVICEINFORMATIONSOLUTIONWILLSHAPECHANNELDECISIONSPRODUCTCHARACTERISTICSWILLBEONEELEMENTOFTHISSOLUTIONITISDIFFICULTTOPLANFORACUTEPRODUCTSTHATMAYBENEEDEDURGENTLYANDUNDERDURESS,WHEREASTHEUSEOFMAINTENANCEPRODUCTSCANBEPLANNEDINADVANCEHENCE,DIFFE
20、RENTDISTRIBUTIONRELATIONSHIPSARELIKELYTORESULTDEPENDINGONPRODUCTCHARACTERISTICSTRADITIONALLY,AGRICULTURALINPUTSERVICESHAVEBEENBUNDLEDWITHTHEPRODUCTPROVIDEDBUTTHISCOULDCHANGEFORAVARIETYOFREASONSSOMEAGRICULTURALPRODUCERSCANPERFORMTHEIROWNSERVICESONTHEFARMOTHERSMAYHAVEATRADITIONALDEALERPERFORMTHESERVIC
21、EORSECURETHESERVICESTHROUGHATHIRDPARTYPROVIDERLIKEWISE,INFORMATIONCANBESOURCEDFROMINSIDETHEFARMBUSINESSMADEPOSSIBLEBYHIGHSPEEDINTERNETACCESS,BEPROVIDEDBYATRADITIONALSUPPLIERPERHAPSUSINGNONTRADITIONALMEANS,ORBEOUTSOURCEDTOANINDEPENDENTCONSULTANTHENCE,DISTRIBUTIONSOLUTIONSWILLVARYDEPENDINGONWHATSPECIF
22、ICPRODUCERSREQUIREFROMTHE4DISTRIBUTIONCHANNELANDHOWTHEYCHOOSETOASSEMBLEINPUTBUNDLESTOMEETTHEIRINDIVIDUALBUSINESSNEEDSMANUFACTURERSMANUFACTURERSHAVEVERYSPECIFICDEMANDSOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONCHANNEL,MOSTOFWHICHCANBEENCOMPASSEDUNDERTHEGENERALTHEMEOFREPRESENTATIONFIRST,MANUFACTURERSWANTACCESSTOTHERIGHTCUSTOME
23、RSANDTOGETTHEIRPRODUCTSANDSERVICESINFRONTOFTHEIRTARGETMARKETSSECOND,HAVINGINVESTEDCONSIDERABLERESOURCESINTHEDESIGN,DEVELOPMENT,TESTING,ANDMANUFACTUREOFTHEIRPRODUCTS,MANUFACTURERSWANTTOEXERTINFLUENCEOVERTRANSACTIONSTOMAXIMIZEREVENUESINMANYTRADITIONALDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELARRANGEMENTS,MANUFACTURERSINFLUE
24、NCEISHANDEDOFFTOATHIRDPARTYDISTRIBUTORWHOPLAYSAPIVOTALROLEININFLUENCINGTHEULTIMATEPURCHASEDECISIONOBVIOUSLY,THEMANUFACTURERREQUIRESTHATCERTAINSERVICES,SUCHASPREPURCHASEINFORMATION,POSTPURCHASESERVICE,TROUBLESHOOTING,ANDCOMPLAINTHANDLING,BEPROVIDEDTOPURCHASERSEACHDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMMUSTEXECUTETHESEPAR
25、TICULARFUNCTIONSTOBESUCCESSFULDISTRIBUTIONTHESOLUTIONREQUIREMENTSOFTHEAGRICULTURALPRODUCERANDTHESPECIFICREPRESENTATIONREQUIREMENTSOFTHEMANUFACTURERWILLHAVEAMAJORIMPACTONWHATDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSEMERGETRADITIONALLY,SOMEDISTRIBUTIONARRANGEMENTSINVOLVINGDEALERS,DISTRIBUTORS,ANDDIRECTSALESBYTHEMANUFACTURE
26、RSHAVEBEENCOMPLEXEBUSINESSANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESALSOHAVEEVOLVED,MULTIPLYINGTHENUMBEROFOPTIONSANDWAYSTOPERFORMDIFFERENTDISTRIBUTIONFUNCTIONSWHICHAGENTSCANPERFORMTHESEFUNCTIONSMOSTEFFICIENTLYANDEFFECTIVELYFUNDAMENTALECONOMICSWILLDETERMINETHEANSWERTOTHISQUESTIONWHILENEWOPTIONSUSINGTHEINTERNETWILLEM
27、ERGE,MARKETFORCESWILLDETERMINEWHEREANDWHENTHESEALTERNATIVEMETHODSOFDISTRIBUTIONWILLPAYEXPERIENCEHASSHOWNTHATITISRELATIVELYSIMPLETOWRITEABUSINESSPLANFORANEBUSINESSCOMPANYTHATEFFECTIVELYELIMINATESTHEMIDDLEMEN,ANDFARMORECHALLENGINGTOEXECUTESUCHAPLANSUCCESSFULLYINTHESEBUSINESSPLANS,THEERETAILERPROVIDESI
28、NFORMATIONSERVICESANDMAKESONLINEBUYINGAVAILABLETOCOMMUNITIESOFPRODUCERSHOWEVER,WHOWILLHANDLETHEINVENTORYMANAGEMENT,COMPLAINTS,ANDSTORAGEANDDELIVERYINTHESEBUSINESSMODELSTHEREISAREALOPPORTUNITYIFANERETAILERCANPROVIDETHESEANDOTHERDISTRIBUTIONFUNCTIONSMOREEFFICIENTLYTHANTHETRADITIONALDISTRIBUTIONCHANNEL
29、ITISSTILLANOPENQUESTIONWHETHERTHISWILLBEREALIZEDTHROUGHERETAILHOWEVER,5WHILEERETAILBUSINESSESHAVEFAILEDTOGARNERSIGNIFICANTSALESVOLUMESTODATE,EBUSINESSMOREBROADLYDEFINEDISALREADYACTINGASACATALYSTFORCHANGEACROSSTHEVARIOUSDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSFORAGRICULTURALINPUTSOBSERVATIONSONTHEFUTUREIN1999,THECENTERF
30、ORFOODANDAGRICULTURALBUSINESSATPURDUEUNIVERSITYCONDUCTEDASURVEYOFABOUT700AGRIBUSINESSESFROMACROSSTHEUNITEDSTATESQUESTIONSRELATEDTOTHEAPPLICATIONANDUSEOFECOMMERCEINTHEIRBUSINESSESONEOFTHESTATEMENTSEVALUATEDWASECOMMERCEWILLFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGETHEWAYWEDOBUSINESSINOURINDUSTRYINTHENEXTTHREEYEARSRESPONSESW
31、EREMEASUREDONAFIVEPOINTLIKERTSCALEWHERE1WASSTRONGLYAGREEAND5WASSTRONGLYDISAGREEATTHETIMEOFTHESTUDY,THEREWASOVERWHELMINGAGREEMENTTHATECOMMERCEWOULDFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGETHEWAYBUSINESSISCONDUCTEDTHERESULTWASMARGINALLYSTRONGERAMONGLARGERORGANIZATIONSAFOLLOWUPQUESTIONADDRESSEDTHEFUTUREROLEOFDEALERSINTHEAGR
32、ICULTURALINPUTSINDUSTRIESTHESTATEMENTPOSEDWASTHEEMERGENCEOFECOMMERCEWILLGREATLYREDUCETHEROLEFORLOCALDEALERSINOURINDUSTRYINTHENEXTTHREEYEARS,WITHTHESAMEPOSSIBLERESPONSES,THERESPONDENTSPOSITIONINTHECHANNELMANUFACTURER,DISTRIBUTOR,ORDEALERAPRIORIONEWOULDEXPECTDEALERSTOBELESSENTHUSIASTICANDTENDTODISAGRE
33、EWITHTHISSTATEMENTMORESTRONGLYTHANMANUFACTURERSTHISEXPECTEDRESULTDIDHOLD,THOUGHPERHAPSNOTTOTHEDEGREEEXPECTED20OFTHEDEALERSAGREEDWITHTHESTATEMENT,WHILE29OFTHEMANUFACTURERSAND34OFTHEDISTRIBUTORSBELIEVEDECOMMERCEWOULDGREATLYREDUCETHEROLEOFTHEDEALERTHEDEALERSRESPONSEISINTERESTINGBECAUSEITCOULDSIMPLYREFL
34、ECTDEALERSWANTINGTOPROTECTTHEIRPOSITIONINTHECHANNELATTHESAMETIME,INPUTDEALERSARECLOSESTTOAGRICULTURALPRODUCERSANDMAYBESTUNDERSTANDTHEVALUEPROVIDEDATTHEDEALERLEVELASARESULT,DEALERSMAYBEMOREFAMILIAR,ANDTENDTOBEMOREREALISTIC,ABOUTTHEABILITYORLACKTHEREOFOFOTHERPLAYERSANDTECHNOLOGIESTOMOVETHEMOUTOFTHEIRC
35、URRENTPOSITION6译文电子商务对农业投入产业的影响来源农业经济作者杰T阿克里奇越来越多的因素在不断地表明,电子商务要素以及信息技术在农业生产中所起到的重要作用,以及认识和理解信息技术和电子商务是如何在农业投入的分销渠道中两个最重要的因素农产品生产者和制造商中提高产品的附加值的。本文提供了一个信息技术以及电子商务下催生的分销渠道的分析框架,另外,还借鉴了一些倾向于电子商务以及信息技术经营农业投入产业的经理人态度和看法。电子商务对农业生产的影响是本文的重点。这里我们要表明三点其一,电子商务在农业生产中突出的重要性,让他们相信,通过电子商贸和电子商务,市场确实发生了重大的变化;其次,本文
36、讨论的框架重点在于在信息技术影响农业投入的情况下,理解这些生产领域是如何发生变化的;最后,介绍信息技术以及电子商务在农业生产分销渠道的扩大应用中的一些含义。农业投入市场变化产生的影响有很多因素可以造成农业投入市场的变化,由于农业生产市场的客户群是十分分散的,所以这些要素涉及到农场的经营规模、管理工具和流程的程度,以及个别农场经营者的价值观。这种现象使得供应商不得不考虑多种捆绑式的量身化价值替代品(包括个性化的生产设备、服务以及信息等),满足个人以及部分生产者的需求。供应商必须满足不断升级的客户的更多需求,更大的农场经营模式和高技术的操作是一部分的原因,更多的则集中在更高的经营标准中对农场经营者
37、更有绩效的管理性能标准的要求。许多生产者面对市场上强烈的利润压力,迫使他们考虑重新考虑和评估其营业的每个部分,包括供应商提供的捆绑式的量身化价值替代品服务。为供需双方提供更方便的交易方式是一个提高性能标准的例子。在1998年,波图大学的食物与农业中心进行了一项针对于1700多家商业农场经营者的调查,该调查询问农民其在购买农业投入上花费的时间。结果表明,购买农业投入越来越费时,特别是对于农场年收入高于50万美元的农场主来说。从供应商的角度来看,需要有一个真正的机会,为农民提供解决方案,简化他们的对外业务关系。这样的好处是减少农民在购买活动中所消耗的时间同时满足不断提高的经营标准。信息管理技术的发
38、展和新型技术的引进是改变投入产业的另一种方式。比如7因特网之类的信息技术扩大了管理者的管理能力,而且从根本上改变了管理方式、农产品收入、服务。新技术使得数据的实时获取变得相当容易。而且最重要的是双方能通过实时获取的数据信息,建立起一种新的交流途径。这种新的交流方式创新,且改变了现存的市场关系模式。最后一个被认为推动农业投入市场的要素是激烈的竞争。投入供应商都在如何抢占现有的市场份额上面下足了功夫。在维护现有市场份额的商业策略上来说,与其他更大规模的生产商相比,行业内的公司不得不重新考虑重新评估他们每个阶段的策略。另外,可接受的投资回报率促使大多数的农业供应商研究如何更有效的商业模式。这些因素共
39、同促进了在新的分销模式上的思考。销售决策模型如何在农业投入分销渠道中配入电子商务要素和信息技术,以及如何在这些改良的渠道中整合产品、服务以及信息流回答这些问题,很重要的一点是理解渠道的基本经济学。想法太乐观,近些年经过电子商务模式整合的业务变得越来越艰难。有一种倾向,例如亚马逊,通过高度透明的电子商务模式整合投入市场。当然零售业企业也可以在农业投入市场领域开拓新的模式,但是它也只有这样一个模型。市场的复杂性,以及从农业生产者和制造商的角度来看,都暗示了类似复杂的分销解决问题也会出现。这些协议会以农业解决方案的生产者方的需求为主导,以及以投入生产商在市场中的代理权为辅。该通道必须提供某种产品、服
40、务捆绑和信息,满足生产者的需求。目前,对于如何实现生产者的个性化需求,正是该产品捆绑的服务信息要解决的问题农业生产者针对农业生产者对于产品信息服务解决方案的需求,该渠道解决方案可以初步定型。产品特点将成为该解决方案中的重要元素。热门产品是迫切需要的,但是,如何提供长期有效的产品又应当提前列入考虑范围。因为,不同的产品特性将导致不同的分销关系。传统上来说,农业投入服务已经于产品捆绑在一起,但是这会带来很多问题。有些农业生产者可以在自己农场里自己发布信息服务,也可能通过雇佣第三方或者传统的商家为其提供服务。同样地,假如一个传统的供应商(可能使用不传统的手段),找到独立的外包机构,也可以在网上及时发
41、布农业信息(前提是有高8速的网络接口)。因此,分销的解决办法很大程度上将会由生产者的具体需求来决定,以及他们选择如何捆绑服务来达到他们个人业务的需求。制造商制造商有很具体的分销渠道需求,大多数可根据不同的主题来表达。首先,制造商希望获取合适的客户,推荐自己的产品和服务;其次,有投资地设计、测试、开发大量的产品,以期望在交易中获取最大利益的投资回报。在许多传统的分销渠道中,第三方分销商扮演的关键角色直接影响了最终的产品销路。显然,制造商需要为用户提供某些服务,比如预购信息、售后服务、解决纷争的方法以及倾听客户抱怨。每个分配制度必须使这些独立的功能得以成功实现。分销农业生产者和制造商的具体要求的解
42、决方案很大程度上依赖使用了什么分销系统。传统意义上,涉及经销商、分销商、以及制造商直接销售已经使得一些分销渠道变得很复杂,当然电子商务和信息技术也在不断进化,他们多方在分销渠道中扮演着各自不同的角色。哪个主体可以最有效地运用这些功能基础经济学可以解答这个问题。互联网的出现,市场会出现新的选择,市场力量将决定何时何地产生相应的分销替代办法。经验表明,一份商业策划可以完善地解决实施电子商务战略的公司的中间渠道,但是如何成功实施这个方案将是一项挑战。在这些商业计划中,电子零售商提供信息发布以及使客户的在线购买成为可能。但是,谁又能处理这些业务模式下的库存管理、客户抱怨、仓储以及配送等等问题如果一个电
43、子零售商可以提供这些以及比其他传统分销渠道更有效的分销功能,那么这就是他成功的机会,但是它仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。不过,虽然电子零售企业到今天都没有获得显著的销售数量,电子商务对于农业投入产业仍在不断扩大应用,扮演着跨渠道分销的角色。对未来的展望1999年,波图大学的食物与农业中心对于全美700多家农业综合企业进行了一次调查。问卷涉及电子商务在其商贸活动中的应用。经评审的陈述之一是电子商务在未来三年内将从根本上改变我们行业内的业务,这项回答是基于里克9特量表得出的结论。在调研其间,有普遍观点认为,电子商务将从根本上引导企业转型,同时在小范围的大规模生产厂商中影响更加强烈。随之而来的后续问题是在未来的农业投入产业中,经销商扮演何种角色。声明提出,电子商务的应用,在未来三年内将大大减少当地经销商在我们这个行业的作用,制造商、分销商和经销商也是在被告之席。经销商对于这份调查的抵触情绪超过了制造商,问卷意愿不是很明显,这份结果被保留,虽然没有预期的程度仅20的经销商同意该声明的观点,29的制造商和34的分销商相信电子商务将会极大削弱经销商的作用。经销商的反应很有趣,因为很简单地反映了他们想保留他们在渠道营销中原有的地位的强烈意愿。在同时,投入经销商是最接近农业生产者和最理解他们所能提供的价值水准,因此,经销商更直接以及更现实地意识到其他人取代他们地位后能获得的经济价值的多少。