1、探究高考新题型-阅读简答题曹彦菊I.阅读简答题简介 Brief Introduction:阅读简答题是 2007 年来湖南高考英语出现的一种新题型。它的出现体现了增加主观题，减少客观题这一全球语言测试的大方向。其体裁主要是说明文，应用文和新闻，文章结构清楚，脉络清晰，易于把握。词数在260-310 之间。占 10 分，要求学生 6-8 分钟完成。II. 简答题考查要求 Requirements:1. 考查学生对词语的猜测能力-词义猜测题2. 考查学生对具体细节问题或难句的确切理解能力-事实细节题3. 考查学生综合主题概括信息的能力-主题概括题III. 阅读简答题解题步骤(Steps)1. 浏览
2、问题，划出问题关键词(question-scanning)通过读题，划出题目所需信息的关键词，一可预测文章内容，二便于在阅读文章时有的放矢查读有效信息，节省阅读时间。2. 带着问题速读文章，根据试题关键词定位答题信息(question- skimming)带着已理解的问题及关键词和采用“skim”阅读法。即：紧扣关键词，浏览全文，找出信息句。阅读时，与关键词无关的句子或段落要速读，而与关键词相关处要细读，因为问题关键词处不仅仅是答题的关键之处，也是揭示全文主题所在。3. 推敲理解信息句，遣词组句答问题(question- answering)此步是做好阅读简答题的关键。因为受字数限制，不能全部
3、引用信息句作答，而要深层次的推敲，理解信息句，提炼概括出有针对性的语句作答。主要方法有三种：（1） 采用转换词性，采用单词代短语或语句，提炼主要信息舍弃次要信息等方法精减语句；（2） 采用概括性的语句归纳信息句（3） 采用文章上下文中的有关提示语或信息句中的关键词作答，若一定要用自己的语言组织表达时，则要注意句子结构的精炼，完整和时态的正确。IV. 简答题答题技巧(Skills)1. 词义猜测题此题考查学生转述(paraphrase)或解释(explain)某词或短语在特定场合下的特定含义的能力。出题形式为：Find in the passage a word/ phrase closest/
4、opposite in meaning to the underlined word/phrase重点考查动词，名词，形容词，副词等实词或动词短语，答题时要注意：(1)答题时所用词必须与问题中的原词在词性和词的形式上均要一致（如动词要注意动词的过去分词和现在分词形式，名词的单复数）(2)理解原词在所在句的逻辑意义，如解释什么关系和修饰什么事物等。(3)要注意破折号，同位语从句，定语从句，插于语等具有解释说明作用的语言成分，以此推敲猜测原词的意义，借此帮助寻找文中的替换词。2. 事实考查题次题所占比重最大，以 why, what, how 提问的问题为主。答此题时应注意提问方式和答案的协调性。(
5、1) 就目的提问，应当用表目的用语回答，如 for 短语，不定式短语；就原因提问，应当用because of/ because 回答，就事件的可能性提问，常用简短而完整的简单句。(2) 提问词是 what, 多用名词或名词性短语，名词性从句来回答。(3) 提问词是 how, 则多用“by doing sth/ by means of sth” 来回答。3.主题概括题(1) 此题提问方式有：what is the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?What is the the best title for the
6、 passage?(2) 回答此题的关键是抓住文章的主旨句。文章主旨句常出现在三个位置: 文章首短；一段末或二段首转折后信息；文章末短。(3) 答题形式：简单句式和词组式（多为名词和非谓语动词短语）下面以 2010 年的阅读简答题为例：Secret SantasOn Christmas morning, Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide-eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for th
7、em. Linda has never met the children, but thats all part of the joy of giving as secret Santas, she says.“Its an amazing feeling to buy gifts on an anonymous (匿名的) basis,“ says Linda.“It brings a whole new meaning to the holidays.“Linda and Tony are an American couple living in Toronto, Canada, and
8、Linda did charitable work as a member of the American Womens Club of Toronto. As the name suggests, members are U.S. citizens living in Toronto, who join together for fellowship and community service.To find her “adopted“ family, Linda goes to the local schools and requests a wish list for a family
9、thats struggling to survive. Last year she helped a single mother with three children. The mother works as a cleaning lady in a nursing home.“The list is always heartbreaking. They have an opportunity to ask for anything and do just the opposite, asking for basic clothes or simple toys,“ she says. “
10、We always buy the kids a new winter coat, hats, and gloves.“ She also buys gifts for the parents.Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list-one that didnt include the basics. “Every child should have a Chris tmas that sticks with them for a lifetime.“ She purchased iPods for the two old
11、er children and a video game system for the youngest.“I have learned a very valuable lesson in all of this,“ says Linda. “Pay attention to whats going on in your own backyard-no matter where you live.“The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.81. What reaction doe
12、s Linda imagine the children will have?(No more than 5 words) (2 marks)82. Why did Linda join the American Womens Club of Toronto?(No more than 10 words) (2 marks)83. Why did Linda ask for a second wish list?(No more than 15 words) (3 marks)84. What kind of people does “secret Santas“ in the passage
13、 refer to?(No more than 12 words) (3 marks)IV. 阅读简答题评分细则：81 题和 82 题评分细则：总的原则：1. 两题一起给分。每题 2 分，共计 4 分，允许给 0.5 分。2.评分标准：内容、语法、词数。81 题：满分 2 分，评分档次为 0、0.5、1、1.5、2.题目：What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have?答案出处：the wide-eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the pr
14、esents1. 评分要点：Being surprised.语意相同或相近且语法正确，酌情给分。相近的内容包括：Theyll be surprised. 2 分A big/great surprise. 2 分Theyll be greatly surprised/amazed. 2 分Unwrapping the presents with surprise. 2 分Wide-eyed surprise. 2 分Being amazed. 2 分They will have a wide-eyed surprise.给 2 分(A/The/Great/Big) surprise. 给 2 分
15、They surprised with the wide-eyed. 1.5 分The amazing feeling.1.5 分They will surprised wide open their eyes. 给 1 分They surprised with the wide-eyed. 给 1 分Open their eyes wide. 1 分Wide-eyed. 1 分Wide-eye. 给 1 分2. 语法形式：答案内容正确，语法错误每处扣 0.5 分，扣分不超过 2 分。3. 词数要求：不超过 5 个，词数多余的扣 0.5 分。82 题：满分 2 分，评分档次为 0、0.5、1、
16、1.5、2.题目：Why did Linda join the American Womens Club of Toronto?答案出处：Linda did charitable work as a member of the American Womens Club of Torontowho join together for fellowship and community servicea family thats struggling to survive评分要点：To do charitable work./ For fellowship and community service
17、语意相同或相近且语法正确，酌情给分。相近的内容包括：a) (She joined it) for fellowship and community service. 给 2 分b) (She joined it/wanted) to help the people in need/the families struggling to survive. 给 2 分c) (She joined it/wanted) to do charitable work. 给 2 分d) (She joined it/wanted) to do work. 给 1 分语法形式：答案内容正确，语法错误每处扣 0
18、.5 分，扣分不超过 2 分。1) 完整的句子，有无 because 均可；2）表目的的不定式短语；3）for 引导的介词短语；4）动名词词组3. 词数要求：不超过 10 个，词数多余的扣 0.5 分。83 题和 84 题评分细则总的原则：1. 两题一起给分。每题 3 分，共计 6 分，允许给 0.5 分。2.评分标准：内容、语法、词数。83 题：满分 3 分，评分档次为 0、0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3.题目：Why did Linda ask for a second wish list?答案出处：Last year Linda asked the mother for a seco
19、nd wish list-one that didnt include the basics. “Every child should have a Christmas that sticks with them for a lifetime.“评分要点：1. 内容要点：语意相同或相近且语法正确，酌情给分。相近的内容包括：a) She wanted to be more helpful. 给 3 分b) She wished to offer more help to the children. 给 3 分c) She expected to offer more than the basic
20、s. 给 3 分d) She wanted the children to have an unforgettable childhood. 给 3 分e) She wanted to fulfill the childrens wishes for other things rather than the basics. 给3 分f) The first wish list is heartbreaking. 给 2 分g) The first wish list only included the basics. 给 2 分h) Every child should have a Chri
21、stmas that sticks with them for a lifetime.给 1.5 分i) One that didnt include the basics.给 1.5 分j) She thought every child should have a Christmas.给 1.5 分2. 语法形式：答案内容正确，语法错误（包括实词拼写错误）每处扣 0.5 分，扣分不超过 3 分。有无 because 均可。3. 词数要求：不超过 15 个，词数多余的扣 0.5 分。84 题：满分 3 分，评分档次为 0、0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3.题目：What kind of p
22、eople does “secret Santas“ in the passage refer to?答案出处：on an anonymous basis评分要点：1. 内容要点：完整表达出 people(但需要表达出 help others 这一特点) 以及 secret 的信息，给 3 分。语意相同或相近且语法正确，酌情给分。相近的内容包括：a) It refers to those who give Christmas gifts in secret. 3 分b) It refers to people who anonymously help poor people on Christ
23、mas. 3 分c) It refers to people who help poor families on Christmas. 3 分d) It refers to people who anonymously help poor families. 3 分e) People who always do charitable work. 2 分f) It refers to people like Linda. 1 分2. 语法形式：答案内容正确，语法错误（包括实词拼写错误）每处扣 0.5 分，扣分不超过 3 分。只用短语，虽表达正确，不给分。3. 词数要求：不超过 12 个，超出的扣 0.5 分。V. 阅读简答题注意事项(Attention)1. 注意卷面，如拼写，大小写和标点符号。虽然回答只用一个单词或短语，但首字母要大写，最后别忘了写句号。2. 答句既要简洁又要规范且符合英语语法（时态，主谓一致，非谓语动词，句子结构等）3. 答句注重完整性和准确性。切记答句符合规定的词数。VI. 必备能力：1. 有平时大量的阅读基础，具有一定的语感和相当的阅读速读。2. 有良好的思维能力，能边看边加工所得到的信息，从而作出正确的分析判断和综合。3. 有一定的词汇量和辩词能力。4. 能灵活运用所学语法知识，根据句中的某个词迅速断定真假语态和时态。5. 对英美文化背景有一定的了解。
