1、外文翻译BUILDINGANEBUSINESSFROMENTERPRISESYSTEMSMATERIALSOURCEKLUWERACADEMICPUBLISHERS,2000AUTHORMICHAELJSHAWABSTRACTBUILDINGTHEIRCOMPANIESINTOSUCCESSFULEBUSINESSESHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTOBJECTIVEFORTODAYSENTERPRISESCONCEPTUALLY,ITEMBODIESTHEENABLINGOFTHEBUSINESSWITHSUCHCAPABILITIESASGLOBALNETWORKING,STREA
2、MLININGBUSINESSPROCESSES,SHARINGINFORMATION,AGILITYINRESPONDINGTOTHEMARKET,ANDINTELLIGENTDECISIONMAKINGBUTHOWCANTHESECONCEPTSBEIMPLEMENTEDINACTUALENTERPRISESWHYDOTHESEDESIRABLEATTRIBUTESOFBUSINESSSYSTEMSSUDDENLYBECOMETHEDEFINITIONOFCOMPETENCYOFCOMPANIESLARGEANDSMALLTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEFRAMEWORKFORB
3、UILDINGANEBUSINESSFROMTHEENTERPRISEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSPERSPECTIVEINCREASINGLYENTERPRISESYSTEMSHAVEEXTENDEDBEYONDTHETRADITIONALBUSINESSFUNCTIONSANDINCLUDESUCHNEWFEATURESASSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENT,CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENTANDELECTRONICCOMMERCETHESHIFTINGFOCUSISDRIVENBYTHEADOPTIONOFTHEWEBASANEWCHANNEL
4、FORPRODUCTDISTRIBUTION,MARKETING,ANDINTERACTINGWITHCUSTOMERSTHEINTEGRATIONOFTHETRADITIONALASWELLASTHEWEBORIENTEDFUNCTIONSISTHECORNERSTONEFORASUCCESSFULEBUSINESSTHISPAPERPRESENTSAFRAMEWORKFOREBUSINESSESTHATONONEHANDBUILDONTHEENTERPRISESYSTEMSBUTONTHEOTHERHANDENCOMPASSESTHENEWEBUSINESSDIMENSIONSKEYWOR
5、DSEBUSINESSMANAGEMENT,ENTERPRISESYSTEMS1INTRODUCTIONBUILDINGTHEIRCOMPANIESINTOSUCCESSFULEBUSINESSESHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTOBJECTIVEFORTODAYSENTERPRISESCONCEPTUALLY,ITEMBODIESTHEENABLINGOFTHEBUSINESSWITHSUCHCAPABILITIESASGLOBALNETWORKING,STREAMLININGBUSINESSPROCESSES,SHARINGINFORMATION,AGILITYINRESPONDI
6、NGTOTHEMARKET,ANDINTELLIGENTDECISIONMAKINGBUTHOWCANTHESECONCEPTSBEIMPLEMENTEDINACTUALENTERPRISESWHYDOTHESEDESIRABLEATTRIBUTESOFBUSINESSSYSTEMSSUDDENLYBECOMETHEDEFINITIONOFCOMPETENCYOFCOMPANIESLARGEANDSMALLTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEFRAMEWORKFORBUILDINGANEBUSINESSFROMTHEENTERPRISEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSPERSPECT
7、IVEINCREASINGLYENTERPRISESYSTEMSHAVEEXTENDEDBEYONDTHETRADITIONALBUSINESSFUNCTIONSANDINCLUDESUCHNEWFEATURESASSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENT,CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENTANDELECTRONICCOMMERCETHESHIFTINGFOCUSISDRIVENBYTHEADOPTIONOFTHEWEBASANEWCHANNELFORPRODUCTDISTRIBUTION,MARKETING,ANDINTERACTINGWITHCUSTOMERST
8、HEINTEGRATIONOFTHETRADITIONALASWELLASTHEWEBORIENTEDFUNCTIONSISTHECORNERSTONEFORASUCCESSFULEBUSINESSTHISPAPERPRESENTSAFRAMEWORKFOREBUSINESSESTHATONONEHANDBUILDONTHEENTERPRISESYSTEMSBUTONTHEOTHERHANDENCOMPASSESTHENEWEBUSINESSDIMENSIONSINFORMATIONSYSTEMSHAVEBECOMETHENERVECENTEROFMOSTENTERPRISESYSTEMSAS
9、ENTERPRISEOPERATIONSGOINCREASINGLYGLOBAL,PROPERCOORDINATIONBETWEENBUSINESSANDMANUFACTURINGUNITSINTHEGLOBALVALUEADDINGCHAINNEEDSSPECIALATTENTIONINFORMATIONSYSTEMSCANHELPPROVIDETHATCOORDINATIONWHATMAKESINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTHEBACKBONEOFBUSINESSOPERATIONSISTHEEMERGINGGLOBALINFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTURETHROUGH
10、THISINFRASTRUCTURE,ENTERPRISESYSTEMSCANACHIEVEBUSINESSINTEGRATIONANDCOORDINATIONTHATBECOMESTHEFOUNDATIONOFANYEBUSINESSTHEKEYCOMPONENTSOFANEBUSINESSARESHOWNINFIG1THECOREOFANEBUSINESSISTHREEFOLDSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENT,BACKOFFICESUPPORT,ANDCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENTTHESETHREEMAINLINESOFFUNCTIONSAREIN
11、TEGRATEDANDCOORDINATEDTHROUGHINFRASTRUCTUREMANAGEMENT,KNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENT,ANDCHANNELMANAGEMENTTHEBACKBONEOFMOSTENTERPRISEINFRASTRUCTURESUPPORTEDBYINFORMATIONSYSTEMSISTHEENTERPRISERESOURCEPLANNING,ORERP,SYSTEMTHEFIRSTGENERATIONOFERPSYSTEMSWEREFOCUSEDONENSURINGTHATALLBUSINESSPROCESSESBEFULLYINTEGRATED
12、,OFTENATTHEEXPENSEOFAVERYRIGIDSYSTEMENVIRONMENTINCREASINGLYERPSYSTEMSNEEDTOENABLEENTERPRISESTOQUICKLYRESPONDTOCUSTOMERORDERS,CONSUMERDEMANDSANDMARKETOPPORTUNITIESTHEINFORMATIONANDCONNECTIVITYAVAILABLEALSOMAKEPOSSIBLEMOREOUTSOURCINGANDBETTERMANAGEMENTOFSUPPLIERSTHECOMBINATIONOFTHESECHANGESREINFORCEST
13、HEVIEWTHAT1THESUPPLYCHAINNETWORKSSCNSSHOULDBETHEFOCUSOFANYENTERPRISESYSTEMAND2THEWEBPROVIDESTHEGLOBALINFRASTRUCTUREFORCOORDINATINGWITHTHEBACKOFFICE,SUPPLYCHAINPARTNERSANDINTERACTINGWITHCUSTOMERSSUPPLYCHAINNETWORKSCANBEBROADLYDEFINEDASGROUPSOFBUSINESSUNITSWORKINGTOGETHERTODELIVERFINISHEDPRODUCTSFROMR
14、AWMATERIALSWHEREASTHETRADITIONALCAPACITYBASEDVIEWUSUALLYFOCUSEDONPRODUCTIONPLANNINGANDCONTROL,THEEMERGING”SENSEANDRESPOND”MODELCONCENTRATESONRESPONDINGTOCUSTOMERORDERSANDMARKETDEMANDSBRADLEYANDNOLAN,1998TRADITIONALLY,THEFUNDAMENTALDISPOSITIONOFACAPACITYBASEDPLANNINGPROCESSISTOPREPACKAGEANDSHRINKWRAP
15、ASMUCHASPOSSIBLETOTAKEADVANTAGEOFECONOMIESOFSCALEAND,THEN,TOOFFERPERSUASIVELYWHATHASBEENMADEFREQUENTLY,THEPRODUCTPROCESSANDMANUFACTURINGCAPACITYDRIVETHEPRODUCTIONINCONTRAST,ASENSEANDRESPONDENTERPRISESYSTEMCONCENTRATESANENTERPRISESRESOURCESONQUICKLYRESPONDINGTOSPECIALMARKETNEEDSTANETAL,1999FIG2DESCRI
16、BESTHEBASICFUNCTIONSOFANEBUSINESSTHATBUILDSONENTERPRISERESOURCEPLANNINGSYSTEMSITINCLUDESCOMPONENTSFORSUPPLYCHAINCOORDINATION,CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT,DECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMS,ANDHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTATTHECOREOFTHEEBUSINESSSYSTEMISTHEEBUSINESSENGINE,CONSISTINGOFERPSUPPORTSFORNOTONLYPROCESSES,BU
17、TALSOMARKETSENSEANDRESPOND,BUSINESSTOBUSINESSCOORDINATION,ANDELECTRONICCOMMERCETHEREMAINDEROFTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2DISCUSSESTHEWEBASTHEENTERPRISEINFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTUREASWELLASANEWCHANNELTOREACHOUTTOTHECUSTOMERSSECTION3FOCUSESONISSUESCONCERNINGINFORMATIONSHARINGANDCOORDINATIONSECTIO
18、N4DESCRIBESTHEEBUSINESSFULFILLMENTFIG1COMPONENTSOFEBUSINESSPROCESS,WHICHDEPENDSGREATLYONTHEWEBFORCOORDINATIONSECTION5DISCUSSESTHEPOTENTIALCONFLICTSBETWEENTRADITIONALANDWEBCHANNELSANDTHERESULTINGCHANNELMANAGEMENTISSUESSECTION6EXTENDSTHEENTERPRISEVIEWTOINCLUDEBUSINESSTOBUSINESSECOMMERCEFUNCTIONSFINALL
19、Y,SECTION7CONCLUDESTHEPAPER2THEWEBASTHEENTERPRISEINFRASTRUCTUREANDANEWCHANNELINORDERTOCOORDINATEVARIOUSBUSINESSUNITSANDPROCESSESINANEBUSINESS,ANEFFECTIVEINFRASTRUCTUREISESSENTIALTHEENTERPRISEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSUPPORTSSUPPLYCHAINPROCESSESANDPROCESSCOORDINATIONWITHINANDBETWEENENTERPRISESINADDITION,THEI
20、NFRASTRUCTUREALSOINCLUDES1AGLOBALINFORMATIONNETWORKFORSUPPORTINGVARIOUSELECTRONICSERVICESSUCHASBROKERAGEANDCONTRACTING,PAYMENTANDBANKING,ANDTRANSACTIONPROCESSING,2ELECTRONICACCESSTOEXTERNALDATA,AND3ELECTRONICCONNECTIONSTOCUSTOMERSTHATSUPPORTACTIVITIESSUCHASFILLINGORDERSANDCUSTOMERSERVICEINCREASINGLY
21、,THEWAYTOINTEGRATETHESEINFRASTRUCTURECOMPONENTSISTOUSETHEWEBINFRASTRUCTURESUPPORTEDBYTHEINTERNETUSINGTHEWEBINFRASTRUCTURE,INTRANETSSUPPORTINTRAORGANIZATIONALBUSINESSPROCESSES,EXTRANETSCONNECTENTERPRISESTOTHEIRCHANNELPARTNERSANDTHEINTERNETLINKSTHEENTERPRISESTOTHEIRCUSTOMERS,OTHERINSTITUTIONSANDAGENCI
22、ESSTRADERETAL,1998USINGTHEWEBASTHEINFRASTRUCTURE,ANENTERPRISENOTONLYHASABETTERMEANSTOCOORDINATEWITHITSSUPPLYCHAINPARTNERS,ASIMPORTANTLY,ITHASANEWCHANNELTOREACHOUTTOTHECUSTOMERSWITHTHEWEBCHANNELSERVINGASTHEVIRTUALSTOREFRONT,THEREAREOPPORTUNITIESFORPRODUCTMARKETING,CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT,ANDPR
23、ODUCTBRANDINGINADDITION,THEREISANEWKINDOFCONSUMERPROCESSEMERGINGTHATCOMBINESINFORMATIONAGGREGATION,NAVIGATION,ANDINTERACTIVEEXCHANGESONTHEONEHANDITENABLESMASSCUSTOMIZATIONONTHEOTHERHANDTHEINFRASTRUCTURESUPPORTSQUICKRESPONSESTOMARKETDEMANDSTOSUPPORTSUCHANEWCHANNEL,ASDEPICTEDINFIG3,NEWCAPABILITIESAREN
24、EEDEDFROMTHEENTERPRISESYSTEMSTHEWEBPROVIDESNEWPARADIGMSFORSUPPORTINGENTERPRISEANDSUPPLYCHAINPROCESSESAWEBTECHNOLOGYTHATSTANDSOUTASPARTICULARLYUSEFULFORSUPPORTINGENTERPRISEANDSCNACTIVITIESISTHECOMPONENTTECHNOLOGYTHECOMPONENTAPPROACHPOTENTIALLYCANBETTERENABLECOMPANIESTOINTEGRATETHESUPPLYCHAINSANDTHEIR
25、PROCESSESAMONGTHESUPPLYCHAINPARTNERSTHEYNOTONLYSHAREPRODUCT,MANUFACTURING,ANDCUSTOMERINFORMATIONWITHTHEIRPARTNERS,INCREASINGLYTHEYARELETTINGTHESUPPLIERSADOPTPARTSOFTHEIRBUSINESSPROCESSESANDSYSTEMSTOENHANCECOORDINATIONTHETRADITIONALENTERPRISESYSTEMS,SUCHASERPS,PUTTHEEMPHASISONPROCESSINTEGRATIONWITHTH
26、ISCOMPONENTBASEDAPPROACH,WEWILLLIKELYSEEMOREHIGHLYMODULARIZEDCOMPANIES,ASILLUSTRATEDBYFIG4,WITHEACHUNITSPECIALIZEDINITSCORECOMPETENCYBUTALWAYSPREPAREDTOLINKUPWITHBUSINESSPARTNERSANDTHEIRENTERPRISESYSTEMBALDWINANDCLARK,1997THECOMPONENTCONCEPTCANBEAPPLIEDTOSEVERALDIFFERENTLEVELS1THESOFTWAREANDSYSTEMLE
27、VEL,WHERESOFTWAREOBJECTSANDCOMPONENTSHAVEBEENUSEDASTHEBUILDINGBLOCKSTOMAKETHEFUNCTIONALCOMPONENTSPORTABLEANDINTEROPERABLE2THEPROCESSANDAPPLICATIONLEVEL,WHEREBUSINESSPROCESSESANDAPPLICATIONS,SUCHASORDERFULFILLMENT,CUSTOMERSERVICES,ETC,HAVEBEENMANAGEDASSEPARATEMODULES,SOMETIMERUNATREMOTESITESBYAPPLICA
28、TIONSSERVICEPROVIDERSASPS3THEENTERPRISELEVEL,WHEREBUSINESSUNITSCANBEQUICKLYASSEMBLEDTOFORMVIRTUALENTERPRISESTOEXPLOREAWINDOWOFMARKETOPPORTUNITIESTHEGENERALTRENDTHESEDEVELOPMENTSCOLLECTIVELYPOINTTOISTHATINANEBUSINESS,THEREWILLBEINCREASINGUSEOFMODULARITYANDTHECOMPONENTMODELTOINCREASEPORTABILITY,INTERO
29、PERABILITY,ANDPLUGANDPLAYFUNCTIONALITYTHEPARADOX,INTERESTINGLY,ISTHATTHEENTERPRISESYSTEMSWILLBEMOREINTEGRATEDBECAUSEOFTHEGREATERUSEOFMODULARIZEDCOMPONENTS译文企业电子商务系统建设资料来源KLUWERACADEMICPUBLISHERS作者MICHAELJSHAW摘要实现成功的电子商务已经成为现在企业一个重要目标。从概念上看,这种商务的功能体现在全球联网,简化业务流程,共享信息,灵活应对市场和智能决策。但如何才能实现这些功能在实际企业中的应用为
30、什么这些理想的业务系统属性突然成为大中小型公司竞争力的体现。本文介绍了企业信息化电子商务系统建设的基本框架。越来越多的企业已经扩展了传统工商业系统的业务功能,主要包括供应链管理,客户关系管理和电子商务等新功能。重点的转移是通过网站作为一个负责产品销售的营销新渠道,并且与客户进行互动。传统功能以及面向互联网的功能整合是一个成功的电子商务的基石。本文提出了一种电子企业,一方面建立在企业系统,另一方面包含了新的电子商务方面的框架。关键词电子商务管理企业系统1介绍实现成功的电子商务已经成为现在企业一个重要目标。从概念上看,这种商务的功能体现在全球联网,简化业务流程,共享信息,灵活应对市场和智能决策。但
31、如何才能实现这些功能在实际企业中的应用为什么这些理想的业务系统属性突然成为大中小型公司竞争力的体现本文介绍了企业信息化电子商务系统建设的基本框架。越来越多的企业已经扩展了传统工商业系统的业务功能,主要包括供应链管理,客户关系管理和电子商务等新功能。重点的转移是通过网站作为一个负责产品销售的营销新渠道,并且与客户进行互动。传统功能以及面向互联网的功能整合是一个成功的电子商务的基石。本文提出了一种电子企业,一方面建立在企业系统,另一方面包含了新的电子商务方面的框架。信息系统已经成为企业系统的中枢神经。随着企业规模走向全球化,企业和制造单位之间应该适当的协调,增值链也应该值得注意。信息系统可以帮助企
32、业提供这种协调。是什么让信息系统的成为新兴的全球信息基础设施通过这些基础设施,企业系统可以实现业务集成和协调,这是实现电子商务的基础。电子商务重要的组成部分如图1所示,主要由三个部分组成供应链管理,后台支持和客户关系管理。这三项主要职能的统筹和协调主要通过基础设施管理,知识管理和渠道管理来实现。大多数企业的信息系统支持的基础设施主要是企业资源规划或者ERP系统。ERP系统的第一代主要集中在一个非常严格的制度环境下确保所有业务流程完全整合。越来越多的ERP系统需求,使企业能够快速响应客户的订单、消费者的需求和把握市场机会。现有的资料和联系也使得有可能出现更多的外包和更好的供应商管理。这些变化的组
33、合加强了意见(1)供应链网络应该是任何企业系统的重点(2)网站提供了与协调后台管理,供应链合作伙伴和客户交流的全球基础设施。供应链网络被广泛定义为企业合作提供从原料到成品单位组别。鉴于传统的能力基础观点通常集中在生产计划和控制,新兴的“感知与响应”模型能更好地处理客户订单和反映市场需求。传统上,基本配置链的过程是通过预先包装和拆包来尽可能在规模经济上占有优势,使之前的提议更有说服力。通常情况下,对产品生产过程和生产制造能力加以驱动。相比之下,具有感知和响应能力的企业系统应专注于企业快速响应市场的需求。图2描述的是电子商务的基础功能是建立在企业资源计划系统上。它包含了供应链组织协调,客户关系管理
34、,决策支持系统和人力资源管理。电子商务系统的核心是电子商务引擎,不仅包括ERP流程还有市场感知与响应,企业对企业的协调,以及电子商务的发展。本文的其余部分组织如下第2节讨论的是网站作为企业信息基础设施,以及一个新的渠道接触到的客户。第3节的重点是有关信息交流和协调的问题。第4节描述了电子商务的实现。第5节讨论了传统与网络渠道产生的渠道管理问题的潜在冲突。第6节是扩展了企业的角度,包括企业对企业的电子商务功能。第7节是总结。2网络作为企业基础设施一个新的通道为了协调在电子商务各个业务部门和流程,有效的基础设施是必不可少的。企业信息系统支持内部和企业之间的供应链流程的协调。此外,基础设施还包括(1
35、)全球信息网络支持各种电子服务比如经纪和签约,支付和银行以及事务处理,(2)以电子方式获取外部数据,(3)通过网络支持实现与客户间的活动比如填写订单和客户服务。现在整合基础设施组件的方式是来自互联网的网络基础设施的支持。通过网络基础设施,局域网可以支持组织内部的业务流程。企业外部网连接到了自己的渠道合作伙伴,通过互联网链接到他们的企业客户或者其他组织和机构。网络作为企业的基础设施,不仅可以使企业利用更好的手段来协调与供应链伙伴之间的合作,更重要的是,网络是挖掘客户的新渠道。根据网络建立起来的虚拟商店,有利于企业的产品营销,客户关系管理和建立自己的品牌。此外,还有在一个新的消费过程中产生信息聚合
36、,导航和互动交流的结合。一方面它可以收到大批量订单,另一方面通过基础设施快速反应市场需求。为了支持这样一个新的通道,如图3所示,必须从企业系统出发。网络提供了新的模式来支持企业和供应链过程。能够对企业配套设施和供应链活动有利的网络技术就是组件技术。该组件的方法有可能可以更好地帮助企业整合供应链和各供应链伙伴之间的流程。不仅与他们分享产品、制造,让越来越多的供应商合作伙伴的客户信息通过其业务流程和系统的部件,以加强协调。传统的企业系统,如ERP系统,把流程整合作为重点。有了这个基于组件的方法,我们可能会看到更多的高度模块化的公司,如图4所示,将各单位的核心竞争力用于联系商业伙伴和企业系统。该组件的概念可应用于多个不同的层次(1)软件和系统级别,其中软件对象和组件已作为构建块使功能组件间的操作更加便携。(2)这个过程和应用水平,在业务流程和应用程序,如订单,客户服务等,已作为独立的模块管理,有时提供商在远程站点业可以运行应用服务。(3)在企业层面,经营单位可以迅速组装成一个虚拟企业,为开拓市场制造更多的机会。这些事态发展的总体趋势共同指向的是电子商务将会有越来越多的模块化和组件模型来提高可移植性,互操作性和插件播放功能。然而通过使用模块化的组件将使企业系统更加完善。