A 76-year-old woman presented with bilateral knee pain, left worse than right. Pre-operative radiographs of the left knee show severe, end-stage osteoarthritis. The radiographic hallmarks of osteoarthritis are: joint space narrowing, sclerosis of the subchondral bone, osteophyte formation and eventually cystic changes in the adjacent bone Standing alignment views are used to determine the patients weight bearing and mechanical axis. The technical goals of Total Knee Arthroplasty include re
